Learning Characteristics Research Articles

School work performance in sub-Saharan Africa: A bivariate multilevel analysis

The objective of this study is to evaluate the internal performance of education systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The choice of the academic performance of student work in reading and mathematics (defined as the ratio between the score obtained in a subject and the investment in learning that subject) as the approach to internal performance constitutes the originality of this research. Based on 2019 data from the Confemen Programme for the Analysis of Educational Systems (PASEC) covering 14 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the choice of bivariate modelling allows the hierarchical structure of the data to be taken into account and the performance of schoolwork in reading and mathematics to be treated simultaneously. The results show that the influence of learner and school characteristics on performance in reading and mathematics converges. Nevertheless, certain personal attributes of the pupils or certain aspects specific to the school attended generate differentiated impacts depending on the subject considered. Sensitivity and robustness analyses confirm the stability of the results, offering avenues for understanding and improving students' academic performance.

Effects of eLearning Formats on Student Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitude Towards Evidence-Based Instruction

University teacher education aims at developing sustained knowledge and positive attitudes towards evidence-based instructional concepts. This experimental study examined (a) if two e-learning formats help develop sustained knowledge and positive attitudes towards evidence-based reading instruction, (b) if self-regulative principles can boost these effects, and (c) if effects are moderated by learner characteristics (namely prior knowledge, self-efficacy, learning preferences). N = 100 student teachers participated in one of two different e-learning formats on evidence-based reading instruction. While one group attended an e-learning course with self-regulative elements (adaptivity and feedback), the other group watched an e-lecture without these self-regulative elements. In both groups, participants showed positive attitudes and mastery of declarative knowledge, as the majority reached a minimum of 80% in criterion-oriented tests. However, participants’ procedural knowledge was less pronounced. A MANOVA showed no significant group differences between the e-learning course with self-regulative elements and the e-lecture without self-regulative elements with regard to knowledge and attitude acquisition. Path analyses displayed that individual learner characteristics (prior knowledge, self-efficacy, learning preferences) had an impact on attitudes, but not on knowledge acquisition. Implications for university education are discussed in the context of combining e-learning formats with face-to-face courses to also achieve mastery of procedural knowledge and to strengthen the effect of self-regulative elements.

Analysis of Students' Mathematical Concept Understanding Ability on Circle Material Based on Learning Style

This research aims to analyze students' mathematical concept understanding ability in solving circle material problems by considering learning styles. The method used in this research is qualitative method with descriptive approach. This research was conducted on students of class XI Culinary 1 at SMKN 6 Semarang which amounted to 36 students. Data were collected through mathematical concept understanding test and student learning style questionnaire. The subjects in this study were three students who represented each student's learning style. The techniques used to collect data were observation, mathematical concept understanding ability test, interview and documentation. The results showed variations in learning styles and variations in students' mathematical concept understanding abilities in solving circle material problems. Learners with visual and auditory learning styles tend to have better understanding abilities in solving the problem, while learners with kinesthetic styles show different patterns. So it can be concluded that the learning style of learners can affect students' mathematical understanding ability in solving circle material problems, therefore the importance of recognizing the learning style of students in the mathematics learning process. Each learner with a different learning style has a different mathematical concept understanding ability, so an approach that is in accordance with the characteristics of learners is needed to improve students' mathematical concept understanding ability.

Trends in socio-demographic characteristics and substance use among high school learners in a selected district in Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Substance use is an escalating public health problem in South Africa resulting in risky behaviours and poor educational attainment among adolescents. There is a huge battle to overcome substance use among learners as more drugs become easily available with the mean age of drug experimentation reported to be at 12 years of age. It is important to continuously understand the trends in substance use in order to assess if there are positive changes and provide evidence for the development of context-specific effective interventions. This paper outlines the prevalence of substance use among selected high schools in a district in Limpopo province. To determine the prevalence of substance use among selected high school learners in a district in Limpopo Province, a cross-sectional school survey of 768 learners was conducted. Data was analysed using SPSS v 26. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the independent and dependent variables and Chi-Square test was used to investigate associations between demographic characteristics and substance use among high school learners. The most abused substances by learners were alcohol (49%), cigarettes (20.8%) and marijuana (dagga/cannabis) (16.8%). In a lifetime, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in cigarette smoking with gender, school, and grade; with more use in males (14.2%) than females (7.6%); in urban schools (14.6) than peri-urban (6.7%) and more in Grade 12 (6.4%). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in alcohol use with more use in Grade 10 (12.6%) and varied use among male and female learners but cumulatively more alcohol use in females (27.7%). Drug use varied, with an overall high drug use in urban schools (20.7%). Substance use is rife among high school learners in the district and health promotion initiatives need to be tailored within the context of socio-demographic characteristics of learners including the multiple levels of influence such as peer pressure, poverty, unemployment and child headed families. Additional research is required to investigate the factors leading to a notable gradual increase in use among female learners and into the environmental and family settings of learners in influencing substance use.

Piil Pesenggiri Local Wisdom as the Base of Character Education in Social Studies Learning at Metro City Elementary School, Lampung

This study explores the integration of Piil Pesenggiri local wisdom into character education through Social Sciences Subject (IPS) in elementary schools in Metro City, Lampung. Piil Pesenggiri local wisdom, which consists of four main pillars; respect for others (Nemui Nyimah), cooperation (Sakai Sambayan), achievement (Juluk Adek), and equality (Nengah Nyampur), has been recognized as an important foundation for strengthening character learning in the school environment. This study utilizes qualitative approach and case study in three different elementary schools in Metro City. The research method used is multi-case skin, which collects data through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and analysis of learning documents. The results depict that the application of Piil Pesenggiri values in social sciences subject significantly promoted positive characters development among learners, including respect for diversity, cooperation, motivation for achievement, and understanding of equality. This practice not only enriches the social sciences subject’s curriculum with culturally relevant content but also contributes to the formation of positive social attitudes and behaviors among learners. These findings suggest that local wisdom such as Piil Pesenggiri can be used as an effective instrument in character education, supporting a holistic vision of education in Indonesia, especially in the diverse community contexts such as Metro City, Lampung. This research provides important insights into the potential of local wisdom in forming the basis of strong and culturally relevant character education.

The Impact of Native Language on Mandarin Acquisition: A Study of Zhuang and Miao Students

This study was conducted with Zhuang and Miao students and Mandarin teachers in grades four to six in four township elementary schools in Dehou Township, Wenshan City, Yunnan Province. The purposes of this study were:1) to study the influences of the native language that affect Zhuang and Miao students when they learn Mandarin,2) to study teachers’ opinions about their students' native language affects their learning when teaching Mandarin to Zhuang and Miao students. Based on Krejcie and Morgan's table, 186 students for questionnaires and 14 teachers were selected for interviews. The study is a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative research, which was statistically analyzed using percentages, means (⎯χ), standard deviation (S.D.), and narrative analysis by coding the interview information. The research instruments were questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that 1) the influences of the native language that affect Zhuang and Miao students when they learn Mandarin consisted of four aspects: (1) social context, (2) learner characteristics, (3) learning conditions, and (4) learning process: Social Context was high level (⎯χ) =2.70 and S.D=0.36; Learner Characteristics was moderate level (⎯χ) =2.43 and S.D=0.35; Learning Conditions was moderate level (⎯χ) =2.46 and S.D=0.2936; Learning Process was high level (⎯χ) =2.51 and S.D=0.30. All four aspects had a high level (⎯χ) =2.52 and S.D=0.33; on Zhuang and Miao students' Mandarin learning, and 2) teachers’ opinions about their students' native language affect their learning when teaching Mandarin to Zhuang and Miao students. It showed that Zhuang and Miao’s students had difficulty pronouncing Mandarin when they learned it because of the influence of their language; the difference between Mandarin and the expression habits of the ethnic language also affects the learning of Mandarin by Zhuang and Miao students. This study suggests that the study should emphasize the creation of a Mandarin language environment for Zhuang and Miao students, enhance students' interest in learning Mandarin, improve the conditions for learning Mandarin, and innovate teaching methods.

Immersive distance simulation: Exploring the educational impact of stereoscopic extended reality (XR) video in remote learning environments

What was the educational challenge? There is a growing need for healthcare simulation options when local expertise or resources are not available. To connect instructors with remote learners, current options for distance simulation are typically limited to videoconferencing on desktop computers or mobile devices, which may not fully capture the complexity of clinical scenarios. What was the solution? Extended reality (XR) technology may provide a more immersive and realistic distance healthcare simulation experience compared to traditional videoconferencing options. Unlike computer- or phone-based video calls, stereoscopic video in XR provides a sense of depth that may increase spatial understanding and engagement in distance simulation. How was the solution implemented? We investigated the impact of XR for synchronous distance simulation compared to traditional desktop-based videoconferencing in Emergency Medicine (EM) resident training for an obstetrical emergency. A randomized controlled experiment was conducted with half of the residents using XR and half using computers to participate in the simulation. What lessons were learned that are relevant to a wider global audience? There was an unanticipated interaction between postgraduate year and condition such that performance in the XR condition was superior for first year residents, while this was reversed for more experienced residents. This indicates that the benefits of XR might be dependent on participant characteristics, such as learner level. What are the next steps? We plan to extend this research to clarify characteristics of learners and tasks that are important determinants of differences in outcomes between stereoscopic XR versus traditional videoconference displays.

Strengthening The Character of Elementary School Students on Online Learning Through Video Utilization

This study aims to analyze various difficulties in learning the character of elementary school students in the online / digital era and their solutions through the use of video media. This research uses descriptive studies with a qualitative approach. The data sources in this study are elementary school teachers and parents of students related to the character learning process. Data collection was carried out through observation and in-depth interviews with informants; Teachers and Students. Data analysis is carried out by reduction, display and conclusion. The results showed that character learning problems carried out online were not able to stimulate emotional and motor aspects, so that children were less enthusiastic. Lack of proper media to teach the attitudes or behaviors of elementary school children who still like to play. Therefore, videos with certain characters and well presented can arouse children's attention and stimulate their behavior to learn more enthusiastically. Therefore, it is necessary to make and present videos that contain educational values to direct the behavior of elementary school students in learning so that they can change for the better. In this case, videos that are filled with educational values can be one of the character learning media in online learning for elementary school students.

How syntactic complexity indices predict Chinese L2 writing quality: An analysis of unified dependency syntactically-annotated corpus

Previous syntactic complexity (SC) research on L2 Chinese has overlooked a range of Chinese-specific structures and fine-grained indices. This study, utilizing a syntactically annotated Chinese L2 writing corpus, simultaneously employs both large-grained and fine-grained syntactic complexity indices to investigate the relationship between syntactic complexity and writing quality produced by English-speaking Chinese second language (ECSL) learners from macro and micro perspectives. Our findings reveal the following: (a) at a large-grained level of analysis using syntactic complexity indices, the generic syntactic complexity indice (GSC indice) number of T-units per sentence and the Chinese-specific syntactic complexity indice (CSC indice) number of Clauses per topic chain unit account for 14.5% of the total variance in writing scores among ECSL learners; (b) the syntactic diversity model alone accounts for 24.7% of the variance in Chinese writing scores among ECSL learners; (c) the stepwise regression analysis model, which integrates fine-grained SC indices extracted from the syntactically annotated corpus, explains 43.7% of the variance in Chinese writing quality. This model incorporates CSC indices such as average ratio of dependency types per 30 dependency segments, the ratio of adjuncts to sentence end, the ratio of predicate complements, the ratio of numeral adjuncts, the mean length of Topic-Comment-Unit dependency distance, as well as GSC indices like the ratio of main governors, the ratio of attributers, the ratio of coordinating adjuncts, and the ratio of sentential objects. These findings highlight the valuable insights that syntactically annotated fine-grained SC indices offer regarding the writing characteristics of ECSL learners.

Problem-Based Learning With Tri Kaya Parisudha Model to Improve The Mathematical Problem-Solving Skills and Character of Elementary School Students

Objective: Problem solving skills and character education are two important things that should be promoted in Indonesia education system. To promote those two things, an effective teaching model is needed. Thus, this research attempts to analyze the effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning with the Tri Kaya Parisudha model to improve elementary school students' mathematical problem-solving skills and character. This teaching model was developed using Balinese local wisdom concept. Theoretical Framework: Some theories were used in this study. They were problem-based learning, tri kaya parisudha, problem-solving skills, and characteristics of young learners. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental approach and involved with 130 students as the study samples. Specifically, the study was conducted by following post-test only control group design. The researchers used questionnaires and problem-solving ability tests to collect the study data. In this study, the questionnaires and post-test results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Simultaneously, inferential statistical analysis using the MANOVA test was performed. Results and Discussion: The analysis shows that problem-based learning with Tri Kaya Parisudha model effectively improves elementary school student's mathematical problem-solving skills and character. Thus, it is recommended that problem-based learning with Tri Kaya Parisudha model to be used by the elementary schools that have problems in improving their students’ mathematical problem-solving skills and character. Research Implications: Integrating local wisdom in teaching mathematical problem-solving skills and character brings some positive effects for the students. Originality/Value: Local wisdom is normaly considered as something traditional and not compatible with current era. However, this study found that local wisdom, especially tri kaya parisudha concept is still relevant to our current education system.

Using Project ECHO to deliver a tele-mentoring and teaching program on palliative care in South Asia: Interpretive description of participants' experiences with a community of practice for learning.

To explore the learning experiences of participants (learners and teachers), in a yearlong tele-teaching and mentoring program on pediatric palliative care, which was conducted using the Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) model and consisted of 27 teaching and clinical case discussion sessions for palliative medicine residents in India and Bangladesh. The goal of the study is to explore how participation and learning is motivated and sustained for both residents and teachers, including the motivators and challenges to participation and learning in a novel online format. Qualitative interviews with ECHO participants, including learners and teachers were conducted. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis of interview data was conducted within an interpretive description approach. Eleven physicians (6 residents, 5 teachers) participated in interviews. Key elements of the ECHO program which participants identified as supporting learning and participation include small group discussions, a flipped classroom, and asynchronous interactions through social media. Individual learner characteristics including effective self-reflection and personal circumstances impact learning. Providing opportunities for a diverse group of learners and teachers, to interact in communities of practice (COP) enhances learning. Three major themes and 6 subthemes describing learning processes were identified. Themes included (1) ECHO program structure, (2) learner characteristics, and (3) COP. Subthemes included flipped classroom, breakout rooms, learning resources, personal circumstances, self-awareness of learning needs, and community interactions. Project ECHO suggests a novel model to train health providers, which is effective in low- and middle-income countries. Online learning programs can lead to learning through community of practice when learners and teachers are able to interact and engage in peer support and reflective practice. Educators should consider incorporating small group discussions, a flipped classroom design, and opportunities for asynchronous interactions to enhance learning for participants in online learning programs.

Analysis of Learning Characteristics of Online Learners in the Context of Smart Education

This article aims to explore the learning characteristics of online learners within the smart education framework, with a specific emphasis on how they might use Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to improve their educational experience. The term "online learning" refers to the process of acquiring knowledge via electronic means, most often the global web. Online education, e-learning, web-based learning, and computer-assisted learning all share this term. The challenging characteristics of such online learners for students are technical issues, lack of motivation, and slow loading times in online courses. Hence, in this research, the Internet of Things-empowered Smart Education (IoT-SE) Framework has been improved for online learners for students by leveraging IoT tech that tracks how learners interact with learning resources and their environment. This paper aims to revolutionize web-based education through tailored instructions targeting individuals' unique needs and fads as availed by the IoT-SE system. This paper offers evaluation parameters such as level of engagement among learners, retention rates on knowledge acquired while studying e-courses, and satisfaction from an online program. Besides overcoming limitations associated with conventional e-learning approaches, such systems like IoT-SE technology promise more effective pedagogy and student satisfaction for online learners.

Cycle Model Of Integrative-Interconnective Strategy within Character Learning

Received: Revised: Accepted: This paper describes the cycle model of integrative-interactive character learning strategies at ‘MTs’ (Islamic Junior High School) Islamic Boarding School. The data is focused on MTs Al-Qodiri 1 and Nuris 1 Jember. This study used a qualitative approach having a multi-site research principle. The findings of this study showed that the application of the cycle model of integrative-interactive character learning strategies in MTs Islamic Boarding School has its own characteristics and can be considered to be a successful model of student character development. Character learning materials, especially the character values are the integration of values within the formal curriculum and Sufi based Islamic Boarding School typical curriculum. The materials are organized through the process of determining the material, structuring the order, constructing analogy, and summarizing the contents of character learning. Various interactive, collaborative and learning media are used, so that the transfer process of character learning material is easily understood and practiced in daily life. In order to ensure that the organization and the process of learning provision are more optimal, the character learning regulation is carried out by a 24-hour scheduling process followed by a continuous process of monitoring, motivational management, and supervision.

A Study on the Development of the Educational Materials of the 〈General Korean Language〉 for International Undergraduate Students inan Intermediate Level of the Korean Language

This is a basic study to develop the educational materials for general Korean language learning for international undergraduate students in the intermediate level. It aims to survey the needs of learners and thereby establish some developmental directions. To achieve this, Iconducted a survey with 306 international students at A University. The results showed that many learners recognized the necessity of textbook development, and that although there was a high preference for e-books, ademand for paper books still existed. Regarding preferred media types, demands were observed not only for familiar media such as movies, dramas and social media, but also for other types of media like newspaper articles and the news in general. Regarding the topics demanded, they included daily life, hobbies, personalities, travel, and social and academic subjects. As for the desired functions to be enhanced, there were high demands for speaking, vocabulary, and grammar, and the balanced demands for listening, reading, and writing. Accordingly, this study proposed that educational materials should be composed in such a way that e-books and paper books coexist, and that the materials should be developed by maximizing the educational value of each. Furthermore, this study suggested that a comprehensive textbook that develops all language functions evenly would be more suitable than educational materials specialized in one function, given the characteristics of learners who need to not only expand their learning experiences with the use of various media, but to also cultivate their communication skills and academic task performance abilities.

A path model analysis of preform students’ factors and comprehension strategies on cognitive learning outcomes associated with text comprehension

IntroductionThe ability to understand text is influenced by various factors, including the learner’s cognitive abilities and previous experiences. This study examined the correlation between two pre-existing learner characteristics, three comprehension strategies used while reading, and two cognitive outcomes related to text comprehension.MethodsThe study involved 109 undergraduate Biology students, who were instructed to perform think-aloud exercises while reading biology texts and complete post-reading tests. The participants typed out their thoughts about the text when prompted. Their verbal protocols were coded and analyzed.ResultsStatistically significant correlations were only observed between prior knowledge, presage skill, recall, and comprehension. The direct relationships between prior knowledge and cognitive strategies were not significant, and the relationship between participants’ presage skills and the comprehension strategies they employed while reading was not significant.DiscussionThe study revealed that prior knowledge had a more significant impact on cognitive learning outcomes than the students’ prior cognitive skills and the comprehension strategies they employed while reading. Additionally, the participant’s performance on the learning outcomes was influenced by at least one of the comprehension strategies and their prior knowledge.

Children’s Character Learning Model Based on Indonesian Local Wisdom: Implemented to Early Childhood Education in Play Centers

Character education can equip young children to become Indonesia's golden generation who are superior and skilled in noble work. This research aims to produce an early childhood character learning model based on local Indonesian wisdom through the Playing Center title which will be implemented at Early Childhood Education Institutions (ECE) in Indonesia. This research method uses the steps of the Borg and Gall research and development model. The subjects in this research were 30 teachers from five ECE institutions in the DKI Jakarta area. The data used as the basis for building a framework for early childhood character learning models based on local intelligence were collected using observation and interview techniques. The findings show that the teacher prepares a learning plan program at the beginning of each semester which is listed in the weekly program and daily program. However, the teacher has not fully prepared a simulation program that leads directly to the introduction of early childhood character. Identification of character values ​​in early childhood is done by providing examples of behavior and speech at school. The media that has been used to identify children's characters is through posters and non-digital story books. The learning environment needs to be improved because teachers have not been optimal in organizing the play environment in providing stimulation to children in class. The results of this research will enrich the character education model following the potential of the institution and the cultural background of early childhood as Indonesia's golden generation. Keywords: character learning model, local wisdom, play center, early childhood

Design of Personalization Exam Classification Model Based on Imbalanced Class

Currently, personalized learning has become a necessity in the learning process. Research and implementation of personalization in the planning phases and implementation phases of learning have been extensively studied. However, that research has not yet reached the application stage in the learning assessment phase. Providing homogeneous examination material to each student has not considered the characteristics of learners. Even though the achievements from the assessment phase will provide a measure of the quality of the learning process as a whole. This research has analyzed the individual characteristics model, which is derived as a benchmark for identification of the information and characteristics of the test material, which is then formulated into a classification model based on supervised learning. This study identified text dataset questions and labeled unbalanced multi-classes. This presents a challenge to carry out experiments to find the most optimal data training strategy, the results provide optimal strategy combination results Logic: ENS, Verbal: ENS, Visual: CW+RES+ENS, Natural: CW+RES+ENS. Accuracy measurement results Logic (SVM): 0.85, Verbal (LR) 0.87, Visual (LR) : 0.93, Natural (NN) 0.93.

An Empirical Study of Adaptive Learning Algorithm Based on Intrinsic Motivation in English Online Teaching and Learning

An empirical study of adaptive learning algorithms based on intrinsic motivation in English online teaching and learning delves into the intersection of technology and motivation in language education. By investigating how adaptive learning algorithms can leverage intrinsic motivation factors, such as personal interests and curiosity, researchers aim to optimize online English instruction for individual learners. This paper introduces Weighted Feature Clustering Adaptive Learning (WFCAL) as a novel approach to optimizing English teaching and learning processes. Traditional methods of instruction often fail to address the diverse needs and learning profiles of students, leading to suboptimal outcomes. WFCAL offers a solution by dynamically adapting instructional content based on the individual characteristics of learners, thereby creating personalized learning experiences. Through the application of WFCAL, significant improvements in language proficiency have been observed across various skill domains, including vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension. The algorithm clusters learners into groups based on their proficiency levels and adapts instructional delivery to cater to the specific needs of each cluster. This approach promotes engagement, motivation, and efficacy in language learning, leading to enhanced outcomes. learners in Cluster 1 showed an average increase in vocabulary knowledge from 65 to 80, while learners in Cluster 2 demonstrated an improvement from 70 to 85 in grammar understanding. Additionally, reading comprehension skills improved by an average of 10 points across all clusters. The algorithm clusters learners into groups based on their proficiency levels and adapts instructional delivery to cater to the specific needs of each cluster.

Research trends in science education from 2018 to 2022: a systematic content analysis of publications in selected journals

ABSTRACT This study uncovers research trends by analysing 1,142 papers published in Science Education, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, and International Journal of Science Education: Part A between 2018 and 2022, followed by a series of systematic reviews dating back to 1998. The main findings indicate that, during the period of 2018–2022, the three most studied research topics were associated with learner characteristics and classroom contexts (Learning-Context), teacher thinking/cognition and pedagogical issues (Teaching), and preservice education/in-service professional development (Teacher Education). An emerging interest in investigating the influence of cultural, social, and gender factors on science education (Culture, Social, and Gender) was observed. The analysis of the top 10 most-cited papers unveiled a notable focus on pertinent theoretical discussions and empirical research within the context of STEM/STEAM education. Besides, issues regarding engagement in and out of school settings, learners’ epistemologies, or sensemaking and science as practice were also highly cited. It is worth noting that there has been a rapid surge and new trend in research concerning science identity, garnering substantial attention by researchers as a meaningful lens for exploring relevant issues associated with participation and pipeline/career paths in STEM-related fields.

Decreasing employability with age? The role of automation risk, lifelong learning and occupational mobility

PurposeAs aging populations lead to longer working lives and increasing automation threatens job security, maintaining lifelong employability is becoming a fundamental challenge for many individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine how lifelong employability can be maintained. Design/methodology/approachBased on the theoretical perspectives of both movement capital and selection, optimization and compensation (SOC) theories, we used large-scale survey data (N = 2,256) from three European countries to investigate strategies for preserving employability among aging workers. Specifically, we explored the perceived risk of automation, lifelong learner characteristics and self-efficacy for occupational mobility as boundary conditions that may shape the negative relationship between age and employability.FindingsWe found a negative relationship between age and employability, which was more pronounced when the perceived risk of automation was higher. Furthermore, lifelong learner characteristics and self-efficacy for occupational mobility mitigated the negative relationship, so that age was not related to employability if people possessed lifelong learner characteristics and were ready for a career change.Originality/valueOur study implies the importance of investing in enhancing lifelong learner characteristics and self-efficacy for occupational mobility for older employees.