Leasable Area Research Articles

Generative Sustainable Performance Design Exploration Applied to Greek Urban Typologies

Generative Design offers a paradigm for the automatic generation of variations of a design so that designers can quantify the bounds of possible Key Performance Indicator’s (KPI’s) and identify most promising variants based on their design objectives. While such studies are often performed to provide inspiration for high-end building designs, applying them on standard building typologies gives equally interesting insights on the impact of related design decisions. This paper presents a developed parametric model for the typical Greek Urban Typology, the Polykatoikia, and shows how this was utilized to identify sustainable design strategies for this typology. The methodology is applied on unfinished skeleton buildings in urban areas but can also be extended to new building designs. The KPI’s that the Generative Design algorithm optimizes towards are selected to fit important sustainability criteria, such as the minimization of summer solar loads and the maximization of winter solar load, together with standard User Experience Quality metrics related to Views and Daylight as well as standard leasable floor area maximisation criteria also taking into account standard dimensions of Structural core elements. The paper will also present opportunities for further optimization of the Polykatoikia design process, through the use of advanced design exploration and optimization algorithms and tools utilizing Machine Learning algorithms and advanced data visualisation.

The impact of service core reduction in supertall buildings: a study on structural design, embodied carbon, and leasable floor area

Optimizing the building core is a fundamental goal in tall building design The area dedicated to elevators, which are among the most area-consuming elements in the core, might be considerably reduced with recent technological advancements. This study investigates the trade-offs of core reduction resulting from the elevator footprint decrease in supertall buildings since the core usually serves as a significant member of the structural system. An analytical model with an outriggered frame system representative of supertall office buildings is generated, and then a second model is reproduced by reducing its core. Structurally modified reduced core models satisfying lateral drift limits are produced and evaluated in terms of architectural, economic, and environmental aspects. The results showed that a gain in the leasable area is possible but at the expense of higher cumulative embodied carbon and material consumption. These outcomes provide a comprehensive perspective for structural design considerations, particularly core optimization for tall buildings with outriggers.

Transformation and Sustainable Development of Shopping Centers: Case of Czech and Slovak Cities

The aim of the paper is to critically evaluate the similarities and differences in the development of the temporal and spatial structure of shopping centers in the Czech and Slovak republics. We focused on the retail transformation and sustainable manifestations of the location and construction of shopping centers. We classified shopping centers according to their genesis, location in the city, and size of the gross leasable area. To analyze migration trends and geographic distribution characteristics of shopping centers in the capital cities of both countries (local level of analysis), we used spatial gravity and standard deviational ellipse. Generally, there is an analogous trend in the development of shopping centers in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, with a particular two- to four-year lag in Slovakia (west–east gradient). Despite this, we still perceive the demand for shopping centers in both countries as above average, and it is not declining. The construction of shopping centers, mainly in small towns, also indicates this trend. In Prague and Bratislava, the pattern of spatial expansion of shopping centers differs. Prague probably represents a more advanced phase of shopping center agglomeration. However, neither country has reached the state of clustering.

Evaluation of the Effects of Service Core Reduction on Tall Building Structures

One of the primary goals in tall building design is the optimum design of service core where the vertical transportation, building services, HVAC elements etc. are situated. Particularly for supertall (+300) office buildings, a significant portion of the core space is occupied by elevators when compared to the rest of the service core elements. Actually, with the utilization of recently developed elevator technologies, it is possible to decrease the elevator footprint area and thereby to decrease the service core area. Nevertheless, the core of a tall building usually is also a part of the lateral load resisting system, namely as a structural core. This study aims to investigate the effects of service core reduction which is a consequence of the elevator footprint decrease on interior and exterior tall building structures. Generic computer models of outriggered frame and framed-tube buildings with 300m height (75 story) are produced. Then, the service core area of both buildings is decreased considering the effects of recent advances in elevator technology. First, the strength and the stiffness constraints as well as serviceability of primary and reduced core buildings are evaluated in terms of code-based design loads for each outriggered frame and framed-tube structural systems. Then, primary and reduced core buildings of outriggered frame and framed-tube structural systems are compared in terms of the change in top drift to building height ratio, the increase in leasable area and to access to natural light.

Using a productivity function based method to design a new shopping centre

Previous studies of competitive location models for shopping centres have mainly focused on the commercial attraction, rather than considering a real cost function, which would require a comprehensive financial analysis of the shopping centre and of the stores to be installed in it. The aim of this paper is to develop a method to determine the optimal design of a new shopping centre based on the productivity function that is, taking into account both its attractiveness and the forecast costs. Thus, we propose an optimisation model that can be applied to determine an attractive commercial offer that ensures the economic viability both of the investment and of the maintenance and management of the shopping centre. The proposed method is eminently practical; the model constructed includes the variables that determine the probabilities of attracting demand and also those which influence the costs and profitability of the shopping centre. All the variables considered are interrelated in some way with the gross leasable area. The method described furnishes a tool that is flexible, adjustable to the urban characteristics considered, and which facilitates the decision-making process for a potential investor. Finally, an application of this methodology is presented.

Rozwój centrów handlowych w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem galerii społecznościowych

Centra handlowe stanowią obecnie istotny element przestrzeni miejskiej i jednocześnie poważną konkurencję dla pozostałych form handlu detalicznego. Cechują je: szeroka i zróżnicowana oferta produktowo-usługowa, akcje promocyjne i degustacyjne, występowanie wielu różnych placówek w obrębie jednego kompleksu handlowego, a także duże własne parkingi i stacje benzynowe. W niniejszym opracowaniu skoncentrowano się głównie na analizie rozwoju centrów handlowych działających w Polsce. Za centrum handlowe uznano „nieruchomość handlową, która została zaplanowana, zbudowana oraz jest zarządzana jako jeden podmiot handlowy, składający się ze sklepów oraz części wspólnych, o minimalnej powierzchni najmu 5 tys. m2 (GLA) i składa się z minimum 10 sklepów” (Mikołajczyk, 2009: 138–139). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest charakterystyka rozwoju centrów handlowych w Polsce z uwzględnieniem najczęściej stosowanych kryteriów typologii, zróżnicowania tempa rozwoju centrów w poszczególnych województwach i aglomeracjach, a także analiza przemian zachodzących w sferze funkcjonalnej centrów handlowych. Ponadto w artykule zwrócono uwagę na rozwój nowego produktu na rynku nieruchomości, jakim są galerie społecznościowe. Podjęto również próbę rozpoznania przyczyn rozwoju tego typu galerii. Określono cechy, którymi powinna się taka galeria charakteryzować jako miejsce relaksu i miłego spędzania czasu z rodziną i znajomymi. Wnioskowanie oparte zostało na analizie literatury przedmiotu, wynikach badań własnych oraz badań przeprowadzonych przez firmę Neurohm.

An Analysis on the Utility Ratio per Floor of Retail Property in Seoul

The utility ratio per floor is not only used to estimate the price or rent of a condominium unit and compensation appraisal, but also is a significant indicator in calculating the standard of assessment of the price announcement system for non-residential properties to be introduced in the future. Despite the importance of the utility ratio per floor statistics, the current utility ratio per floor statistics provide a single indicator by commercial districts and region, making it impossible to closely reflect the characteristics of the retail properties. This study analyzes the utility ratio per floor using rent data of retail properties in Seoul. Especially, this study performs the multi-level analysis including the building level and commercial district level to consider the effects of the hierarchical influencing factors on the rent. After this study analyzes the utility ratio per floor of total sample using the hierarchical linear model, it also performs sub-sample analysis to compare the utility ratio per floor patterns of sub groups divided by gross leasable area and elevator installment. As a result, the study confirms that the utility ratio per floor generally tends to decrease from the first floor to the upper floors. This study discovers sub groups have significantly different patterns of the utility ratio per floor. The buildings with elevators show the higher the utility per floor compared to those without elevators. The utility ratio per floor of buildings with large gross leasable areas is higher in the upper floors than buildings with small gross leasable areas. On the other hand, the opposite results come up in the lower floors.

Integrating landscape in regional development: A multidisciplinary approach to evaluation in Trentino planning policies, Italy

The systematic integration of landscape dimension into general and sector-focused planning policies is one of the European Landscape Convention crucial points. This aspect is still poorly implemented in Italy, where landscape is often conceived as a field of action separate from the territorial context.The article presents the outcomes of a multidisciplinary research aimed at integrating landscape dimension into sector-focused policies, namely retail policies, in the Autonomous Province of Trento (Trentino-Alto Adige Region, Italy). The local government recently reformed its territorial retail development policies so as to comply with European reform regulations and with national decrees regulating the programming of services. It implemented the sector’s liberalization, but it did not give up the territorial planning and the conservation of the landscape values. In this context, a research was developed to evaluate retail development scenarios, and, more specifically, the opportunity to plan a Gross Leasable Area of territorial relevance. Two methods were used: an indicator matrix to assess landscape quality and a mathematical model to assess population mobility preferences among retail structures. This integrated evaluation approach allowed to highlight both the “rights of the landscape” and those of potential buyers. The outcomes of the research have been recently adopted by the APT regulatory framework on retail planning. The evaluation process actually acted as a process of collective learning, supporting political decision-making.

Consumer preferences and behaviour in shopping malls in Poland with the particular reference to Krakow

AbstractLarge shopping centres have become an important element of the urban landscape and a major competitor with other forms of retail sale. Their large offer, including a wide variety of products and services, special offers and tasting campaigns, large car parks, and own-brand fuel stations as well as various services points located in shopping centres successfully win customers.The present study focuses on Polish shopping centres (malls), particularly those located in Krakow. A shopping centre (mall) is defined as “a commercial property designed, constructed and managed as a single business entity, comprising stores/shops and common areas, with a minimum leasable area of 5 thousand m2 (GLA) and accommodating at least 10 stores/shops”.The purpose of this paper is to examine the behaviour of prospective customers of shopping centres, their preferences when selecting their shopping locations, and declarations on the use of additional functions offered by commercial and services enterprises. Furthermore, the paper identifies non-commercial functions of shopping malls of particular interest to prospective customers. The paper also presents a profile of a consumer who has a preference for shopping and spending their free time in malls.The conclusions are based on literature on the subject and the findings of a survey conducted by the authors of the paper. A questionnaire was used as a research tool. The survey covered 1756 respondents – mainly residents of Krakow. In order to broaden the scope of the conclusions, the results of surveys and studies of other authors were also used.

Preferencje i zachowania konsumentów w centrach handlowych w Polsce na przykładzie Krakowa

Przemiany społeczno-gospodarcze, które nastąpiły po 1989 roku, przyczyniły się do rozwoju gospodarki rynkowej, a co za tym idzie swobodnego powstawania oraz wycofywania się z rynku podmiotów gospodarczych stanowiących prywatną własność. Początkowo powstawały głównie małe prywatne przedsiębiorstwa handlowe, w których przeważał polski kapitał. Jednak cechy, którymi charakteryzował się polski rynek w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku, czyli duży popyt konsumpcyjny, brak dużego krajowego kapitału wyspecjalizowanego w działalności handlowej, korzystne przepisy podatkowe, niskie ceny zakupu i dzierżawy nieruchomości oraz dostępność wykwalifikowanej siły roboczej, stanowiły zachętę dla zagranicznych firm handlowych o światowym zasięgu do inwestowania w rozwój sklepów wielkopowierzchniowych w Polsce. Do szybkiego rozwoju tej formy handlu w przyczynił się również duży kapitał oraz nowoczesna kadra zarządzająca, którymi firmy te dysponowały. W efekcie w Polsce powstało wiele wielkopowierzchniowych obiektów handlowych (WHO) o powierzchni powyżej 400m2, takich jak: sklepy dyskontowe, superi hipermarkety oraz domy i centra handlowe, charakteryzujących się dużą powierzchnią sprzedaży i szerokim asortymentem towarów z wielu branż. Obecnie stanowią one istotny element przestrzeni miejskiej i jednocześnie poważną konkurencję dla pozostałych form handlu detalicznego. Możliwości, jakie dają WHO, czyli szeroka oferta produktowo-usługowa, akcje promocyjne i degustacyjne, duże własne parkingi i stacje benzynowe, jak również wiele różnych placówek znajdujących się na terenie kompleksu handlowego, skutecznie przyciągają klientów. W niniejszym opracowaniu skoncentrowano się głównie na analizie centrów handlowych działających w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych zlokalizowanych w Krakowie. Za centrum handlowe uznano „nieruchomość handlową, która została zaplanowana, zbudowana oraz jest zarządzana jako jeden podmiot handlowy, składający się ze sklepów oraz części wspólnych, o minimalnej powierzchni najmu 5 tys. m2 (GLA) i składa się z minimum 10 sklepów” (Mikołajczyk, 2009: 138–139). Celem niniejszego opracowania była diagnoza preferencji konsumentów w zakresie wyboru miejsc dokonywania zakupów oraz deklaracji dotyczących korzystania z dodatkowych funkcji oferowanych w ramach badanych podmiotów handlowo-usługowych, jak również identyfikacja pozahandlowych funkcji centrów handlowych, którymi szczególnie zainteresowani są potencjalni konsumenci. W artykule dokonano także charakterystyki profilu konsumenta deklarującego wybór centrum handlowego jako miejsca dokonywania zakupów i spędzania wolnego czasu. Wnioskowanie oparte zostało o analizę literatury przedmiotu oraz wyniki badań bezpośrednich przeprowadzonych przez autorki opracowania. Jako narzędzie badawcze zastosowano kwestionariusz ankiety. W badaniach uczestniczyło łącznie 1756 respondentów będących głównie mieszkańcami Krakowa.

THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS OF AN OFFICE BUILDING WITH DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

As a symbol of green architecture, double skin facade (DSF) represents a design which possesses many energy saving features, but due to the complexity of the system, the real performances and benefits have been difficult to predict. The objective of this study was to inform the applicability of DSFs, and contribute to the positive impacts of DSF designs. This study compared and contrasted energy savings in a temperate climate, where heating was the dominant energy strategy, and in a subtropical climate, where cooling spaces was the dominant issue. This paper focused on a university office building with a west facing shaft box window facade. The research method was a paired analysis of simulation studies which compared the energy performance of a set of buildings in two different climates. Simulation results showed a good agreement with measurements undertaken in the exiting building during a two-week period. The results specified that DSFs are capable of almost 50% energy savings in temperate and 16% in subtropical climates. Although these indicated DSFs are more suitable for temperate climates than warmer regions, the amount of energy savings in subtropical climates were also considerable. However, due to the costs of DSFs and potential loss of leasable floor area, investigations into other feasible ventilation options are necessary before final building design decisions are made.

An Analysis on NOI Determinants of Small and Medium Buildings

Most of academic research on office market has focused on large office buildings. Although compared to large office building, small and medium buildings have distinctive characteristics in location, tenant types, main use, owner types, and so on, there is little research on small and medium buildings. The purpose of this research is to analyze how small and medium building’s various features affect its Net Operating Income (NOI). For an empirical research, we collects real transaction data from 2009 to 2015 in Seoul and analyze these data by using multiple regression model. For a regression analysis, numerous features of the building have possibility to affect NOI, are categorized into trade area, location, site, building, tenant, management characteristics. The empirical research shows the NOIof small and medium building was affected by trade area, location, site, building, tenant, management characteristics. The regression analysis shows the trade area, location, and site characteristics such as proximity to main trade area, proximity to subway station, corner location, and zoning of site, have significant effects on NOIo f small and medium building. This study confirms building characteristics such as gross floor area, age of building, elevator installation, and proportion of leasable area to 1st floor gross area, have significant impacts on NOI. The NOI of small and medium building is also influenced by the tenant and management characteristics such as proportion of leasable area for commercial use to gross area, its vacancy rate, whether building is used for residential use or building owner, and its management fee charging system. Through this study, we can confirm the NOIof small and medium building is affected by different characteristics from large office building.

DISTANCE FUNCTION AND FUZZY GOAL PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE SHOPPING MALL MANAGEMENT

In today's competitive environment, managing shopping malls is a challenging task. Electricity consumption directly impacts greenhouse gas emissions and recurring costs, while effective utilisation of leasable areas influences the profitability of malls. Retail tenant mix may play a vital role in the success of shopping malls by attracting more shoppers. In this paper, we present distance function and fuzzy goal programming (FGP) models for an effective shopping mall management. A solution procedure for finding the optimal tenant mix was presented. The three objectives of the model formulation were the maximising of the total leasable area, the minimising of the total electricity consumption and the maximising of the total number of shops. A distance function method was suggested to solve the obtained nonlinear integer programming problem. The problem was also solved using three FGP models. The superiority of the distance function approach over the FGP models was evidenced in the case example of the shopping mall located in Kolkata, India.

Innovative Application of Dispersed Shear Wall to a Kilometer-High Concrete Skyscraper

There are numerous structural lateral systems used in high-rise building design such as shear frames, frames with shear core, framed tubes, tube and tube, super frames etc. Generally, the structural systems of tall buildings are considered to be two types. One is interior and the other one is exterior type. A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major parts of the lateral load resisting system are located within the interior of the building. Likewise, if the major parts of the lateral load resisting system are located at the building perimeter, the system is categorized as an exterior structure. In this study it is intended to model an advanced structural system which can be applied to buildings taller than the existing tallest building in the world. In this innovative concept, several parallel shear walls have been arranged in both directions and connected with beams and R.C. floor slabs. The shear walls are continuous down to the base to which they are rigidly attached to form vertical cantilevers. Their high in plane stiffness and strength make them well suited for bracing buildings up to about 278 stories. Fewer widely spaced gravity columns are arranged in the core area of the building to carry floor loads. Because of the absence of core bracing and of a large number of heavy interior columns, the net leasable area for such a building increases. Static and Dynamic analysis (Time History Analysis) has been carried out. The drift by static analysis is 1884 mm which is below the allowable limit of 2001.6mm (If considered H/500, where H is the height of the structure [9]). Also it is found by research that, when this structural arrangement is applied to around 830 meter tall structure with aspect ratio 9.8:1, no additional structural supporting system (like Outriggers, Perimeter Belts, Cross Bracing, Tuned Mass Dampers etc.) is required. This shear walls arrangement is applicable for the tall buildings of any height to avoid additional supports to resist the lateral forces while taking advantage of the creative approach of this unique concept.

An empirical analysis of tenant location patterns near department stores in planned regional shopping centers

The location of a store within a mall can affect the sales and profits of the store and its neighbors, and those of the mall׳s owner/developer. Because the interests of retail stores and the mall׳s owner/developer with respect to choice of location might not coincide, bargaining power might come into play. To assess empirically whether relative bargaining power as between a retail store and the mall owner/developer affects store location within a center, we focus on locations of stores near the department store tenants of malls. Department stores might have the bargaining power necessary to affect which tenants are chosen as neighbors of the department store.Using data collected from 148 regional shopping centers (malls) in 2007 in the five westernmost provinces of Canada, we examine the relationship between variables that reflect store location patterns near a department store׳s entrance, and variables associated with the bargaining power of developers. We find that the density of stores selling comparison shopping goods is larger near department stores within centers that are older or have a larger gross leasable area. In addition, such density is negatively related to the number of department stores contained in the center. Because a shopping center׳s age, gross leasable area, and the number of department stores in a center are expected to be associated with a developer׳s bargaining power, the above findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the store location patterns near department stores depend on the relative bargaining power of the developer and the department stores.

THE DETERMINATION OF RENTS IN SHOPPING CENTERS DURING RECESSION PERIOD IN LITHUANIA

This research examines how to relieve the economical pressure to the market of shopping centers by choosing one of the percentage rent forms. Retail rents have two rental components typically: base rent and overage rent, which is equal to some predetermined percentage on sales and is paid once the tenant reaches some level of sales. Both of these components are related to many factors which are considered in international practice. The determination of the percentage rents in Lithuania is much more complicated because the most important information about retail segments of the shopping centers (sales per square meter, gross leasable area and rental prices) is not publicly available. The goal of this research was to analyze the US experience and data that is available on percentage rent determination and to adapt it to the Lithuanian market by implementing required adjustments.

Do shopping centers abate the resilience of shopping streets? The co-existence of both shopping venues in Ankara, Turkey

The sustainability of cities highly depends on city center viability and shopping street resilience. With the increasing number of shopping centers and their strong impact on existing retail systems, the major urban challenge has become maintaining a balance in the market. When shopping centers appeared, shopping streets began suffering from the negative influence of these new centers. Turkey, as a developing country, suffered from this change in last two decades. With the shopping center supporting policies and regulations of both central and local governments, the situation has become worse, and detrimental to small, independent retailers located on shopping streets. The controlled, trendy and convenient shopping environment, variety, quality and pricing of goods and services have attracted customers to shopping centers. This has been a revisited topic in the planning literature and the common statement was that the emergence of shopping centers abates the viability of city centers and shopping streets. However, in time, the shopping streets have adapted to the changes, thus become more resilient to the negative impacts of shopping centers. The current planning literature has been limited to the analysis of either shopping center systems, or shopping streets. In contrast to this approach, in this study, we are analyzing both retail venues, and comparing their consumer profiles, preferences and spatial behaviors. The purpose is to exhibit the strengths and weaknesses of shopping centers and shopping streets, and identify the qualifications attractive to their customers. This will provide an opportunity for urban policy makers to redefine a retail policy framework which will contribute to shopping street resilience and city center viability. Ankara is selected for two reasons: (1) as of 2011, the shopping center gross leasable area per 1000 people was the highest in Turkey, (2) the city center is still vivid, and shopping street retailers continue to survive amid the high level of shopping center floor space. Two separate questionnaires were given in 13 shopping centers, and 11 main shopping streets in Ankara. The findings reveal that: (1) shopping centers are used by consumers from all districts, in particular, from suburban districts, and shopping streets are mainly used by consumers living in inner city districts, (2) the consumer profiles of shopping centers and shopping streets are distinctive in terms of age, occupation and education, (3) shopping centers are usually preferred by car owners, which encourages development of new shopping centers at the urban fringe, (4) shopping centers and shopping streets are preferred for similar purposes, and shopping streets, in particular, are preferred for entertainment. Therefore, the major conclusion is that the shopping streets in Ankara have a certain level of resilience in terms of consumer diversity, retailer variety, quality and complementary degree. This level can be further increased by new retail planning policies that will focus on attracting consumers from different backgrounds, offering a conducive business environment for special brands, and initiating new revitalization plans and programs for maintenance and design of city centers.

Expansions and Contractions of Major US Shopping Centers

We analyze the determinants of expansions and contractions of shopping centers using a unique dataset of property level data for shopping centers in eleven metropolitan areas over the period from 1995 through 2005. We find that shopping centers with large operating costs are less likely to expand and are more likely to contract. Higher expected revenue per square foot increases the likelihood of expansion and decreases the likelihood of contraction. For small shopping centers the decision to change gross leasable area (GLA) is largely driven by potential revenue, while the decision to change the number of stores is largely a function of cost. We find some support for Grenadier’s theory that a larger number of competitors reduces the value of option to wait and increases the likelihood of both expansion and contraction. The market share of competitors reduces the likelihood of increasing the number of stores as suggested by the theory of strategic positioning. Our hypotheses best explain contraction decisions of large shopping centers and expansion decisions of small shopping centers. We find that both expansions and contractions of GLA are less likely for large shopping centers in MSAs with greater uncertainty about real estate prices, indicating that the option to delay has value. Moreover, small centers are significantly less sensitive to cost and revenue; since small centers are likely to have greater idiosyncratic risk than large; this provides indirect evidence for a significant delay option.

Dubai mall: a multipurpose destination in the Middle East

Subject area Retail marketing management. Study level/applicability Undergraduate management; MA; Master's in Business Administration and Master's in Strategic Marketing programs. Case overview Opening of the “Dubai Mall” in November 2008 set a new benchmark in retail history. The mall is considered the largest in the world by space and 6th largest in the world in terms of gross leasable area. The Dubai Mall is the UAE's most ambitious retail launch to date. This case examines how in today's highly competitive retail environment, added-value retailing, experiential retailing, or retailtainment has become a major component of the retail strategy mix to establish a competitive advantage. The new phenomenon of “retailtainment” has caught the momentum worldwide and success of Dubai Mall is the live example of its strategic role in the retail mix. The case also highlights the importance of “good location” in the success of retail establishments, whilst examining primary retail location theories and there relation to the phenomenal success of Dubai Mall. Expected learning outcomes Through this case study students will be able to: understand the roles of “entertainment” and “location” in retail mix strategy; analyse the new trend of “retailtainment” and “quality location” in creating value-added services and gaining competitive advantage in global competitive retail environment; ascertain the importance and application of “retailtainment” and “strategic location” in the real world's successful example of “Dubai Mall”; and diagnose the role of these learnt concepts in the retailing strategies practiced by other retail establishments in their cities/country. Supplementary materials Teaching note.

Spatial Statistics Methods in Retail Location Research: A Case Study of Ankara, Turkey

This study, using two methods of spatial data assessment: 1) spatial autoregression (SAR) models (Cliff and Ord, 1981) and 2) geographically weighted regression (GWR) (Fotheringham et al., 1998), identifies the relationship between shopping centers attributes and trade area (TA) characteristics in Ankara, Turkey. Ankara has the highest level of shopping center gross leasable area per capita in Turkey, for this reason, is a unique case study. The two models provide information on distinctive characteristics of shopping center locations. The first one depicts the global relationship between shopping center supply, assessed by total gross leasable area in each district, and demand, assessed by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of TAs, such as population, income, homeownership while accounting for the spatial dependence across the TAs. The second one, on the other hand, assesses local demand supply relations at the district level. These two models do not substitute but complement each other. SAR model results show that there is a positive relationship between shopping center supply and median age, and a negative relationship between supply and household size. These are expected results in compliance with the literature findings. The level of homeownership variable, however, illustrates a distinctive picture, unique to Ankara, in that there is a negative relationship between homeownership and shopping center supply. The GWR results show that it is easier to explain the level of variations in selected parameters in the suburbs than in inner city neighbourhoods, therefore, as expected, in car dependent suburbs stronger relations with shopping center locations are identified than mixed-use inner city neighbourhoods. The results are essential for identifying the spatial network of retail outlets in a city or region which guides urban developers, investors and public policy decision makers in site selection.