Lean Composition Research Articles

Microstructural development in a hot rolled multi-phase steel

The present work describes the development of microstructures in multi-phase steels with minimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in the range of 750–800 MPa. A relatively leaner composition was designed to achieve the strength, and with two compositions, the UTS values of about 750 MPa and 800 MPa were achieved. In both cases, multi-phase microstructures were developed, which consisted of ferrite, bainite and martensite. Bainite was the major phase in these microstructures. The cooling rate played a vital role. Ferrite was observed to form as the major phase along with islands of bainite at a cooling rate of 2 °C/s or less than that. The desired amount of bainite phase could be obtained at and above a cooling rate of 20 °C/s. A double step cooling strategy was applied to achieve the desired multi-phase microstructure. After the completion of hot rolling at around 850 °C, a fast cooling to a temperature of 580 °C and holding there for a duration of 5–12 s led to the formation of ample bainite in the microstructure, followed by transformation of remaining austenite into martensite during the second step cooling at 250 °C.

PSIII-13 Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Feed Intake on Total and Liquid Water Intake in Beef Bulls

Abstract Research conducted in the 1950s to determine water requirements used cattle that vary greatly from the animals being raised today. Changes in lean composition and growth rate in young cattle and milk production and mature size in cows have likely altered water requirements. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted on animals being fed for slaughter, rather than bulls or reproductive females. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of weather variables, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) on total daily water intake (TDWI) in growing beef bulls. Angus (n = 15) and Simmental x Angus bulls (n = 29) with an average initial BW of 362.5 ± 27.0 kg were housed in an open front, monoslope building at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. Bulls were provided with ad libitum access to feed (1.15 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter, 14% crude protein, 52.2% dry matter) and water using the Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Feed and water disappearance were assumed to be caused by intake. Water intake was measured in kg; however, the data were converted to L based on a correction factor determined by weighing a known amount of water. Body weights were taken every 28 d to determine ADG and predict daily BW during the duration of the study. Daily weather variables were collected from the South Dakota Mesonet station located 3.86 km from the CCERF. Weather variables analyzed included: average windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (km/h); and minimum, maximum, and average relative humidity (%) and average temperature (°C). R-studio (R-4.1.2.pkg) was used to develop a linear mixed effects model with random intercept and slope used to account for the within subject correlations. Total daily water intake increased with increasing DMI (1.921 L TDWI per kg DMI; P < 0.0001), BW (0.025 L TDWI per kg BW; P = 0.0055), and maximum daily temperature (0.171 L TDWI per 1°C; P = 0.0023). For every 1% increase in the minimum relative humidity, TDWI tended to increase by 0.041 L (P = 0.0616). Warmer wind chill also tended to increase TDWI (0.463 L per 1°C; P = 0.0707). The effects of DMI, BW, maximum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind chill were predictive of TDWI in growing beef bulls fed during the winter months in South Dakota. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI in growing beef bulls that are raised in areas that experience similar winter weather conditions.

Performance of a Handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Device to Predict Pork Primal Belly Fat Iodine Value and Loin Lean Intramuscular Fat Content.

The increase in market demand and economic value of Canadian pork primal cuts has led to a need to assess advanced technologies capable of measuring quality traits. Fat and lean composition were measured using a Tellspec near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy device to predict the pork belly fat iodine value (IV) and loin lean intramuscular fat (IMF) content in 158 pork belly primals and 419 loin chops. The calibration model revealed a 90.6% and 88.9% accuracy for the Tellspec NIR to predict saturated fatty acids (SFA) and IV, respectively, in the belly fat. The calibration model accuracy for the other belly fatty acids revealed an accuracy of 66.3-86.1%. Using the Tellspec NIR to predict loin lean IMF reported a lower accuracy for moisture (R2 = 60) and fat % (R2 = 40.4). This suggests that Tellspec NIR spectroscopy measures on the pork belly primal offers a cost-efficient, rapid, accurate, and non-invasive indicator of pork belly IV and could be used for the classification for specific markets.

On the significance of intercritical annealing time in governing mechanical properties of lean composition dual-phase steel

On the significance of intercritical annealing time in governing mechanical properties of lean composition dual-phase steel

Intensified reactor for lean methane emissions treatment

AbstractThe Global Methane Pledge declared at the 2021 United Nations climate change conference (COP26) marked the world's commitment to eradicate methane emissions. Regardless of the source, methane emissions are typically generated in a lean composition (e.g., <1% vol), remote and scattered. This work explores the use of an intensified reactor that implements the chemical looping principle to handle lean methane emissions. A model‐based framework is used to showcase the baseline performance of the proposed reactor in converting methane emissions using nickel‐based oxygen carriers. Sensitivity analysis of the reactor showed that the Ni percentage in the oxygen carrier, the feed air temperature, feed air to flared gas ratio, and oxidation to reduction duration ratio are the most deciding variables for reactor performance. The reactor is subsequently optimized to minimize the methane emitted, using a dynamic program with safety and operability constraints for the alternating redox process. With the optimal cycle strategy, we demonstrate that near‐complete methane conversion (>98% methane conversion) can be achieved by the reactor without external heating.

Microscale Combinatorial Libraries for the Discovery of High-Entropy Materials.

Polyelemental material systems, specifically high-entropy alloys, promise unprecedented properties. Due to almost unlimited combinatorial possibilities, their exploration and exploitation is hard. This challenge is addressed by co-sputtering combined with shadow masking to produce a multitude of microscale combinatorial libraries in one deposition process. These thin-film composition spreads on the microscale cover unprecedented compositional ranges of high-entropy alloy systems and enable high-throughput characterization of thousands of compositions for electrocatalytic energy conversion reactions using nanoscale scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. The exemplary exploration of the composition space of two high-entropy alloy systems provides electrocatalytic activity maps for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution as well as oxygen reduction reactions. Activity optima in the system Ru-Rh-Pd-Ir-Pt are identified, and active noble-metal lean compositions in the system Co-Ni-Mo-Pd-Pt are discovered. This illustrates that the proposed microlibraries are a holistic discovery platform to master the multidimensionality challenge of polyelemental systems.

Forced ignition and oscillating flame propagation in fine ethanol sprays

The present work investigates forced ignition and oscillating propagation of spray flame in a mixture of fine ethanol droplets and air. The Eulerian-Eulerian method with two-way coupling is used and a detailed chemical mechanism is considered. Different droplet diameters and liquid fuel equivalence ratios (ER) are studied. The evaporation completion front (ECF) is defined to study the interactions between the evaporation zone and flame front. The gas composition at the flame front is quantified through an effective ER. The results show that the kernel trajectory is considerably affected by droplet size and liquid ER. Generally, the flame ER reaches the maximum when the ECF starts to move from the spherical center. It gradually decreases and reaches a constant value when the flame freely propagates. Quasi-stationary spherical flame is observed when the liquid ER is low, whilst kernel extinction/re-ignition appears when liquid ER is high. These flame behaviors are essentially affected by the heat conduction and species diffusion timescales between the droplet evaporation zone and flame front. The dependence of the minimum ignition energy (MIE) on liquid ER is U-shaped and there is an optimal liquid equivalence ratio range (ERo) with the smallest MIE. Long and short ignition failure modes are observed, respectively for small and large liquid ERs. When liquid ER is less than ERo (long failure mode), larger energy is required to initiate the kernel due to very lean composition near the spark. For liquid ER larger than ERo (short mode), ignition failure is caused by strong evaporative heat loss and rich gas composition due to heavy droplet loading. Flame speed oscillation is seen when the initial droplet size is above 10 μm. The oscillation frequency linearly increases with the liquid ER. Meanwhile, larger droplets lead to smaller oscillation frequencies.

Transgenerational Transcriptomic and DNA Methylome Profiling of Mouse Fetal Testicular Germline and Somatic Cells after Exposure of Pregnant Mothers to Tributyltin, a Potent Obesogen.

Obesogens such as tributyltin (TBT) are xenobiotic compounds that promote obesity, in part by distorting the normal balance of lipid metabolism. The obesogenic effects of TBT can be observed in directly exposed (F1 and F2 generations) and also subsequent generations (F3 and beyond) that were never exposed. To address the effects of TBT exposure on germ cells, we exposed pregnant transgenic OG2 mouse dams (F0), which specifically express EGFP in germline cells, to an environmentally relevant dose of TBT or DMSO throughout gestation through drinking water. When fed with a high-fat diet, F3 male offspring of TBT-exposed F0 dams (TBT-F3) accumulated much more body fat than did DMSO-F3 males. TBT-F3 males also lost more body fluid and lean compositions than did DMSO-F3 males. Expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation or mesenchymal differentiation was up-regulated in somatic cells of TBT-F1 (but not TBT-F3) E18.5 fetal testes, and promoter-associated CpG islands were hyper-methylated in TBT-F1 somatic cells. Global mRNA expression of protein-coding genes in F1 or F3 fetal testicular cells was unaffected by F0 exposure to TBT; however, expression of a subset of endogenous retroviruses was significantly affected in F1 and F3. We infer that TBT may directly target testicular somatic cells in F1 testes to irreversibly affect epigenetic suppression of endogenous retroviruses in both germline and somatic cells.

Objective measurement technologies for transforming the Australian & New Zealand livestock industries

This paper introduces the special edition of Meat Science focused upon the development, calibration and validation of technologies that measure traits influencing meat eating quality, or carcass fat and lean composition. These papers reflect the combined research efforts of groups in Australia, through the Advanced Livestock Measurement Technologies project, and New Zealand through AgResearch. We describe the various technologies being developed, how these devices are being trained upon common gold-standard measurements, and how their outputs are being simultaneously integrated into existing industry systems. We outline how this enhances the industry uptake and adoption of these technologies, and how this is further accelerated by education programs and strategic industry investment into their commercialisation.

Filler Metal 16-8-2 for Structural Welds on 304H and 347H Stainless Steels for High-Temperature Service

The use of Type 16-8-2 filler metal was examined for application in structural welds on 304H and 347H stainless steels for high-temperature service applications and compared to welds with matching filler metals 308H and 347, respectively. Microstructural stability during elevated temperature expo-sure, weld metal impact properties, and susceptibility to stress-relief cracking were examined. It was found that the lean composition and low ferrite (~ 2 Ferrite Number [FN]) in 16-8-2 weld metal provide high resistance to intermetallic phase formation. No hot cracking was observed despite the low ferrite level. The 16-8-2 weld metals displayed superior toughness as compared to the matching filler metal welds, especially after longer elevated-temperature exposure. Experimental evidence for some martensite transformation in aged 16-8-2 weld metal upon cooling to ambient temperature was presented and explained an increase in magnetic response (as FN) after postweld heat treatment at 1300˚F (705˚C). None of the tested weld metals failed by stress-relief cracking mechanisms under the applied test conditions. The 16-8-2 filler metal welds exhibited significantly lower levels of stress relief during high-temperature exposure and significantly high-er tensile strength after high-temperature hold as compared to the matching filler metal welds.

Evaluation of the Relationship between Adipose Metabolism Patterns and Secretion of Appetite-Related Endocrines on Chicken.

Simple SummaryThe weight of an animal conforms to a certain growth pattern. Among others, feed, environment, and body composition, in addition to genetics, affect the animal’s feed consumption and body weight. Under normal circumstances, the body weight of an animal is mainly affected by feed intake, and body composition may significantly influence feed intake. Therefore, this report sets out the effects of fat accumulation on lipid metabolism and appetite, and finally introduces the effects of feeding patterns on animal feed intake.In addition to the influence of genes, the quality of poultry products is mainly controlled by the rearing environment or feed composition during rearing, and has to meet human use and economical needs. As the only source of energy for poultry, feed considerably affects the metabolic pattern of poultry and further affects the regulation of appetite-related endocrine secretion in poultry. Under normal circumstances, the accumulation of lipid in adipose reduces feed intake in poultry and increases the rate of adipose metabolism. When the adipose content in cells decreases, endocrines that promote food intake are secreted and increase nutrient concentrations in serum and cells. By regulating the balance between appetite and adipose metabolism, the poultry’s growth and posture can maintain a balanced state. In addition, increasing fiber composition in feed can effectively increase poultry welfare, body weight, lean composition and antioxidant levels in poultry. According to this, the concept that proper fiber content should be added to feed should be considered for better economic benefits, poultry welfare and meat productivity.

Phenylbutyrate Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Brown Adipose Tissue Activation.

Obesity, which is characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, is one of the critical factors causing metabolic syndrome. Many studies have been performed to identify appropriate agents to control obesity, but toxicity remains a problem. Herein, we identified that phenylbutyrate (PBA), which has been used to treat urea cycle disorder with very low toxicity for a long time, efficiently inhibited high fat-induced body weight gain in a diet-induced obesity mouse model (DIO model). PBA treatment decreased body fat mass and increased lean composition. Moreover, PBA increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity by increasing glucose uptake, thereby improving glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Interestingly, PBA could induce the expression of liver type phosphofructokinase (PFKL), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, and knocking down PFKL dramatically repressed the expression level of Ucp1 as well as those of Prdm16, Cidea, Pgc1α, and Pparγ, which are marker genes for BAT activation. These results strongly suggested that PBA could increase energy expenditure by increasing BAT activity via the induction of PFKL. Taken together, PBA could be used as a therapeutic agent for people with obesity to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome.

Derivation of anthropometric-based equations to predict lean body mass composition of cancer patients

Derivation of anthropometric-based equations to predict lean body mass composition of cancer patients

Mechanical and corrosion properties of plasma-sprayed Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coating

ABSTRACTIn this study, Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coatings were synthesized with a cost-effective lean composition of Fe−2.5Cr−6.7Si−2.5B−0.7C (wt%) onto mild steel substrates. The effects of plasma power on the morphology and amorphous phase content of the coatings were systematically investigated. Coatings exhibited relatively less porosity (~4 to 7 vol.%) and high amount of retained amorphous phase (87.2–91.3%) with nanocrystalline phases uniformly embedded in the amorphous matrix. At higher plasma power (23.7–35.5 kW) well-adhered splats formed which led to increase in hardness. Corrosion resistance of the coatings was examined via standard potentiodynamic polarization test, and the results showed that the coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance than mild steel and galvanized steel. The results show that Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coatings have great potential for the industrial applications in the areas that involve high wear and corrosion.

Abstract # 3186 Systemic inflammation mediates associations between DEXA-quantified body composition and fluid intelligence in 4666 middle-aged adults

Excess adiposity due to obesity causes macrophage infiltration into the gut and potentiates systemic and central inflammation via the gut-brain axis. Obese humans and rhesus monkeys show deficits in executive function that are related to increased systemic inflammation and ameliorated by weight loss. Despite these links, it is unknown if systemic inflammation mediates lean muscle vs. visceral fat mass composition and executive function associations over time. Here, among 2197 males and 2469 females (47–81 years), from the UK Biobank database, we utilized non-linear differential equations stratified by gender to model 6-year changes in fluid intelligence over the course of 3 examinations. A structural equation mediation model interrogated how long-term changes in fluid intelligence were influenced by body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; DEXA) and systemic inflammation (assessed by total white blood cell count). Age was covaried. Higher lean mass was strongly related to higher fluid intelligence scores in women (M = 4.95, β = 0.083, p

Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coating by plasma spraying: Effect of heat input on morphology, phase evolution and mechanical properties

Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coatings with a lean composition of Fe−2.5Cr−6.7Si−2.5B−0.7C (wt%) were synthesized by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) onto a mild steel substrate. The effects of plasma power on the morphology and the phase content of the coatings were systematically investigated. Denser coatings with better inter-splat bonding were obtained at a higher plasma power, which was attributed to higher degree of powder melting. The retention of amorphous phase and formation of various nanocrystalline Fe-borides in the amorphous matrix was decided by the variation in plasma power, which in turn affected the mechanical properties of the coatings. Increasing plasma power resulted in higher hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings, which is attributed to the compact microstructure of the coatings containing amorphous matrix with nanocrystalline intermetallics (Fe23B6, Fe2B, and/or Fe3B) distributed. The nanoscratch results indicated that the increased plasma power resulted in uniform scratch profiles. Moreover, dry sliding wear test showed that both coefficient of friction and wear rate decreased with increasing plasma power. An analytical model was used to correlate mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings, which insinuated that the coating prepared at a plasma power of 35.5 kW exhibited significantly high shear strength than other coatings deposited at lower plasma power and approximately 3.6 times greater than that of the mild steel substrate.

A novel graphical approach for mass exchange networks using composition driving force

Raw materials are considered as a corner stone for both chemical and process industries. Raw materials efficient utilization and usage within the process saves a lot. Mass integration is the most competent path to minimize the economic and environmental losses, by minimizing both the amounts of external mass separating agents and waste disposal. Mass exchange networks or MENs is the tool used to apply this integration. This article presents a new graphical approach, based on the composition driving force, to analyse the mass integration and exchange networks. The new approach is illustrated graphically, and can be applied on existing and new mass networks. The new graphical approach is constructed based on the Pinch Analysis Principle where the lean stream compositions are plotted on the X-axis, while the composition driving forces for each exchanger are plotted on the Y-axis. The performance of MENs is evaluated and analysed in terms of the composition driving force (CDF) inside the mass exchanger. In addition to be the main motive to transfer the composition from rich stream to lean stream, composition driving force is also involved in the calculation of the number of theoretical plates, consequently affecting the cost. Each mass exchanging unit is represented in this graph as a straight line whose slope is related to the mass flow rates of both rich and lean streams and its length is related to the mass load transferred within the exchanger. The CDF is divided into five regions, based on the pinch analysis principles to analyse and perfectly locate the mass exchangers. The new graphical approach is applied to existing MENs to enhance their actual performances by minimizing wastes disposal and external separating agents and accomplish the mass targets defined by the Pinch Analysis Principles.

Time-resolved study of transient soot formation in an aero-engine model combustor at elevated pressure

The mechanisms of transient formation and oxidation of soot in an aero-engine model combustor at elevated pressure are studied for the first time using a combination of high-speed simultaneous stereo-PIV and OH-PLIF and results from a recent detailed LES. A combined analysis of experiment and LES shows that the highly transient and intermittent evolution of soot in this combustor is governed by an unsteady interplay of distinct pockets of burned gas in the inner recirculation zone (IRZ) with either relatively rich or relatively lean composition. The former originate from reaction of fuel-rich unburned gas, whereas the latter result from additional admixture of secondary air further downstream. The analysis further enables distinction and localization of premixed and diffusion-type flame fronts within the flame zone. The time-resolved complementary measurements of velocity field and flame structure allow accurate tracking of both the burned gas pockets and soot filaments. It is seen that soot generally forms in the rich pockets if their residence time in the IRZ is sufficient, whereas oxidation occurs in the lean zones carrying OH. Correlating the dynamics of flow field and soot indicates that the intermittency of soot is driven by an intermittent flow of lean burned gas into the IRZ that affects the residence time of rich pockets. The results suggest that the formation of soot might be further reduced by a proper adjustment of secondary air injection aiming at a sufficient and more constant recirculation of lean burned gas. A remarkably good agreement of measured and simulated instantaneous flame structures is observed, indicating that flow field and gas-phase reactions are well predicted by the LES. The experimental insights into the transient mechanisms of soot formation and oxidation, on the other hand, may provide useful input for LES soot models where deviations from measurements are generally larger.

Hydraulic Fracturing Designs For Low Permeability Gas Condensate Reservoirs Having Lean and Rich Condensate Compositions

Gas condensate reservoirs have been challenging many researchers in petroleum industry for decades because of their complexities in flow behavior. After dew point pressure is reached, gas condensate will drop liquid out and increase liquid saturation near wellbore vicinity called condensate banking or condensate blockage. Hydraulic fracturing in horizontal direction has been proved to be a reliable method to mitigate condensate blockage and increase productivity of gas condensate well by means of pressure redistribution in the near wellbore vicinity. In this paper the parameters of dimensionless fracture conductivity and Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV) designs of lean and rich condensate compositions are studied. Well productivity and saturation profile of each design had been observed. The results from this study indicate that the higher dimensionless fracture conductivity gives the higher well productivity in every studied parameter in lean condensate composition. However, in rich condensate composition shows different trend of results because it has higher heavy ends (C7+) that drop into liquid easier once pressure falls below dew point pressure. The maximum number of fracture and fracture permeability can be recognized in the study of rich condensate. In the study of SRV indicates that number of fracture is superior to fracture width in both gas and condensate productivity. Moreover, performing hydraulic fracturing can decrease pressure drawdown, production time and liquid dropout which leads to the mitigation of condensate banking near wellbore that can be recognized in the study of condensate saturation profile.

Crystal plasticity study on stress and strain partitioning in a measured 3D dual phase steel microstructure

Dual phase steels are advanced high strength alloys typically used for structural parts and reinforcements in car bodies. Their good combination of strength and ductility and their lean composition render them an economically competitive option for realizing multiple lightweight design options in automotive engineering. The mechanical response of dual phase steels is the result of the strain and stress partitioning among the ferritic and martensitic phases and the individual crystallographic grains and subgrains of these phases. Therefore, understanding how these microstructural features influence the global and local mechanical properties is of utmost importance for the design of improved dual phase steel grades. While multiple corresponding simulation studies have been dedicated to the investigation of dual phase steel micromechanics, numerical tools and experiment techniques for characterizing and simulating real 3D microstructures of such complex materials have been emerged only recently. Here we present a crystal plasticity simulation study based on a 3D dual phase microstructure which is obtained by EBSD tomography, also referred to as 3D EBSD (EBSD—electron backscatter diffraction). In the present case we utilized a 3D EBSD serial sectioning approach based on mechanical polishing. Moreover, sections of the 3D microstructure are used as 2D models to study the effect of this simplification on the stress and strain distribution. The simulations are conducted using a phenomenological crystal plasticity model and a spectral method approach implemented in the Dusseldorf Advanced Material Simulation Kit (DAMASK).