Learning Phenomena Research Articles

Learning from casework in child protection: the view from within

ABSTRACT Child protection is a complex and sensitive practice. The core responsibility is the care and protection of children and young people who have been subject to, or who are at risk from abuse and neglect. The work involves investigating allegations of harm, preparing for, and making representations to the legal system, and case planning and management across a continuum of complicated care interventions. Caseworkers’ learning for child protection services is evident in a range of literature investigating multiple learning processes such as university preparation, student placements, professional supervision, training, and other post-qualifying professional development experiences at work. Much of this literature reflects an orthodox conception of learning as mentalistic and individualized. This study offers an alternative view of learning grounded in the work experiences of caseworkers themselves. It uses practice theory as a lens through which the phenomenon of learning in statutory child protection casework is explored. The findings foreground the embodied and experiential dimensions of learning in casework, transpiring through deep familiarity with the social and material situatedness of casework activity, as a form of doing and being-in-the-world.

Emotions in engineering education: A configurative meta‐synthesis systematic review

AbstractBackgroundThe study of emotions in engineering education (EEE) has increased in recent years, but this emerging, multidisciplinary body of research is dispersed and not well consolidated. This paper reports on the first systematic review of EEE research and scholarship.PurposeThe review aimed to critically assess how researchers and scholars in engineering education have conceptualized emotions and how those conceptualizations have been used to frame and conduct EEE research and scholarship.Scope/MethodThe systematic review followed the procedures of a configurative meta‐synthesis, mapping emotion theories and concepts, research purposes and methods, and citation patterns in the EEE literature. The review proceeded through five stages: (i) scoping and database searching; (ii) abstract screening, full text sifting, and full text review; (iii) pearling; (iv) scoping review, and (v) in‐depth analysis for the meta‐synthesis review. Two hundred and thirteen publications were included in the final analysis.ResultsThe results show that the EEE literature has not extensively engaged with the wide range of conceptualizations of emotion available in the educational, psychological, and sociological literature. Further, the focus on emotion often seems to have been unintentional and of secondary importance in studies whose primary goals were to study other phenomena.ConclusionsMore research adopting intentional, theorized approaches to emotions will be crucial in further developing the field. To do justice to complex emotional phenomena in teaching and learning, future EEE research will also need to engage a broader range of conceptualizations of emotion and research methods, drawing on diverse disciplinary traditions.

Behavioral plasticity in aneural organisms.

Few contemporary psychologists would probably object to the notion that cognitive processes contribute to behavioral plasticity (learning) and are intimately linked to brain function. However, growing evidence suggests that behavioral plasticity is present in organisms lacking neurons (i.e., aneural organisms). This possibility would imply that at least some cognitive processes might have preceded the evolution of nervous systems. Evidence of learning in aneural organisms is reviewed within a mechanistic framework emphasizing four levels of analysis: psychological, neurobiological, neurochemical, and cell-molecular. Learning phenomena ranging from habituation to conditioning have been reported in some aneural organisms, and some key examples are reviewed with attention to evidence of underlying mechanisms. Species comparisons are framed in terms of the central evolutionary concepts of homology and homoplasy. This evidence raises the question of what new behavioral capacities were supported by the evolution of neurons that were not possible before. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

THE IMPACT OF SCAFFOLDING, SOCIAL MOTIVATION AND PEER FEEDBACK ON PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' ACADEMIC MOTIVATION STIMULATION

We live in an increasingly accelerated world. The society we belong to has come to value other aspects of an individual's development. The phenomenon of learning is at the center of the concerns of all teachers, especially because every teacher wants his students not only to say that they are learning but to be dedicated and involved wholeheartedly in this process. This can be a reality, especially when we talk about a strong motivation to learn. Motivation has a very important role in the learning process, we can even say that it is the key to success in education. Our trust in group members exerted a profound influence on our motivation: successful group functioning requires that we be motivated to interact and engage with those around us. Feedback is essential to improving performance and is increasingly well understood, but the fact that it is so absent in classrooms should remain an important research topic. This study aimed to develop an educational intervention program based on scaffolding to stimulate academic motivation among third-grade students. The results demonstrated the fact that social motivation, respectively the peer feedback significantly contribute to the stimulation of students' motivation in the learning process.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/lit/0257/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

FENOMENA PSIKO-SOSIO LINGUISTIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI MUHAMMADIYAH BOARDING SCHOOL CEPU

<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Psycho-socio-linguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and the psychology and social aspects of language speakers. Psycho-socio-linguistics has an important role in the process of language learning, especially Arabic. Given the importance of the role of psycho-socio-linguistics, researchers want to study more deeply how psycho-socio-linguistic phenomena in Arabic language learning are carried out at Muhammadiyah Boarding School, Cepu. The purpose of this study is to deepen our understanding of how psychological and social aspects interact in the process of learning Arabic. The method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative. The data collection technique involves observing and interviewing. </em><em>The results of this study reveal that psycho-socio-linguistics in Arabic language learning helps understand the role of psychological factors, such as language understanding and information processing, in the context of social and cultural interactions. The research also underscores the importance of understanding differences in dialects, grammar, and social contexts in Arabic language teaching. The results of this study can be used as a basis for the development of more effective learning strategies in Arabic language teaching by considering the psychological and social aspects involved.</em></p>

Comparison of the Effects of E-learning Blended with Collaborative Learning and Lecture-Based Teaching Approaches on Academic Self-Efficacy among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Applying new technologies in teaching has led to the phenomenon of blended learning (BL), which is currently flourishing as a specific requirement for higher self-efficacy and success in increasingly complex healthcare environments. Although various forms of novel education are on the rise worldwide, the effects of electronic learning (EL), combined with collaborative learning (CL) and lecture-based teaching (LBT) approaches, have not yet been validated on academic self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students. Utilizing a pre-/post-test comparison-group design, this quasi-experimental study was conducted on 70 undergraduate nursing students of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran, selected by the census sampling technique in 2020. The eligible participants were allocated to intervention groups, viz., the EL+LBT group (n=34) and the EL+CL group (n=36). A learning management system (LMS) was used for both intervention groups along with the LBT approach, and then 10 steps were integrated into the CL approach during 14 sessions, lasting 150 minutes. Afterward, a demographic information form and the College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (CASES) were administered to collect the data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, independent-samples t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). No significant difference was observed in the CASE scores between the students were taught using the EL+LBT (113.76±16.98) and the EL+CL approaches (107.66±16.70) before the interventions (P=0.136). However, the CL+EL approaches resulted in the highest changes in the CASE scores at the pre- (107.66±16.70) and post-test (119.08±25.49) stages (P=0.019). Moreover, the female students attending the CL+EL classrooms experienced significantly positive differences in their CASE scores (127.12±30.34), compared to the males (112.65±19.30) (P=0.011). Blending the EL and CL approaches significantly promoted CASE among the undergraduate nursing students in this study by providing sufficient collaboration, essential educational equipment, and better technical support.

Combating Economic Crime in Ukraine In Conditions of Sustainable Development

Purpose: The study is devoted to clarifying the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine in the field of prevention and counteraction of economic crime, determining the directions of transformation of individual agencies in order to improve the efficiency of their activities in this area. Methods: The methodological basis of the study was general philosophical and general scientific methods of learning phenomena and processes: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systematization, analogy, systematization, generalization, bibliometric analysis, modeling. Results and discussion: It was established that economic crimes are threats to the economic security of the state, consisting in the implementation of illegal economic activity (economic processes, relations, operations) or violation of requirements for legal economic activity to satisfy the selfish interests of a person or a group of persons. The specific features of economic crime prevention and counteraction entities that implement the law enforcement function in Ukraine as a component of economic security in conditions of sustainable development are highlighted. The procedure and forms of interaction of law enforcement agencies in the specified area under martial law conditions have been determined. Proposals were made to the legislation to increase the efficiency of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine as an analytical law enforcement agency in countering economic criminal offenses. Implications of the research: This research has theoretical and applied significance. From the theoretical side - to determine the essence and content of economic crime, to clarify the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine in the field of prevention and counteraction of economic crime. From a practical point of view, proposals of a theoretical, methodological and legislative nature will contribute to the development of the most effective ways of combating crime in this area, will help to understand the place and role of such a law enforcement body with a special status as the Bureau of Economic Security in the specified activity of the state. Originality/value: The tasks of law enforcement agencies in combating economic crimes in the conditions of martial law and hybrid warfare are becoming extremely important in many countries, as they are aimed at ensuring the financing of defense capabilities and ensuring sustainable development. The author's proposals formulated in the research will contribute to the understanding of economic crime, form an idea about the powers and directions of improvement of the activities of law enforcement agencies in combating crime in this area.

The Implementation of Digital Entrepreneurship Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review

The phenomenon and topic of digital entrepreneurship learning remain popular for analysis in the era of digitization. Previous literature reviews discussed the context and concept of digital entrepreneurship only. This article presents a literature review aimed at facilitating the search for research publications on digital entrepreneurship, in order to understand the track record, learning models, the impact of implementing digital entrepreneurship learning, and future research opportunities. The article has used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method using the Scopus database. This article has used "digital entrepreneurship" keyword for search the resources in January 2014 to May 2023 period. The result of the literature screening process yielded 19 relevant journals. The results of the literature review indicate that research on this topic has shown a significant increase and has the potential to continue to grow. Digital entrepreneurship learning can be designed using experiential learning approaches or the Internet of Things (IoT) and technology approaches. The implementation gives an impact on business opportunities, entrepreneurial intention, innovation, entrepreneurial attitude, and student problem-solving. This study contributes to providing an overview of learning models that can be replicated or modified in future research.
 Highlights:
 
 Growing research on digital entrepreneurship education; impactful learning approaches identified.
 Experiential and IoT-based methods enhance digital entrepreneurship learning outcomes.
 Positive impact on business opportunities, innovation, and entrepreneurial skills observed.
 
 Keywords: Digital Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Learning, Learning Model

Effects of noise on the overparametrization of quantum neural networks

Overparametrization is one of the most surprising and notorious phenomena in machine learning. Recently, there have been several efforts to study if, and how, quantum neural networks (QNNs) acting in the absence of hardware noise can be overparametrized. In particular, it has been proposed that a QNN can be defined as overparametrized if it has enough parameters to explore all available directions in state space. That is, if the rank of the quantum Fisher information matrix (QFIM) for the QNN's output state is saturated. Here, we explore how the presence of noise affects the overparametrization phenomenon. Our results show that noise can “turn on” previously zero eigenvalues of the QFIM. This enables the parametrized state to explore directions that were otherwise inaccessible, thus potentially turning an overparametrized QNN into an underparametrized one. For small noise levels, the QNN is quasioverparametrized, as large eigenvalues coexists with small ones. Then, we prove that as the magnitude of noise increases all the eigenvalues of the QFIM become exponentially suppressed, indicating that the state becomes insensitive to any change in the parameters. As such, there is a pull-and-tug effect where noise can enable new directions but also suppress the sensitivity to parameter updates. Finally, our results imply that current QNN capacity measures are ill-defined when hardware noise is present. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Multi-skilled resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problem with dexterity improvement of workforce

In this study, a mixed-integer mathematical model has been presented for the Multi-Skilled Resource-Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling Problem (MSRCMPSP), where the dexterity of workers can be improved via two ways: (1) Cooperating with more proficient co-workers, and (2) Practicing the possessed skills. The model aims to determine the start and finish times of activities considering the dexterity improvement of workforces. This research presents a Modified discrete variant of the Biogeography-Based Optimization (MBBO) algorithm to solve the model and to minimize the total required duration to complete all projects. The MBBO embraces two novel migration procedures, a new mutation process, and a new habitat selection operator. On several test instances and on a case study, the efficacy of the MBBO has been put to examination in comparison to four other meta-heuristics. The MBBO has overpowered other methodologies in terms of most of the assessment criteria. The obtained results have revealed that the dexterity improvement of workers significantly improves the total required duration to complete all projects. This research and its outputs can be helpful for the researchers who work on project scheduling models. Moreover, this study can inspire future project scheduling formulations, where the dexterity of human resources is affected by the learning phenomenon.

A Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique Based on Gaussian Mixture Model Filtering for Imbalanced Data Classification.

Data imbalance is a common phenomenon in machine learning. In the imbalanced data classification, minority samples are far less than majority samples, which makes it difficult for minority to be effectively learned by classifiers. A synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) improves the sensitivity of classifiers to minority by synthesizing minority samples without repetition. However, the process of synthesizing new samples in the SMOTE algorithm may lead to problems such as "noisy samples" and "boundary samples." Based on the above description, we propose a synthetic minority oversampling technique based on Gaussian mixture model filtering (GMF-SMOTE). GMF-SMOTE uses the expected maximum algorithm based on the Gaussian mixture model to group the imbalanced data. Then, the expected maximum filtering algorithm is used to filter out the "noisy samples" and "boundary samples" in the subclasses after grouping. Finally, to synthesize majority and minority samples, we design two dynamic oversampling ratios. Experimental results show that the GMF-SMOTE performs better than the traditional oversampling algorithms on 20 UCI datasets. The population averages of sensitivity and specificity indexes of random forest (RF) on the UCI datasets synthesized by GMF-SMOTE are 97.49% and 97.02%, respectively. In addition, we also record the G-mean and MCC indexes of the RF, which are 97.32% and 94.80%, respectively, significantly better than the traditional oversampling algorithms. More importantly, the two statistical tests show that GMF-SMOTE is significantly better than the traditional oversampling algorithms.

Immersive virtual reality for complex skills training: content analysis of experienced challenges

This study aimed to examine the challenges that adult participants experienced in immersive virtual reality (I-VR). Practitioners have indicated that some challenges persist from trainee to trainee and scholars have called for the design and development of virtual reality (VR) applications based on learning theories. Thus, we examined challenges immersed learners experienced during self-discovery of game mechanics and assembly task within an early-development I-VR program. We clarified the immersive learning phenomenon by studying the self-reported problem statements from 168 university students and staff. They used an HTC Vive Pro Eye device and a custom-built software. Through an iterative content analysis of post-survey and video-stimulated recall interviews, we retrieved 481 problem statements from the participants. As a result, we derived and detailed 89 challenges, 22 component features, 11 components, and 5 principal factors of immersive learning. The most cited components that the participants found challenging were the use of controllers and functions, reciprocal software interaction, spatial and navigational constraints, relevance realisation, and learner capabilities. Closer inspection of the quantified data revealed that the participants without digital gaming experience reported relatively more hardware-related problem statements. The findings regarding the constraints of immersive learning helped clarify the various actants involved in immersive learning. In this paper, we provide a design implication summary for VR application developers. Further research on theory-based development and design implications in various immersive training settings is needed.

The Incalculability of the Generated Text

In this paper, I explore Derrida’s concept of exteriorization in relation to texts generated by machine learning. I first discuss Heidegger’s view of machine creation and then present Derrida’s criticism of Heidegger. I explain the concept of iterability, which is the central notion on which Derrida’s criticism is based. The thesis defended in the paper is that Derrida’s account of iterability provides a helpful framework for understanding the phenomenon of machine learning–generated literature. His account of textuality highlights the incalculability and mechanical elements characteristic of all texts, including machine-generated texts. By applying Derrida’s concept to the phenomenon of machine creation, we can deconstruct the distinction between human and non-human creation. As I propose in the conclusion to this paper, this provides a basis on which to consider potential positive uses of machine learning.

Habituation to onset capture via associative links with contextual information

ABSTRACT Habituation shows organisms’ ability to ignore irrelevant repetitive stimuli, allowing attentional resources to be allocated to the relevant information. Here we investigated the role of contextual information in generating expectations that control habituation to visual onset distractors, expectations that arise from associative learning. Experiment 1 showed that the habituated capture response is restored if the onset distractor is momentarily omitted in the same context of habituation, but not if such omission is experienced in another context. Experiment 2 showed that the pre-exposure to a context in which a distractor is later encountered reduced participants’ capacity to ignore it, thus attesting a latent learning phenomenon affecting habituation of capture. Finally, Experiment 3 showed that ignoring a new distractor is easier in a context in which habituation has already taken place for a different distractor. Taken together, these results attest the context-specific nature of habituation and suggest that learning to ignore salient visual stimuli is based on expectations encoded through associative learning.

To Be or Not to Be: Undergraduate ESL Learners’ Attitudes Towards Code-Switching

Code-switching and its pros and cons, is a highly debated phenomenon in second language learning in a classroom setting. This study also discusses how hindering code-switching affects the learning process in English language classrooms. The data for this quantitative study was gathered from the population of 50 BS second language learners at the University of Lahore through a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The results indicate that the majority of undergraduate learners have a favorable disposition towards the practice of code-switching. They face difficulties when they are not allowed to switch codes in the classroom. However, it has been found that there are a few learners who do not feel any difficulty in the absence of code-switching opportunities. According to the findings, stopping the learners from code-switching in educational settings is disadvantageous. The encouragement of code-switching practice in classrooms is a robust way of enhancing communicative skills, socio-emotional engagement, and accelerating learning outcomes. These findings have important implications for language educators and policymakers and will help in fulfilling the actual classroom requirements and bringing about a change in the attitudes towards code-switching.

Субъектное обучение — глубинный постулат современной концепции высшего (университетского) образования

The phenomenon of subjective learning, discovered by Russian psychology and pedagogy as a higher educational technology of universities, has not, however, been actively developed and introduced into the system of higher professional education. The instinctive (instrumental) acquisition of types of activity experience is similar to the results of animal training. But a person masters all the wealth of socio-historical experience of the activities of previous generations of people, clothed in a word, thought, image. The appropriation of functional and operational mechanisms of a lifetime kind of socio-historical experience of human activity by an individual can be realized only in subjective learning in the form of individual self-study teaching actions and activities in general and cognitive self-assimilation of the conceptual provisions of science. Subjective learning will not take place in full without the student’s self-study in a scientific discipline and the active participation of the teacher as a mentor and supervisor. In the conducted exclusive pedagogical experiment, the search was carried out for the forms of the fundamentally new initiative type of educational practice being discussed — the subject-activity personalized self-learning of students to the conceptual appropriation of knowledge in dialogue with the teacher.

Psycholinguistics in 21st Century Arabic Language Learning

This research is motivated by Arabic language learning activities which cannot be separated from language activities. Therefore, learning Arabic is not enough just linguistics, but also needs to study mental state or mind, namely psychology. The science of psycholinguistics was born, which is a combination of language and mental science. This research uses a type of library research, the data was analyzed using content analysis. The findings of this study show that psycholinguistics covers language learning strategies as well as the phenomena of language acquisition and learning. Similar to this, learning Arabic involves adhering to linguistic, psychological, and educational principles. These three tenets serve as the interface between psycholinguistics and language acquisition. It is intended that this study would assist teachers in enhancing the Arabic language acquisition process.

EXPLORING MISSING LEARNING PHENOMENON IN PRESCHOOL SETTINGS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES

Purpose –This study aims to explore the missing learning phenomenon due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic in preschool settings from teachers’ perspectives in Selangor, Malaysia. Related studies have shown that missing learning phenomena from different settings leads to delayed literacy development and raises the risk of dropping out among children. There is a lack of in-depth documentation on the missing learning phenomenon among preschoolers exploring the socioecology of preschool settings in a local context. Methodology –This research employed a case study approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with six preschool teachers from Selangor, Malaysia, using an inductive approach for a holistic understanding of the missing learning phenomenon during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were analyzed using Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS), NVivo version 12 software, which mapped the findings to understand further the ecosystem behind the preschoolers’ absence of learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings – Three major themes were revealed from the data: the missing learning demographic, socioecological factors, and mitigation plans. Several sub-themes (the compensative learning solutions, the demographic of impacted people, the delayed progress, teachers’ readiness to facilitate online learning, engagement towards online learning, revised syllabus, personalized learning, and parental involvement) are classified under the respective major themes. Several main categories also emerged from the themes: lack of experiences and technology-pedagogical knowledge, unavailable online modules, low readiness to utilize online learning, unsupportive family climate, and accessibility. Learning intervention and online engagement with pupils during the pandemic are crucial in ensuring a successful continuous education. Significance – There is also a need for comprehensive remote instructional modules that consider socioecological actors – parentsand home climate; in the future and the enhanced instructional technology competency among preschool teachers.

Conditioned inhibition, inhibitory learning, response inhibition, and inhibitory control: Outlining a conceptual clarification.

Inhibition can be defined as a phenomenon in which an agent prevents or suppresses a behavioral state that would otherwise occur. Associative learning studies have extensively examined how experiences shape the acquisition of inhibitory behavioral tendencies across many species and situations. Associative inhibitory phenomena can be studied at various levels of analysis. One could focus on the trajectory of behavioral change involved in learning from negative statistical associations between discrete events (inhibitory learning). Alternatively, one could be interested in the effects of accumulated experience with those negative associations (conditioned inhibition). One could rather be interested in how organisms implement what they learn through experiences involving negative associations (response inhibition). Yet, one could inquire into how the capacity of learning negative associations and performing accordingly varies between individuals and along time for the same individual (inhibitory control). This article presents a tentative taxonomy addressing different levels of analysis of associative inhibitory phenomena by using different terms for each. In addition, recent evidence and certain unresolved issues at each level are thoroughly scrutinized and contrasted with prior findings. The empirical and theoretical advances made by modeling inhibition as an associative learning phenomenon have provided scaffolds for the current knowledge and emerging accounts of the topic. Some of those emerging accounts have the potential to bridge different levels of analysis and foster "cross-pollination" of ideas among broad fields beyond associative learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОБЛІКОВОГО ТА КОНТРОЛЬНОГО ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЮ В УПРАВЛІННІ ЛОГІСТИЧНИМИ ВИТРАТАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The methods of accounting and management accounting of the logistics costs of the enterprise used in modern practice are critically evaluated from the point of view of the possibilities of providing, on their basis, the growing information needs in management processes. The limited effectiveness of the control function due to the insufficiency of the analytical section of the data generated within the accounting system is discussed. The research was conducted on the basis of the dialectical method of learning phenomena and processes and approaches to theoretical generalization. The methods of observation and comparison were used to discuss the completeness of accounting coverage of the composition of logistics costs, and scientific abstraction for the purpose of a generalized assessment of the compliance of the methodological principles of accounting and internal control parameters for the modern needs of managing this type of costs. It was established that the efficiency and objectivity of these management tools ensure the timely development of preventive measures at the enterprise to optimize logistics costs in terms of responsibility centers and structural units of the enterprise. The use of methodological principles implemented in practice for the organization of accounting and control tools in the management of logistics costs is considered in the study under the projection of productive use by structural units. information obtained on this basis. Separate aspects of improving the methodological principles of accounting and control in the logistics cost management system have been formulated. It is justified that the emphasis of the formation of operational information about logistics costs should be on the formation of a management accounting system that is adaptive to the specifics of the enterprise. It is argued that in this system it is necessary to deepen the grouping of logistics costs of modern enterprises by centers of responsibility and phases of logistics activity. It was determined that from the point of view of the trends of providing public information about the activities of enterprises (for example, various types of management reports), it becomes necessary to expand the methodology of accounting for logistics costs on balance accounts based on the regulatory introduction of additional sub-accounts to the chart of accounts.