League Of Arab States Research Articles

Digital processes in the GCC countries in the first third of the 21ST century: industry features and the need to align industry gaps

The countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf (GCC), like many other countries of the world, today live in the realities of digital development and implement the achievements of world science and technology in various spheres and sectors of their economy and life in general. The purpose of the article is to identify the existing level of digitalization in the GCC countries in regional and sectoral aspects. The article shows that in the process of digitalization in the region and individual countries, the needs of digitalization of the national economy have been formed to support sustainable socio-economic development and solve a number of other tasks, for example, environmental, energy, etc. At the same time, specific threats have formed, among which in this article the author identifies industry digital gaps. The author concludes that during the period under study (2000–2023), the GCC identified industry leaders and outsiders in the process of digitalization. The author refers to the first extractive industries, oil refining, construction, as well as the service sector. The prospects for the development of digital systems in the GCC countries are assessed by the author as generally positive, but in the GCC it is important to eliminate digital gaps in the sectoral structure of the economy at the regional and country levels. To do this, according to the author, it is necessary to use legal, organizational, financial and other measures in the GCC countries, including the intensification of international cooperation in the digital sphere in the region and beyond. The study was conducted on the basis of reports from regional and international organizations (UNCTAD, IMF, League of Arab States, Arab Monetary Fund, etc.)

Effectiveness of nutrition interventions targeting university-level student populations across the League of Arab States: a systematic scoping review.

The university setting is an ideal setting to implement nutrition education interventions. Because the transition to college life often overlaps with young adults' increase in independence in food choice and nutrition related behavior, this is an optimal time to target this population and several models exist to best utilize the college setting to support nutrition education interventions. This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of nutrition interventions in university student populations across the League of Arab States. A scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted across 14 databases for relevant publications published through May 2023 to find studies conducted across Arab countries. Quality assessment was conducted using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool. Seven primary studies were included in this review. Although the interventions and outcome measures were disparate, there were positive impacts of the interventions, including improved nutrition knowledge and nutrition habits, knowledge of nutrient sources, and knowledge about the relationship between diet and disease. Recommendations to maximize the efficacy of nutrition interventions conducted across the League of Arab States include purposeful design of the intervention based on a theoretical framework, the use of a control group in the research design, and follow-up measures to examine post-intervention effects. Consideration should also be given to intervention duration and availability in college-students' schedules. Adaptation of intervention materials, measures and delivery methodologies should emphasize local foods, food culture and dietary practices.

Saudi Arabias New Development Path from the Perspective of Global Swing Country in the Context of Multi-polarization

After the end of the Cold War, the world pattern gradually changed from the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union to multi-polarization. In this context, the United States, Russia, China, the European Union, the League of Arab States, and other poles have a greater influence on the change of the world situation, and the Russia-Ukraine war, the relations between the United States and China, the oil crisis, and other factors are constructing international relations. The American think tank defines some countries with an international voice but different preferences for cooperation as global swing countries and expands the original four countries (India, Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey) to six countries (adding Saudi Arabia and South Africa). These are also countries that the Western world, led by the United States, is trying to win over. This paper focuses on the development of Saudi Arabia after the implementation of the new policy in the context of multi-polarity and the reasons for the United States to regain the concept of global swing state. The main research method is literature analysis, and the data and reports obtained from the official website are combined on the basis of scholars research. It can be seen that the new policies represented by the 2030 vision introduced by Saudi Arabia since Salman came to power meet the development needs of Saudi Arabia and have achieved certain results. After a period of flat relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia, the United States has attached great importance to it. The reason is that national interests determine international relations.

Сирийская экономика и санкции: ситуативная адаптация

War, loss of control over part of the territory, and economic sanctions have had a devastating effect on Syria’s economy. However, the country has managed to survive. This has been possible in part due to the measures of the Syrian government, private business, and the population to resist and adapt to economic sanctions. The adaptation strategy had not been planned, and the measures the state, private business, and the population have taken were not coordinated, unlike, for example, in Iran’s case, where strategies are developed and then announced based on future economic risks. Because of this, this strategy of counteraction and adaptation to economic sanctions may be termed as adaptive. The most serious economic sanctions on the Syrian economy have been imposed by the US, the EU, and the League of Arab States. They have restricted Syrian access to goods, technology, financial instruments and products, investments, and even in some cases humanitarian aid from the countries that initiated the sanctions. It is a very difficult task to identify the real Syrian losses caused by the economic sanctions, but it can be accurately asserted, based on the analysis in this article, that they do not allow the country to move forward to the recovery phase. State measures of adaptation to economic sanctions were supposed to become a buffer that would allow the national economy not only to survive, but also to move from stagnation to economic growth. However, it has to be stated that the situational strategy of adaptation to economic sanctions allowed the national economy to remain in a viable state, however, it does not allow it to move from recession to growth.

A Proposed Global Medicines Agency (GMA) to Make Biological Drugs Accessible: Starting with the League of Arab States.

Medical anthropology teaches us of historical disparity in the accessibility of medicines in the developing world due to their lack of availability and affordability, more particularly of biological drugs, including therapeutic proteins, gene therapy, CRISPR-Cas9, mRNA therapeutics, CART therapy, and many more. This challenge can be resolved by establishing an independent regulatory agency, proposed as the Global Medicines Agency (GMA), with a charter to allow originators from the Stringent Regulatory Agency (SRA) countries to receive immediate registrations applicable to all member states, expanding the market potential as an incentive. For non-SRA countries, it will be limited to biological drugs that are allowed their copies to be made, only biosimilars. A transparent approval process will involve using a rapporteur, a third-party product-related current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP), and assurance of the integrity of samples tested for analytical similarity and clinical pharmacology testing. GMA membership will be open to all countries. Still, it is suggested that the League of Arab States, representing 22 states with a population of 400 million, takes the lead due to their cultural and language homogeneity, which is likely to provide a concurrence among the member states. However, some states, like the Gulf Cooperative Council, are already accustomed to this approach, albeit with a different perspective. The target drugs are biotechnology and gene therapy pharmaceuticals, and their scope can be expanded to any drug.

Democratic Peace and Liberal Peace: Argumentative and Intentions


 Some people believe that the concept of liberal peace should be seen in relation to the thesis of democratic peace. This literature focused more on whether democratic countries are more peaceful in their foreign relations and tried to provide a theoretical and empirical explanation for this. The democratic peace thesis states the following: 1) Democratic states rarely fight each other. 2) Democratic countries tend to be more open to international trade than non-democratic ones, which creates interdependencies that prevent war from breaking out between them.3) Democracies tend to be more internally peaceful than other systems. Here, it is important to point out that the thesis of democratic peace is closely related to Immanuel Kant’s idea of “perpetual peace”. As for the liberal peace thesis, from Richmond’s point of view, it bears four main aspects that emerged from the discussions in international theory and the different historical contexts related to the subject, especially in the West. These include the four aspects of liberal peace (victorious peace, constitutional peace, institutional peace, and civil peace). Richmond noted that the peace of the victor is the result of the old realist argument that peace depends on military victory and on the domination of the victor. But the peace of the victor may result in political resistance, as in Iraq and Afghanistan. The second, constitutional peace, derives from the Kantian argument that peace is the result of democracy, commerce, and a set of universal values based on individualism. Richmond notes that "the constitutional peace struggles with those who do not want to share power, and who do not want to entrench local legal structures that might prohibit their activities." As for institutional peace, it is the peace that results from normative and legal institutional arrangements between countries that agree - in a multilateral manner - on ways to act and impose or define their behavior. This can be found in international institutions such as the United Nations as well as regional organizations such as the European Union, the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States (AL), the Organization of American States (OAS), and subregional organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The fourth aspect, (civil peace), which emphasizes the importance of the participation of citizens and civil society institutions in making peace. Unlike the other three aspects of liberal peace, the contribution of individuals rather than the state or international organization is included in this strategy.
 

The Presence of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Media Space of Turkey to Maintain Political Participation after the Events of the Arab Spring in Egypt

After the collapse of the ongoing 2011–2013 policy, the Egyptian movement “Muslim Brotherhood” was banned in many countries of the world including some member countries of the League of Arab States (LAS): Syria, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and several others. On the contrary in Turkey which borders Syria the Brotherhood received support in particular access to the media and made it possible to continue to broadcast the ideas of the organization. This paper discusses the features of building the communication strategy of the Muslim Brotherhood in the period after the Arab Uprising and the overthrow of President Mohammad Morsi in Egypt on July 3, 2013. There is no political party in Turkey that would openly represent the interests of the Muslim Brotherhood, however, some members of the leading Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partısı; AKP), including Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, provided the Brotherhood various forms of support including providing asylum to wanted members of the organization and access to the television and radio stations. Even though the Egyptian government charged the Brotherhood’s members in absentia, some of them were allowed to openly meet in Turkey and speak out against the Egyptian government. The Turkish media space has become a platform for broadcasting ideas of the Muslim Brotherhood, which found itself isolated in the Arab media and the Internet. The Turkish government has contributed to the development of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’s outreach activities which is seen as a shift in the political participation not only of the organization itself but of Islamists in general. Taking advantage of the favorable political environment in Turkey the Brotherhood attempted to challenge the legitimacy of the new regime in Egypt by creating their own television channels on Turkish television as evidenced by the results of the content analysis presented in this paper.

The political position of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the League of Arab States on the Iraqi-Iranian war (1980-1988 AD)

This study deals with the political attitude of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the Arab League regarding the Iraqi-Iranian war, given the importance of studying the subject of political relations in contemporary Arab history, and the regional weight of these two countries. During that period, the Arab arena witnessed many important events and developments, which were reflected in the foreign policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards these events, especially within the borders of the Arab League, as the positions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were at the level of responsibility that fell on the shoulders of the Arab countries to stand by the countries of the Levant It also called on all Arab countries to stand united against the violations committed by Iran against the brotherly Iraqi people, and to reject everything that goes on in the policy of some Arab rulers at the expense of some Arab countries out of fear for their interests with the major countries, especially the United States of America. Saudi Arabia is all attempts that call for unity and joint Arab action. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has made an effective contribution within the corridors of the Arab League in supporting Iraq to stop the war that affected all the countries of the Arab Gulf. Therefore, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia intervened forcefully through the Arab League to stop the war, and it was crowned Its efforts by the United Nations decision to stop the war in 1988.

Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Attitudes in Students in Arab Countries: A Scoping Review

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder represent the specific eating disorders. Although eating disorders (EDs) are a rare psychiatric problem globally, millions of people are exposed to severe health consequences including impairments in health, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life. Young people and adolescents, particularly females, are associated with a higher rate of disordered eating attitudes and EDs than the general population. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview or map of ED and disordered eating attitude prevalence in students in Arab countries, both female and male, and to identify contributing factors. Arksey and O’Malley’s six-stage framework for scoping reviews was used to guide the process, which returned a total of 20 relevant articles covering 12 of the 22 member countries in the League of Arab States. The average prevalence of ED was 31.4% in a sample of 17,679 students aged 12-33, with a range from 9.6% to 74.5%. Prevalence was higher in female students compared to male students, and the key contributing factors included age, gender, BMI, eating habits, and academic attainment. Given the limitations of this scoping review, especially the lack of a formal critical appraisal process for the included articles, future systematic reviews can use it as a baseline, while empirical researchers and policymakers might pursue its preliminary conclusions.

Mediation as an amicable and peaceful means of resolving international disputes in law and Islamic law: الوساطة كوسيلة ودية سلمية لحل المنازعات الدولية في القانون الدولي والشريعة الإسلامية

The topic of the research is of high importance, as it shows that mediation is the alternative idea of ​​coercion, violence and the carrying of arms that arise between the conflicting countries, and that it is the duty of the international community To strive to put in place an appropriate framework for this method to codify it and apply it quickly and flexibly to resolve conflict between states; It is more effective in resolving disputes; Because it is a means of international dialogue, less expensive, more flexible, private and confidential. The nature of the research necessitated dividing it into an introduction, in which the researcher explained the subject of this research and the research plan. In the first topic, the definition of international law and conflict, and the jurisprudential criteria for distinguishing between legal and political disputes, then the researcher explained the role of the United Nations in resolving international disputes by peaceful means, and the means adopted by the League of Arab States in resolving Arab conflicts and its role in that, with mentioning the legal formulation It has adopted the principle of settlement, then the researcher mentioned some Arab disputes. Then the researcher explained in the second topic: the definition of mediation, its forms, its characteristics and advantages, the characteristics of the mediator, and the difference between it and arbitration. In the third topic, the researcher explained both reconciliation and mediation in Islamic Sharia and the importance and virtue of reconciliation and Islam’s respect for covenants and covenants. In the fourth topic, a comparison was made between mediation and conciliation in law and Islamic law, and then the research concluded with a conclusion in which some results were recorded. One of the most important results of this research: that conflicts are permanent and continuous, and as countries move and seek their interests, disputes occur, so it is necessary to adapt, control and define them disciplined until contained and resolved through mediation. Among the most important recommendations: the formulation of an independent and integrated law regulating the means of mediation, and putting it into practice, and that the countries of the world, especially the Islamic and Arab countries, must play their role in resolving disputes, as Islam commands us to pay attention to human interests and make them the first of its goals, and Islam is a law to be followed- such as loyalty The Covenant- and a way out for these countries from these and other conflicts.

The League of Arab States: Utopia or Reality?

The article attempts to examine the question of the reasons that led to the League of Arab States (LAS) to be in crisis, and to what extent the ideological basis — Arab unity — was realistic. The author analyses the various elements that define the concept and show their contradictory nature. The author examines the activities of the LAS, which did not achieve its main goal — the Arab unity, and only realized a relative consolidation of the Arab member states on the basis of confrontation with Israel and upholding the rights of the Arab people of Palestine. Noting the gradual weakening of the LAS role, the author considers it as a result of the inefficiency demonstrated by this organization during the aggravation of the Middle East situation after “the Arab Spring”. According to the author, the normalization of relations between a number of Arab states and Israel, as well as the conclusion of The Abraham Accords, was the blow that finally undermined its prestige.

ШАНХАЙСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА: ПОСТРОЕНИЕ РЕГИОНАЛИЗМА НА ОСНОВЕ КОНСЕНСУСА (ЧАСТЬ 1)

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of regionalism as a general regional cooperation process in international relations and to examining the specifics of regional construction based on the example of the SCO. Looking back over the 20-year history of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, one can find that in terms of basic conditions, objective environment, interests and strategic orientation, its regionalism has both similarities with other similar regional organizations (such as OAS, OAU, League of Arab States, ASEAN, EU) and its unique distinctive characteristics. The article considers the regionalist attributes and regional consensus of the SCO, discusses the basis of the organization's structure and the reasons for its success, and analyzes the relationship between the collective “consensus” and the “interests” of the SCO member states. The problems involved in regional construction and cooperation in various fields are examined, the structure of the SCO is analyzed, and the features of the SCO's regionalism building and strategies for future development are summarized. The authors justify that this paradigm provides a new template for building regionalism, and in the context of the increasing challenges of globalization, the SCO needs to continuously deepen regional administration and building regional order. The common and continuous progress of regional subjects (member states), regional mechanisms (SCO) and regional building (cooperation in various fields) will help strengthen the influence of the SCO and serve as a starting point for new global management. The authors conclude that building a “community with a common future for humanity” has become the collective agreement of the SCO, which also means that the target of regionalism has been modernized in terms of concept and focus, The authors conclude that building a “community with a shared future for humanity” has become the collective agreement of the SCO, which also means that the goal of regionalism has been modernized in terms of concept and focus, which helps to strengthen the political, military, economic, cultural and other aspects of close ties, and in response to changes in international and regional situations, power structures and regional order are formed to guarantee this interconnection of people's lives. No doubt, creating a “community with a shared future” is an enormous project, and its realization requires more complex, long-term, and strenuous efforts.

The Dynamics and Perspectives of Relations Between Germany and Egypt During 2010s: Political and Military Aspects

The article shows the growing dependence of Germany`s, its EU and NATO partners` security on the situation in the Middle East and North Africa. This factor leads to the interest in finding new regional partners, which can make a significant contribution to ensuring stability and tranquility in the Middle East and North Africa by the cooperation by Germany. In this regard the scientific paper issues the dynamics and results of German-Egyptian cooperation in political-military sphere during the 2010s. The article describes the features of the dialogue during the “Arab spring” and short presidency of M. Mursi. The authors show the content between Germany and Egypt since the beginning of the presidency of as-Sisi by the exploration of the negotiation process at the highest level, taking into account the evolution of mutual perception of the countries` leaders. The authors explore the coordination between the two states in the sphere of armed conflicts resolution in Libya, Mali, Syria and Sudan. The scientific paper pays special attention to the launch by Germany and Egypt of the new negotiation format between the European Union and League of Arab States and also the perspectives of this negotiation format. The article also investigates the features of military-technical cooperation in the connection with the strengthening of political links.

Jordan's position regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization until 1967

The Palestinians had representatives in the League of Arab States since its founding in 1945 despite its occurrence under the British Mandate, and the representatives of Palestine in that era were Musa Al-Alami, Abdul Karim Al-Alami, Ahmed Hilmi Abdel-Baqi and Ahmed Al-Shugairi, respectively.In the first Arab summit conference in 1964 called by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Palestine Liberation Organization was created to express the will of the people of Palestine and for there to be a body demanding their rights and self-determination. The conference mandated the representative of Palestine, Ahmed Al-Shugairi, to contact the Palestinians and write a report on that to be submitted to the following Arab summit conference, Ahmed Al-Shugairi made a tour during which he visited the Arab countries and contacted the Palestinians there. During his tour, the draft national charter and the articles of association of the Palestine Liberation Organization were drafted. Here are lists of the names of candidates for membership in the first Palestinian conference, which was held in Jerusalem between March 28 and June 2 of 1964 and was opened by King Hussein bin Talal. The conference was known as the First Palestinian National Council for the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) for Use in League of Arab States (LAS) and Characteristics of Food Insecure Individuals by the Human Development Index (HDI).

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a UN FAO Voices of the Hungry (FAO-VoH) experiential metric of food insecurity (FI). It was pilot tested in some countries but not in Arab speaking ones and validated using global data. Yet, its psychometric properties may vary in the League of Arab States (LAS) due to cultural and linguistic differences.Objectives 1) assess the validity of FIES for use in the LAS region, 2) determine the prevalence of FI, by gender, age group, and the human development index (HDI), and 3) examine sociodemographic characteristics of severe FI individuals.MethodsTo assess the psychometric properties of FIES, Rasch modeling was applied to the 2014–2015 Gallop World Poll (GWP) in the LAS. Prevalence and characteristics of severely FI individuals were assessed using the 2014–2017 GWP data of 62,261 respondents.ResultsOverall, FIES met the Rasch model assumptions of equal discrimination and conditional independence. Infit statistics for FIES items, in most LAS countries, were <1.3, indicating good internal validity. In Syria and Sudan, the item “worried about not having enough food to eat” had infits >1.3. Outfit statistics >2.0, indicating erratic responses, were noted in 26% of the LAS countries. Significant correlations were found (≥0.4) between items in Algeria, Tunisia, and Lebanon. The overall prevalence of severe FI was 15.7%. At highest risk were those aged ≥50 y compared with younger adults (16.5% versus 15.5%, respectively, P <0.02), women compared with men (17.6% versus 14.1%, respectively, P <0.0001), and those in countries with low HDI compared with high HDI (24.9% versus 8.3%, respectively, P <0.0001).ConclusionsOverall, FIES is valid for measuring FI in the LAS. Cognitive testing of items with high outfit statistics and omission of correlated ones may improve the scale. Populations vulnerable to severe FI include older adults and women. These populations should be examined further.

The process of formation of the league of arab states

The process of formation of the league of arab states

Role of the Arab League in Structuring the Arab Regional Space

Abstract: The article analyzes the reasons that prompted the Arab states to consolidate their efforts and create the League of Arab States. Attention is focused on the deep differences that existed between the states that came forward with the idea of strengthening Arab unity and determined the nature of this regional organization and the features of its charter, which provided its members with the opportunity to preserve their political system, sovereignty and the specifics of foreign policy.The heterogeneous nature of LAS had an impact on its the goals and objectives. The focus of this organization was to protect pan-Arab interests and support all Arab states in achieving political independence.The aggravation of the situation in Palestine after the Second World War became a central item on the agenda of all the Arab League meetings. This organization indicated its position on the Palestinian issue in the preparatory period for its official proclamation. The article discusses the activities of the Arab League, aimed at introducing a complete boycott of Israel, which, amid expansion of the Arab League, other Arab states also joined. The Arab-Israeli conflict, due to the targeted efforts of the Arab League, consolidated the Arab geopolitical community and contributed to the formation of a national Arab identity. The LAS in its documents built a common Arab narrative, having two underpinnings: the recognition of the Palestinian Arab people as a victim of the Western powers and Zionists, as well as foreign policy of Israel.The article traces the relationship between the activities of the Arab League and the changes that have occurred in the regional and international environment. The gradual transition of the Arab League to the search for a political settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict was influenced by the emergence of a new balance of power in the Middle East region, as well as the gradual transformations of a new system of international relations.The further demarcation of the Arab countries that occurred after the mass protests in 2011 influenced the activities of the Arab League, which tried to maintain Arab unity by using the traditional tool – the unresolved Arab-Israeli conflict. The LAS member-states should have taken a pan-Arab stance on the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict in order to preserve national identity. The refusal of all Arab League members to accept the American settlement plan, proposed by D. Trump administration in early 2020, was a confirmation that this regional organization retains its position as a defender of Arab unity and pan-Arab interests.

Iran’s Fight against International Terrorism

Abstract: The article analyzes the reasons that prompted the Arab states to consolidate their efforts and create the League of Arab States. Attention is focused on the deep differences that existed between the states that came forward with the idea of strengthening Arab unity and determined the nature of this regional organization and the features of its charter, which provided its members with the opportunity to preserve their political system, sovereignty and the specifics of foreign policy.The heterogeneous nature of LAS had an impact on its the goals and objectives. The focus of this organization was to protect pan-Arab interests and support all Arab states in achieving political independence.The aggravation of the situation in Palestine after the Second World War became a central item on the agenda of all the Arab League meetings. This organization indicated its position on the Palestinian issue in the preparatory period for its official proclamation. The article discusses the activities of the Arab League, aimed at introducing a complete boycott of Israel, which, amid expansion of the Arab League, other Arab states also joined. The Arab-Israeli conflict, due to the targeted efforts of the Arab League, consolidated the Arab geopolitical community and contributed to the formation of a national Arab identity. The LAS in its documents built a common Arab narrative, having two underpinnings: the recognition of the Palestinian Arab people as a victim of the Western powers and Zionists, as well as foreign policy of Israel.The article traces the relationship between the activities of the Arab League and the changes that have occurred in the regional and international environment. The gradual transition of the Arab League to the search for a political settleme maintain Arab unity by using the traditional tool – the unresolved Arab-Israeli conflict. The LAS member-states should have taken a pan-Arab stance on the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict in order to preserve national identity. The refusal of all Arab League members to accept the American settlement plan, proposed by D. Trump administration in early 2020, was a confirmation that this regional organization retains its position as a defender of Arab unity and pan-Arab interests.

Liga Arabskih Gosudarstv i Organizaciya Ob"edinennyh Nacij: dvustoronnie otnosheniya v 2000—2020 gg.

This article examines aspects and features of cooperation between the United Nations and the regional organization of the League of Arab States. The study analyzes the development of bilateral relations between organizations in the 21th century.

The Impact of Customer Experience in Online Brand Communities on Customer Engagement and Purchase Intentions Among Arab Internet Users: Theoretical Analysis, Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda

Drawing on the service ecosystem theory and customer experience and engagement theory, this study examines the relationship between customer experience, customer engagement, and purchase intentions in online settings. Customer experience is operationalized into pragmatic, hedonic, sociability, and usability, whereas customer engagement is operationalized into the attitudinal and behavioral engagement. This study was undertaken among members of online communities from The Arab Administrative Development Organization (ARADO); a specialized organization affiliated with the League of Arab States. The study delves identifying into which customer experience may elevate customer engagement, how the specific customer experience elevates customer engagement to potentially lead to a purchasing intention in online brand communities.