Learning Nothing Research Articles

Classifying Message Application Using Kotlin

Over the past few years, short message service (SMS) usage has significantly increased. This service is used to deliver text messages by billions of people. Service providers have launched a number of popular applications, including mobile banking, summons checkpoints, SMS chat, and others. This chapter explores the numerous SMS applications that are available to users and provides an outline of how this service is provided. We examine the causes of its success and the problems that need to be solved. We also look at upcoming trends and the difficulties that to improve this service, certain obstacles must be overcome. This chapter should help you understand how SMS applications work and what to expect from them going forwards given the improvements to current SMS and technological advancement. We propose a privacy-preserving Naive Bayes classifier and apply it to the problem of private text classification. In this setting, a party (Alice) holds a text message, while another party (Bob) holds a classifier. At the end of the protocol, Alice will only learn the result of the classifier applied to her text input and Bob learns nothing. Our solution is based on Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC). Our Rust implementation provides a fast and secure solution for the classification of unstructured text. Applying our solution to the case of spam detection (the solution is generic, and can be used in any other scenario in which the Naive Bayes classifier can be employed), we can classify an SMS as spam or ham in less than 340 ms in the case where the dictionary size of Bob’s model includes all words (n 5200) and Alice’s SMS has at most m 160 unigrams. In the case with n 369 and m 8 (the average of a spam SMS in the database), our solution takes only 21 ms.

Berkeley Hills Living

Berkeley Hills Living Jessica Laser (bio) This is not virtue in the current sense of moral rectitude but in the older sense of effectiveness, as when one speaks of the healing virtues of a plant. —alan watts 1 Eliot's window. The glorifiedhallway that served as his room.His bed with one pillow. Another night, it was raining too hardto drive home and his bed had twobecause a woman had visited.Eliot and David talked upstairswhile I slept to the cadenceof their voices through the ceiling.When I woke, I put on my jeans. From his window, I could seethe eucalyptus trees' wildgestures punctuate the fog.The green, the gray, and nothingbeyond it. You could look ator write something like it.Something you could paint. When I woke, I put on Lucinda Williams.Eliot said, Aren't you happyto spend your birthday with me? [End Page 103] I'll remember this with sadness, I thought,because of what a nice moment it was:Lucinda playing, the trees waving, tea,but I remember it now and feel happy. 2 Outside, the air thicker, San Franciscoblinked through the trees. David rolledcigarettes on Berkeley Hills Living.A couple in khakisand cashmere graced the cover. I was practically their neighbor, cometo earn an English PhD, for five yearsof stable health insurance, to makethe two friends I did. I can honestly sayI learned nothing. Everything I learnedin California, I learned from a plant. 3 Cameron and Ari led ceremonyat Cameron's, north of Berkeley.You signed a waiver and, as the sun sankover his alpacas, you drank three cupsof cactus tea, taking turns, each time you'd drink,to pray out loud at an altar they called a highlytechnical machine, able to take from youall that you didn't need. There was a feast after, and instructionin the beginning, where the goodand bad news were always the same.The good and bad news is: Everyoneis innocent. The good and bad news is:There's nothing to fix. How do you know [End Page 104] you're really praying? Because it's arresting.For the writers among us, eloquencewon't be necessary. We're hereto heal, not be Dostoevsky. 4 The English department had fashioned itselfafter the kind of revelation the English departmentcould no longer provide. This revelation waswrought by literature; it involved discomfort,confusion, recognition, surprise. The departmentwouldn't be moved. It got its discomfortfrom critical methodology, found recognitionin new truths made of history. But ceremony had already taught mesomething about history I couldn't forget:everyone messing each other up—theywere all just doing their best. My ancestorsdid more than flee the Tsar, sell used clotheson Maxwell Street. The whole time, they werepraying me into being. That I liveis the sign of their success. 5 Cameron led meditationfrom the altar in the center of the circle.The waning daylight made my eyelids gauzeit could shine through. Think of a timeyou felt unconditionally loved, he said.It doesn't matter who. We spent timeliving in that memory and I weptthe California light back out of my eyes.I had sudden, irrevocable accessto so much love, I thought I might die. [End Page 105] That was how ceremonytaught you to be happy.Before, you thought allhappiness was conditional. 6 After the tea, I couldn't eat.I leaned against a counter,asked Max if he rememberedsomething we once did togetherwith olive oil. He showed me a pictureof his children. Someone passed mebread and I was asked to slice it.I don't know where a knife is.I took a knife out of the indicated drawer.I don't hate the program, I told Michael,who'd asked. It's something I've chosen.Then Michael came up to ask about the program.I don't hate it, I said. I just have to figure out howto be better. How's yours?OK...

Ancillary mechanism for autonomous decision-making process in asymmetric confrontation: a view from Gomoku

ABSTRACT This paper investigates how agents learn and perform efficient strategies by trying different actions in asymmetric confrontation setting. Firstly, we use Gomoku as an example to analyse the causes and impacts of asymmetric confrontation: the first mover gains higher power than the second mover. We find that the first mover learns how to attack quickly while it is difficult for the second mover to learn how to defend since it cannot win the first mover and always receives negative rewards. As such, the game is stuck at a deadlock in which the first mover cannot make further advances to learn how to defend, and the second mover learns nothing. Secondly, we propose an ancillary mechanism (AM) to add two principles to the agent’s actions to overcome this difficulty. AM is a guidance for the agents to reduce the learning difficulty and to improve their behavioural quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to define asymmetric confrontation in reinforcement learning and propose approaches to tackle such problems. In the numerical tests, we first conduct a simple human vs AI experiment to calibrate the learning process in asymmetric confrontation. Then, an experiment of 15*15 Gomoku game by letting two agents (with AM and without AM) compete is applied to check the potential of AM. Results show that adding AM can make both the first and the second movers become stronger in almost the same amount of calculation.

Sinthomosexuality and the Fantasy of Travel in The Time Machine

Sinthomosexuality and the Fantasy of Travel in The Time Machine Dan Abitz H.G. Wells begins the preface to Seven Famous Novels (1934) by drawing a distinct line between his "fantastic stories" and the pioneering science fiction of Jules Verne. "As a matter of fact," reflects Wells on the comparison, "there is no literary resemblance between the anticipatory inventions of the great Frenchman and these fantasies" (vii). Wells reiterates, "They are all fantasies; they do not aim to project a serious possibility; they aim indeed only at the same amount of conviction as one gets in a good gripping dream" (vii). Though they may be fantasies, they are also "appeals for human sympathy quite as much as any 'sympathetic' novel" (vii). For Wells, the fantastic element of any of his novels is a "magic trick," an "impossible hypothesis" in need of domestication, a smokescreen "used only to throw up and intensify our natural reactions of wonder fear or perplexity," in order that the vastly more important "interest of looking at human feelings and human ways" from a new angle can indeed elicit a touch of "human sympathy" from his readers (viii). Time travel is the "impossible hypothesis" at the center of Wells' first major piece of fiction The Time Machine (1895). Though Wells regards The Time Machine as "a little bit stiff about the fourth dimension," he still believes it to be "quite as philosophical and polemical and critical of life and so forth" as his later, more mature work (vii, ix). The "rigid four-dimensional space time framework" bandied about by Wells and his school chums occurred to the young author as a magic trick to be used for "a glimpse of the future that ran counter to the placid assumption of that time that Evolution was a pro-human force making things better and better for mankind" (ix). In that way, The Time Machine, like The War of the Worlds (1898), was an "assault on human self-satisfaction" (ix).1 Though this seems to run counter to the sympathy at the heart of his fantastic stories, implicit to his depiction is Wells' desire to look from new angles at "human feelings and human ways." In particular, The Time Machine critiques the placid assumptions of the fin-de-siècle in order to unveil myopic and vain Victorian presumptions about human progress and planetary dominance. Philosophical, polemical, critical of life, and running counter to placid assumptions about the future—much the same could be said about Lee Edelman's No Future (2004). Edelman's own reflection on No Future in "Learning Nothing: Bad Education" (2017) [End Page 135] sounds not dissimilar from Wells' thoughts on The Time Machine: "No Future argued that social relations that imagine an end to their structural antagonism in a tomorrow perpetually deferred invoke the future as guarantee of meaning's realization (124). Here, the "placid assumption" in question is not that Darwinian Evolution will continue to provide an ever-better future for mankind but that the future will inevitably bring about the realization of the Symbolic's promised meaning. The Symbolic's perpetually deferred promise of totalization takes, in effect, a linear view of social, evolutionary, moral, political, and technological progress that happens for the benefit of humanity. Edelman is not concerned with Darwinian Evolution per se, but he certainly takes aim, as did Wells, at those futural fantasies that work to reaffirm and reproduce dominant ideological formations. Both Wells and Edelman critique futures that they view as nothing more than reproductions of inherently conservative social fantasies. Wells and Edelman make these critiques through their own fantasies about futurity (or the lack thereof). While Wells uses time travel as the fantastic element to produce an increasingly inhuman future for his novel's protagonist to explore, Edelman's sinthomosexual is a theoretical-fantastical figure that he uses to explore the impossibility of breaking with our increasingly inhumane present. More specifically, Wells' Time Traveler is, like Ebenezer Scrooge and Silas Marner in No Future, the Victorian sinthomosexual; he is the figure that Edelman fantasizes "would assert itself instead against futurity, against its propagation, insofar as it would designate an impasse in the passage...

Efficient Secure Pattern Matching with Malicious Adversaries

In a secure pattern matching scheme, a client learns only the locations where his private pattern matches a server's private text, while server learns nothing. In this paper, we propose a secure pattern matching protocol for the semi-honest setting which is then enhanced to guarantee full simulation-based security in the presence of malicious parties. The proposed protocol supports exact pattern matching, approximate pattern matching and pattern matching with wildcards. It is analytically shown that the proposed protocol is considerably more efficient in the approximate matching with at most k permitted mismatches while it has the same speed in the exact matching case comparing with the recent work in the literature. The achievements are also experimentally evaluated on a case of secure Desoxyribo-Nucleic Acid (DNA) search over the NCBI dataset of the United States national library of medicine. The results show efficiency of the proposed protocol and particularly confirm low computation overhead for the client.

The Need for Deliberate Spiritual Formation for Children Living With Global Developmental Delays

Within the life of a congregational community, faith is formed, shared, and strengthened; relationships are forged and deepened; and gifts are discovered, developed, and dispensed. Unfortunately too many children with global developmental delays/intellectual disabilities do not experience the same opportunities as others to grow spiritually, enjoy community and experience relationships in our churches[1] because, first, as much as the teachers prepare to come and teach, they do not put into consideration the learning styles and pace of children with delays and intellectual disability. Hence, these children end up going back to their homes having learned nothing. Second, the large class sizes deprive children from getting individualized attention hence certain children are unable to learn and understand at their level and pace. Third, the learning facilities are not designed to cater for children with special needs, therefore these children are unable to use the facilities. Fourth, children living with global developmental delays/intellectual disability do not benefit from teaching because there are no specially trained personnel to help them learn. And fifth, some teachers are oblivious of the existence of children living with global developmental delays/intellectual disability in their midst. By doing that the basic humanity of these children is diminished and God is equally dishonoured in the process. Jesus said we are to take the good news to all peoples of the world.“The church should be a community where people of any race, culture, tribe, nation, ability or disability, can find a place to belong.”[2] Each child diagnosed with global developmental delay/intellectual disability is different as an individual needing individualistic assistance in learning and coping with life issues. Therefore, as the Body of Christ, we need to be intentionally inclusive in everything that we do to specifically support the spiritual formation of all children. We need to have an inclusive gospel that deliberately and intentionally reaches out to all the people in the Church including those gifted differently, if we are to fulfill the Great Commission.[1]White, George F., 15.[2]David W. Anderson, “Biblical Perspectives: The Disabled and the Harvest: Whose Role?,” 9.

Secure Collaboration in Engineering Systems Design

The goal in this paper is to enable collaboration in the codesign of engineering artifacts when participants are reluctant to share their design-related confidential and proprietary information with other codesigners, even though such information is needed to analyze and validate the overall design. We demonstrate the viability of codesign by multiple entities who view the parameters of their contributions to the joint design to be confidential. In addition to satisfying this confidentiality requirement, an online codesign process must result in a design that is of the same quality as if full sharing of information had taken place between the codesigners. We present online codesign protocols that satisfy both requirements and demonstrate their practicality using a simple example of codesign of an automotive suspension system and the tires. Our protocols do not use any cryptographic primitives—they only use the kinds of mathematical operations that are currently used in single-designer situations. The participants in the online design protocols include the codesigners, and a cloud server that facilitates the process while learning nothing about the participants' confidential information or about the characteristics of the codesigned system. The only assumption made about this cloud server is that it does not collude with some participants against other participants. We do not assume that the server does not, on its own, attempt to compute as much information as it can about the confidential inputs and outputs of the codesign process: It can make a transcript of the protocol and later attempt to infer all possible information from it, so it is a feature of our protocols the cloud server can infer nothing from such a transcript.

Efficient Verifiable Range and Closest Point Queries in Zero-Knowledge

Abstract We present an efficient method for answering one-dimensional range and closest-point queries in a verifiable and privacy-preserving manner. We consider a model where a data owner outsources a dataset of key-value pairs to a server, who answers range and closest-point queries issued by a client and provides proofs of the answers. The client verifies the correctness of the answers while learning nothing about the dataset besides the answers to the current and previous queries. Our work yields for the first time a zero-knowledge privacy assurance to authenticated range and closest-point queries. Previous work leaked the size of the dataset and used an inefficient proof protocol. Our construction is based on hierarchical identity-based encryption. We prove its security and analyze its efficiency both theoretically and with experiments on synthetic and real data (Enron email and Boston taxi datasets).

Privately Evaluating Decision Trees and Random Forests

Abstract Decision trees and random forests are common classifiers with widespread use. In this paper, we develop two protocols for privately evaluating decision trees and random forests. We operate in the standard two-party setting where the server holds a model (either a tree or a forest), and the client holds an input (a feature vector). At the conclusion of the protocol, the client learns only the model’s output on its input and a few generic parameters concerning the model; the server learns nothing. The first protocol we develop provides security against semi-honest adversaries. We then give an extension of the semi-honest protocol that is robust against malicious adversaries. We implement both protocols and show that both variants are able to process trees with several hundred decision nodes in just a few seconds and a modest amount of bandwidth. Compared to previous semi-honest protocols for private decision tree evaluation, we demonstrate a tenfold improvement in computation and bandwidth.

A zero-knowledge protocol for nuclear warhead verification.

The verification of nuclear warheads for arms control involves a paradox: international inspectors will have to gain high confidence in the authenticity of submitted items while learning nothing about them. Proposed inspection systems featuring 'information barriers', designed to hide measurements stored in electronic systems, are at risk of tampering and snooping. Here we show the viability of a fundamentally new approach to nuclear warhead verification that incorporates a zero-knowledge protocol, which is designed in such a way that sensitive information is never measured and so does not need to be hidden. We interrogate submitted items with energetic neutrons, making, in effect, differential measurements of both neutron transmission and emission. Calculations for scenarios in which material is diverted from a test object show that a high degree of discrimination can be achieved while revealing zero information. Our ideas for a physical zero-knowledge system could have applications beyond the context of nuclear disarmament. The proposed technique suggests a way to perform comparisons or computations on personal or confidential data without measuring the data in the first place.

Computationally Secure Pattern Matching in the Presence of Malicious Adversaries

We propose a protocol for the problem of secure two-party pattern matching, where Alice holds a text t?{0,1}? of length n, while Bob has a pattern p?{0,1}? of length m. The goal is for Bob to (only) learn where his pattern occurs in Alice's text, while Alice learns nothing. Private pattern matching is an important problem that has many applications in the area of DNA search, computational biology and more. Our construction guarantees full simulation in the presence of malicious, polynomial-time adversaries (assuming the hardness of DDH assumption) and exhibits computation and communication costs of O(n+m) group elements in a constant round complexity. This improves over previous work by Gennaro et al. (Public Key Cryptography, pp. 145---160, 2010) whose solution requires overhead of O(nm) group elements and exponentiations in O(m) rounds. In addition to the above, we propose a collection of protocols for important variations of the secure pattern matching problem that are significantly more efficient than the current state of art solutions: First, we deal with secure pattern matching with wildcards. In this variant the pattern may contain wildcards that match both 0 and 1. Our protocol requires O(n+m) communication and O(1) rounds using O(nm) computation. Then we treat secure approximate pattern matching. In this variant the matches may be approximated, i.e., have Hamming distance less than some threshold, ?. Our protocol requires O(n?) communication in O(1) rounds using O(nm) computation. Third, we have secure pattern matching with hidden pattern length. Here, the length, m, of Bob's pattern remains a secret. Our protocol requires O(n+M) communication in O(1) rounds using O(n+M) computation, where M is an upper bound on m. Finally, we have secure pattern matching with hidden text length. Finally, in this variant the length, n, of Alice's text remains a secret. Our protocol requires O(N+m) communication in O(1) rounds using O(N+m) computation, where N is an upper bound on n.

Privacy-preserving similarity coefficients for binary data

Similarity coefficients (also known as coefficients of association) are important measurement techniques used to quantify the extent to which objects resemble one another. Due to privacy concerns, the data owner might not want to participate in any similarity measurement if the original dataset will be revealed or could be derived from the final output. There are many different measurements used for numerical, structural and binary data. In this paper, we particularly consider the computation of similarity coefficients for binary data. A large number of studies related to similarity coefficients have been performed. Our objective in this paper is not to design a specific similarity coefficient. Rather, we are demonstrating how to compute similarity coefficients in a secure and privacy preserved environment. In our protocol, a client and a server jointly participate in the computation. At the end of the protocol, the client will obtain all summation variables needed for the computation while the server learns nothing. We incorporate cryptographic methods in our protocol to protect the original dataset and all other intermediate results. Note that our protocol also supports dissimilarity coefficients.

When Learning and Change Collide: Examining Student Claims to Have “Learned Nothing”

The study presents an analysis of student papers at the end of a problem-based course designed to create an active learning environment and encourage a deep approach to learning. It explores the achievement and participation characteristics of students claiming to have “learned nothing” and suggests the impact of student resistance.

When Learning and Change Collide:

Abstract The study presents an analysis of student papers at the end of a problem-based course designed to create an active learning environment and encourage a deep approach to learning. It explores the achievement and participation characteristics of students claiming to have “learned nothing” and suggests the impact of student resistance.

When Learning and Change Collide:

Abstract The study presents an analysis of student papers at the end of a problem-based course designed to create an active learning environment and encourage a deep approach to learning. It explores the achievement and participation characteristics of students claiming to have “learned nothing” and suggests the impact of student resistance.

New Techniques for Private Stream Searching

A system for private stream searching, introduced by Ostrovsky and Skeith, allows a client to provide an untrusted server with an encrypted search query. The server uses the query on a stream of documents and returns the matching documents to the client while learning nothing about the nature of the query. We present a new scheme for conducting private keyword search on streaming data which requires O ( m ) server to client communication complexity to return the content of the matching documents, where m is an upper bound on the size of the documents. The required storage on the server conducting the search is also O ( m ). The previous best scheme for private stream searching was shown to have O ( m log m ) communication and storage complexity. Our solution employs a novel construction in which the user reconstructs the matching files by solving a system of linear equations. This allows the matching documents to be stored in a compact buffer rather than relying on redundancies to avoid collisions in the storage buffer as in previous work. This technique requires a small amount of metadata to be returned in addition to the documents; for this the original scheme of Ostrovsky and Skeith may be employed with O ( m log m ) communication and storage complexity. We also present an alternative method for returning the necessary metadata based on a unique encrypted Bloom filter construction. This method requires O ( m log( t / m )) communication and storage complexity, where t is the number of documents in the stream. In this article we describe our scheme, prove it secure, analyze its asymptotic performance, and describe a number of extensions. We also provide an experimental analysis of its scalability in practice. Specifically, we consider its performance in the demanding scenario of providing a privacy preserving version of the Google News Alerts service.

Latvia in World War II by Valdis O. Lumans (review)

150 SEER, 87, I, JANUARY 200g See and theKremlin. Why should we read such an anti-Soviet memoir of a rather queer outsider?Why should we not? Here is an interesting storyof an American priest running a Catholic church in the centre of Stalin's Moscow, which could be put to good use in the college classroom. Hamburg has provided a very useful introduction, including a succinct history of Soviet policies towards believers and organized religion between 1917 and 1945. Unfortunately, he then presents the textuncommented, without explanatory annotations. He does not point out where Braun gets itwrong ? and the text is litteredwith speculation as well as factualmistakes. For example, should the remark that during theGreat Purge 'from 5 to 6 million Russians were sup pressed' (p. 134)go uncommented, given the state of research on thisquestion? Or should erroneous statements like 'every single Soviet citizen [...] must be inpossession of a passport' (p. 137)go without a footnote in a memoir edited by a historian in 2006? Should readers not be alerted that calling the Spanish Anarchists a Soviet-controlled 'Red-modeled police' (p. 188) is turningvictims of Stalinist terror into itsperpetrators? Many more such mistakes could be added. Braun not only got thingswrong about the time he had been in the Soviet Union, he also frequendy extrapolated fromwhat he had seen, heard, and read in the 1930s and 1940s to the 1960s. For example, he assumes that education was not free in the Soviet Union ? a statement correct for the time he was there, but no longer so after 1956 (p. 49). Non-specialists could have expected more assistance from the editor in the process of distinguishing observation and fact from hearsay and speculation. Both specialists and non-specialists would surelyhave appreciated dates on the high quality repro ductions of anti-religious posters, which are not even ascribed to any broad period (without such dating they only illustrate the undisputed fact that the Bolsheviks were militant atheists). If abridged of themany repetitions, pro perly annotated and published as a paperback, the memoir could have become a staple in courses on Soviet religion, the Cold War and Soviet society more generally. Department of History Mark Edele Universityof WesternAustralia Lumans, Valdis O. Latvia in World War II World War II: The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension, n. Fordham University Press, New York, 2006. xii + 547 pp. Maps. Notes. Bibliographic essay. Bibliography. Index. $65.00. Lumans purports to have engaged in an exercise of reconciling myth and real ity while writing his book, in so far as his family background lefthim with an idealized picture of the good old days of Latvia under the pre-war dictator Karlis Ulmanis. His fatherhad been a member of theLatvian Legion, formed as part of theWaffen SS in 1943. Among other things, the author learned nothing as a youth of Latvian participation in theHolocaust. REVIEWS 151 The book is based entirely on secondary sources and to some extent has been overtaken by other publications, not least those produced by the various commissions examining recent Baltic history since the restoration of Baltic independence. That does not prevent Lumans's account from being highly readable. It opens with consideration of the Latvian experience of terror under the brief period of Soviet rule in early 1919.While this certainly alienated Latvians a few of themwent on to play important roles inside the Soviet Union. Next there are overviews of the Latvian political system, the main political parties and the country's minorities, making up almost a quar terof thepopulation of interwarLatvia. The sections on rightwing extremists include coverage of theAizsargi or Home Guard, who were behind the May 1934 coup ushering in theUlmanis dictatorship, and theThunder Cross, with its pronounced antisemitism. When the book turns to a consideration of the 1930s and the time of Ulmanis the author seems most comfortable when cataloguing economic and cultural developments. As to Latvia's involvement in international events, he expects far toomuch of the Western powers, Britain inparticular, by way of response to Latvia's growing insecurity. Nevertheless, he then asserts that blame for the 'tragic outcome' of the Soviet occupation following the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 'lieswith Ulmanis' (p. 78...

Learning Nothing, Forgetting Nothing: On the Trail of Carl Lumholtz

Learning Nothing, Forgetting Nothing: On the Trail of Carl Lumholtz

Hippocampal lesions and discrimination performance of mice in the radial maze: sparing or impairment depending on the representational demands of the task.

The effects of ibotenate hippocampal lesions on discrimination performance in an eight-arm radial maze were investigated in mice, using a three-stage paradigm in which the only parameter that varied among stages was the way the arms were presented. In the initial learning phase (stage 1), animals learned the valence or reward contingency associated with six (three positive and three negative) adjacent arms of the maze using a successive (go/no-go) discrimination procedure. In the first test phase (stage 2), the six arms were grouped into three pairs, so that on each trial, the subject was faced with a choice between two adjacent arms of opposite valence (concurrent two-choice discrimination). In the second test phase (stage 3), the subject was faced with all six arms simultaneously (six-choice discrimination). Hippocampal-lesioned mice acquired the initial learning phase at a near-normal rate but behaved as if they had learned nothing when challenged with the two-choice discriminations at stage 2. In contrast, they behaved normally when confronted with the six-choice discrimination at stage 3. Detailed examination of within- and between-stage performance suggests that hippocampal-lesioned mice perform as intact mice when presentation of the discriminanda encourages the storage and use of separate representations (i.e., in initial learning and six-choice discrimination testing), but that they fail in test situations that involve explicit comparisons between such separate representations (two-choice discriminations), hence requiring the use of relational representations.

Arbeit Macht Frei

Yes I will tell you what I know Not just what I saw What I saw through Remember I am an ignorant man For six years I learned nothing Well, not nothing Reading was the Jewish crime Against the state and Thinking was Against the order Of the universe Once they beat a man He could have been young You could no longer tell The young from the old When they found him reading In French, mind you They beat this man to death One of the guards A stately Viennese Humming waltzes Made a little Joke About the Jewish trinity ? Freud the father Marx the son And Einstein The holy ghost He promised us: