Leaf Waste Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization, and application of date palm leaf waste-derived biochar to remove cadmium and hazardous cationic dyes from synthetic wastewater

The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye and cadmium (Cd2+) onto biochar derived from date palm leaf waste (DPbc) was evaluated and modeled using adsorption kinetics and different isotherm models; further, the batch process parameters were optimized. Surface characterization techniques revealed rough and porous surfaces on the biochar matrices. Additionally, the sorption of Cd2+ and MB dye onto DPbc altered its surface morphology and elemental composition. Equilibrium contact time of 60 and 30 min are proposed for Cd2+ and the MB dye, respectively, and a strong correlation to the experimental data was seen using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The removal efficiency and the sorption capacity of Cd2+ increased upon increasing the initial pH from 2.5 to 5.5, while a decreasing trend was observed for the MB dye when the solution pH was increased from 2 to 10. The removal efficiency of Cd2+ and MB dyes increased by 70% and 20% when the DPbc dose increased from 0.5 to 2.0 g and 0.3 to 1.0 g, respectively. The adsorption capacity increased, while the removal efficiency decreased for both Cd2+ and the MB dye as the initial pollutant concentration increased due to a rapid saturation of the sorption sites. The adsorption capacity and removal efficiency increased upon increasing the solution temperature from 30 to 60 °C, indicating an endothermic reaction. A spontaneous nature is proposed for the adsorption process as the Gibbs free energy is negative. Experimental adsorption could be modeled better using the Freundlich isotherm model compared to other isotherm models for both Cd2+ and the MB dye.

Dyeing of cotton with the natural dye extracted from waste leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica)

Due to an increase in the production of green tea, the amount of leaf waste has increased enormously, causing serious environmental problems. With regard to environmental awareness, the possibility of reusing the waste leaves of green tea as a low‐cost and abundantly available source of natural dye for dyeing cotton fibres was investigated. Natural dye powder from the waste leaves of green tea (NDPT) was successfully applied to dye cotton fibres without mordant by batch experiments. NDPT was obtained as a dark brown powder with a yield of 2.7 ± 0.5% w/w from dried waste leaves of green tea. The optimal conditions for dyeing NDPT onto cotton fibres were: pH of dye solution, 3; material to liquor ratio, 100:1; dyeing time, 180 min; concentration of dye solution, 3.0 mg/ml; and dyeing temperature, 100 °C. The colour of cotton fibres dyed with NDPT was observed to be dark brown. The adsorption data of NDPT on cotton fibres was best fitted with a Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.997. It is clear that there is a strong possibility of reusing the waste leaves of green tea as a low‐cost and abundantly available source of natural dye for dyeing cotton fibres.

Palatability level of cajuput leaf waste by addition of concentrate as feed substitution for sheep

The purpose of this study was to know the palatability of the combination of waste cajuput leaves, grass field, and concentrates in the form of pellets through physical testing and its palatability on sheep. This research was conducted in Laboratory of Livestock Nutrition Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran and Community Farms at Pangalengan. Experimental design used completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 repetitions. The ration of treatment consist R1 (50% field grass + 50% concentrate), R2(25% field grass + 25% waste of cajuput leaves + 50% concentrate), and R3 (50% of waste of cajuput leaves + 50% concentrate). The data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that R2 has the best level of palatability and potential as livestock feed because nutrients content in its waste is qualify to standard for animal feed and all treatments have impact resistance more than 50%. Cajuput leaves waste, field grass and concentrate had a potency as a substitution feed of sheep.

Utilization of dry leaf litter for tree tending of urban forest and their production at the arboretum of FOERDIA-Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Dry leaf litter are commonly found under forest stands or at arboretum areas in Urban forests. These dry leaves may be used as mulch and fertilizer for tree tending in urban forests. The objective of the paper was to determine the production of leaf waste in the Centre for Forestry Research and Development (CFRD) Arboretum and to identify the characteristics of the compost from those dry leaf litter. The dry leaf litter as mulch is commonly used to maintain newly planted trees or young trees aged less than three years. In this study, the size of dry leaf mulch applied around tree is 50 cm × 50 cm and thickness of dry leaf mulch is about 20 cm. Through this method weeds can be supressed, so weeds around the planted trees are minimized. Data on weekly production of dry leaf litter at CFRD Arboretum was collected and was found that the production could reach about 0.0043 ton per ha. The dry leaf mulch was processed for compost production and its characteristics were discussed.

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown waste and their potential uses

Pineapple crown is an important source of cellulose that is still going to waste because of the lack of knowledge about their economic uses. The isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from pineapple crown leaf (PCL) wastes arises as an important alternative to use PCL wastes in high value-added applications, and has not been reported yet. In this study, CNC were successfully extracted from PCL wastes using chemical treatments followed by acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid. FTIR results confirmed the removal of the non-cellulosic compounds of PCL through the mercerization and bleaching treatments. SEM and AFM showed that the diameter of PCL fibers was reduced from 18 μm to 39 nm after the hydrolysis reaction, resulting in CNC with rod-like shape. The obtained CNC showed cellulose I crystalline structure with high crystallinity index (73%). The thermal degradation of CNC started at 124 °C, what was attributed to the presence of surface sulfate groups identified by elemental analysis. The high hydrophilicity of CNC was verified by its high moisture content and absorption. The results showed that the CNC isolated from PCL have interesting properties to be used in many liquid media applications, besides their use as reinforcement in nanocomposites.

Efektivitas Kompos Limbah Jagung Menggunakan Dekomposer Bakteri dan Cendawan pada Tanaman Jagung

Utilization of maize waste as the organic matter sources in agricultural land couldn’t be directly applied, caused by late decomposition prosess. An effort to accelerate of maize waste decomposting needed bioactivator. The research was conducted in green house and Bajeng Research Intallation from March to August 2015. The research was arranged in randomized block design using isolate bacteria and fungus just one or theier combining ie: three bacteria (B7.1,E7.7and E7.11), three fungus (M7, O5, P7), and four bacteria-fungus combining(B7.1+O5, B7.1+M7, E7.7+P7, B7.1+E7.7+O5), EM4 and N,P,K fertilizer(200,45,60) ha-1as the check treatment. Just one isolate fertilized by 75 percent N,P,K while combine isolate fertilized by 50 percent N,P,K recommended. The results indicated that just one decomposer E7.7 produced high enouugh grain yield not siqnificantly different by N,P,K (200,45,60) and five other just one treatment (E7.11,B7.1,M7 and O5), however siqnificantly different with combining decomposer (B7.1+O5, E7.11+M7, E7.7+P7, B7.1+E7.7+O5 and EM4). This mean that using stalk plus leaf waste maize compost could be subtitution in organic fertilizer untill 25 percent. Meanwhile combining decomposer was good enough for composting stalk and leaf of maize waste ie. isolate B7.1+O5 and E7.7+P7 although not significntly different with the other combine isolate including EM4. Thise case related by applied 50 percent N,P,K inorganic recommended fertilizer did not sufficient to supporting maize nutrient.Key Words: Decomposer, Bacteria, Fungus, Composting,Maize waste

Genotoxicity of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) on freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and prevention by phenolic extracts derived from olive, olive oil and olive leaves

In this study we investigated the genotoxic potential of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, (PhIP); 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, (IQ); 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, (MeIQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) on human freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by the comet assay. The preventive ability of three different phenolic extracts derived from olive (O-PE), virgin olive oil (OO-PE) and olive leaf (OL-PE) on PhIP induced DNA damage was also investigated.PhIP and IQ induced a significant DNA damage at the lowest concentration tested (100 μM), while the genotoxic effect of MeIQx and DiMeIQx become apparent only in the presence of DNA repair inhibitors Cytosine b-D-arabinofuranoside and Hydroxyurea (AraC/HU). The inclusion of metabolic activation (S9-mix) in the culture medium increased the genotoxicity of all HCAs tested. All three phenolic extracts showed an evident DNA damage preventive activity in a very low concentration range (0.1–1.0 μM of phenols) which could be easily reached in human tissues “in vivo” under a regular intake of virgin olive oil. These data further support the observation that consumption of olive and virgin olive oil may prevent the initiation step of carcinogenesis. The leaf waste could be an economic and simple source of phenolic compounds to be used as food additives or supplements.

Mercerizing Extraction and Physicochemical Characterizations of Lignocellulosic Fiber from the Leaf Waste of Mikania micrantha Kunth ex H.B.K

ABSTRACTInvasive plants can grow rampantly and spread fast in large amount, which can be economically invoked for generating value-added products. In this study, lignocellulosic fiber was extracted from the leaf waste of a luxuriant invasive plant, Mikania micrantha Kunth-ex H.B.K. by mercerization process. After the alkaline treatment, the lignocellulosic biomass remained at 38.54% resulting from the large removal of extractive impurities. The lignocellulosic fraction in the mercerized leaf fiber was improved from 56.59% to 83.96%. The chemical composition analysis showed the cellulose fraction was increased by 11.17% while the hemicellulose and lignin fractions were found to be decreased by 4.89% and 6.28%, respectively. The FT-IR and TGA results further affirmed the change in chemical composition of the lignocellulosic fiber. Furthermore, an increase in cellulose fraction raised the fiber crystallinity index from 11.0% to 36.7%. The SEM study revealed that the surface morphology of lignocellulosic fiber changed from smooth surface into rough corrugated ridges, which affirmed the increase in crystallinity, resulting from the removal of wrapped cementing materials. In subsequent, the lignocellulosic fiber exhibited more pervious to water attack with an increase in moisture absorption from 119.22% to 410.19%.

Performance and carcass of local rabbit (Lepus nigricollis) fed concentrate on different levels based on carrot leaf waste (Daucus carota L.)

Research about the performance of local rabbit fed different level of concentrate based on Daucus carota L.was conducted for 12 weeks at Dajan Peken Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency. The research design used was Randomized Block Design with 5 replicates. The animals were allocated randomly into 4 treatments i.e. control ration carrot leaf (Daucus carota L.) (R0), control ration with 10 g concentrate/head/day (R1), control ration with 20 g concentrate/head/day (R2) and control ration with 30 g concentrate/head/day (R3). Daucus carota L. and drinking water offered ad libitum. Results of the research showed that performance of the animals fed control ration with 30 g concentrate/head/day (R3) was higher (P < 0.05) than that R0 (control) and other treatments. Carcass weight, meat, and fat of the animals fed ration R0 was lower (P < 0.05) compare to treatment R1, R2, and R3. There was no significant difference (P >0.05) to variables of carcass weight, bone weight, and meat bone ratio among R0, R1, R2, and R3 percentages. It could be concluded that the animals fed Daucus carota L. as basic ration that was supplemented with concentrate 30 g/head/day produced higher performance and carcass compare to the animals supplemented 20 g/head/day and 10 g/head/day.

RENDEMEN DAN KUALITAS MINYAK ATSIRI EUCALYPTUS PELLITA PADA BERBAGAI WAKTU PENYIMPANAN BAHAN BAKU

Forest harvesting waste in the form of Ecalyptus pellita leaves can be utilized to be essential oil by distillation process. The research aimed to 1) to know the effect of duration of leaf storage on yield and quality of essential oil produced, 2). Comparing the quality of E.pellita leaves essential oil with eucalyptus oil according to SNI. Methods taken by taking E. pellita leaf waste were then stored for 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 days then steam distillation and measured rendemen, specific gravity, sineol content and refractive index. The average oil yield of E.Pellita is 0.15% with the highest yield of 0.4593% in leaves stored for 3 days. The best essential oil quality comes from leaves that have been stored for 3 days with specific gravity of 0.9186, 60% sineol content, refractive index 1.4603 and 80% alcohol solubility by 1: 1.

In-vitro Digestibility of Palm Leaf Waste Treated with Different Processing Methods

In-vitro Digestibility of Palm Leaf Waste Treated with Different Processing Methods

Environmental impact comparison of four options to treat the cellulosic fraction of municipal solid waste (CF-MSW) in green megacities

Megacities are characterized by a high urban population density, and timely solid waste management is crucial for the wellbeing of its citizens. In this study, the cellulosic fraction of municipal solid waste is the target for management in Singapore (which has one of the highest population densities in the world) using four pertinent options – incineration, anaerobic digestion, gasification and composting. The energy sustainability and environmental impacts in the form of greenhouse gas emissions are considered for each scenario together with the status quo to achieve the most favorable recommendation, with a sensitivity analysis in the case that no bio-fertilizers are allowed for use locally. In terms of GWP and energy profile for grass waste, AD is the most environmentally friendly option (2 kilo tonnes of CO2-eq and 23.3 GWh respectively), while for leaf waste, gasification is the best, with AD a close second.

Optimal concentration of mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) leaf and propagule based natural dye

This research aims to discover total extract level from leaf and propagule of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata, Baume relationship and extract level from leaf and propagule of mangrove, the result of color extract for fabric cotton, phytochemical screening of active compounds contained in mangroves and dye application by fractionation method using column chromatography. The methods employed in this study by means of Baume scale, gravimetric analysis of extract contents, phytochemical screening, and column gravity chromatography separated color of the pigment. The results showed that the higher the level of extract, the greater the mass of the species and the higher the level of extract, the color will be darker. During the soxhlet extraction process, water contents of the material were at 60% for fresh leaves, 18% for dehydrated leaves, 16% for mangrove fruit propagule, and 14% for mangrove branch propagule. Average dye contents were measured at 5% for fresh leaves, 22% for dehydrated leaves, 17% for mangrove fruit propagule, and 21% for mangrove branch propagule. The colors resulted from treatment of the samples using limestone, alum and lotus solutions from each mangrove leaf and propagule sample were different from white to dark brown. The optimal concentration of dye found in this study were 0.0071 g/mL for fresh leaves, 0.0080 g/mL for dehydrated leaves, 0.0255 g/mL for fruit propagule, and 0.0275 g/mL for branch propagule. Phytochemical test results also show that the pigment associated to the blackish-green hue was tannin, and that which was associated with red was flavonoid and quinone. The result of column chromatography showed that on leaf waste and skin is found in blackish green color and on the skin can be found in red.

Influence of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Surface Changes in CoFe2O4/Nerium Oleander Leaf Waste Activated Carbon Nanocomposite for Water Treatment

The paper reports on the successful use of the nano crystalline cobalt ferrite doped Nerium oleander leaf waste activated carbon (CoFe2O4/NOAC) synthesized by an urea assisted auto combustion technique to assess accurate kinetics and equilibrium parameters regarding the investigation of adsorption. The specific features of nano composite were investigated by various analytical techniques such as Scanning electron microscope with EDAX, powder X-ray diffraction study, BET surface area analysis, TG and DSC, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The BET analysis indicates that CoFe2O4 nano particles embedded in NOAC have increased the pore diameter for better adsorption. TG and DSC show the thermal stability of composite. The VSM study shows the Ferro magnetic behavior of nano composite which revealed that CoFe2O4/NOAC could be separated and retrieved easily by an external magnet after adsorption of AV49. The efficiency of adsorption of AV49 from aqueous solution was investigated through a series of batch experiments by using CoFe2O4/NOAC. The batch adsorption experiments showed the efficient removal on CoFe2O4/NOAC under optimum conditions such as pH 6.5, contact time-55 min and adsorbent dosage-50 mg. Adsorption kinetics—Pseudo first order and second order, Isotherms—Langmuir and Freundlich have been adapted to analyze the adsorption capacity. The results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm equation is the best to describe the adsorption process. According to the thermodynamic study, it was very effective at higher temperatures also. The thermodynamic parameters ∆Go, ∆Ho and ∆So were also evaluated for this adsorption.

Development of Anti Acne Cream (w/o/w Multiple Emulsion) Containing Green Tea Leaf Waste

Background: To date, green tea leaf waste is not well utilized, the waste is remain considered as a waste. Previous studies found that green tea leaf waste still have a fairly high EGCG content. EGCG has benefits as an antibacterial. Utilization of green tea leaf waste started from formulation until the diversification of multiple emulsion w/o/w products has not been reported.Objective: To develop anti acne cream (W/O/W) multiple emulsion containing green tea leaf waste and evaluate its antibacterial activity against acne-inducing bacteria of Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes).Methods: Phase one of this research was green tea leaves was extracted by infundation and fractionation method using ethyl acetate and prepared in different concentration (1% to 6%). The second stage was ethyl acetate fraction of green tea leaf extract was tested for its antibacterial activity against P.acnes. Third stage was tested physical properties of formulation with w/o/w multiple emulsion.Results: The optimal antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction of green tea leaf extract against P.acne was at the concentration of 6%, with inhibition zone of 32.6 mm ±0.57. The formula of w/o/w multiple emulsion loaded with green tea leaves waste of 6% active substance demonstrated a good physical properties which can spread 90.4 cm2 ± 0.03, pH 5.00 ± 0.02 and microscopic analysis showed multiple emulsion w/o/w.Conclusion: The concentration of 6% green tea leaf waste formulated in multiple emulsion had a good physical and antibacterial activity for a referred standard. It is necessary to test the stability of multiple emulsion formula.

Utilization Of Carbon Waste Leaf As A Organic Pigment In Whiteboard Spidol Ink

Waste has become one of the problems that until now has not been resolved in the community. One type of waste that is abundant is organic waste in the form of leaves. Based on this fact which demands a creative and innovative way of processing waste into a powerful product. One effort made is the utilization of leaf waste as organic color pigment on white board marker ink. Pigment is obtained by reducing leaf waste to homogeneous form of carbon powder that is burning leaf garbage in low oxygen condition then done simple mixing process with other material of ink maker. The resulting ink is tested for transmittance in carbon mass variations in the range from 1 to 6 grams, the results show that the more carbon mass, the lower the intensity of the light passes. The absorption rate test shows that the carbon inks have a speed similar to the ink type on the market, which is 0.081 mm / s. When the performance test of the carbon ink on the white board shows almost the same result of black with commercial ink and can adhere well so it is suitable if applied as white board marker ink.

Leaf litter production of mahogany along street and campus forest of Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

The leaf litter of trees along the existing streets on campus UNNES if not managed properly will be scattered and become garbage. Leaf litter Production in UNNES campus is not known for certain. UNNES does not own mapping of leaf litter Production of dominant tree species on campus. This cause leaf waste management is not optimal yet. There is still a lot of leaf litter that is discharged (not processed) because it exceeds the capacity of the fertilizer production equipment in the compost house. Aims of this study were to examine leaf litter production of dominant trees in Universitas Negeri Semarang and evaluate the relationship between leaf litter and average rainfall. Purposive sampling method placed pouches of nylon gauze measuring 1 × 1 mm2 as litter trap container with size 1 x l m2 (10 points mounted along street and campus forest). Litter trap mounted at the height of 50 cm above ground level. Leaf litter will be taken once a week for three months to observe the litter production. The litter was then dried by the oven at 70 ° C for 48 hours to obtain constant dry weight. Based on the results of the research, it was known that Mahogany tree in UNNES campus area has the potential to produce the litter of about 10 ton/ha / 3months in campus forest area and 2.5 ton/ha / 3months along campus street. There is a significant relationship between litter production of Mahogany leaves and precipitation during August - October 2017.

Degradation of leaves and cellulose by Bacillus subtilis CL3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CL5 isolated from left waste dumps in Vietnam

The biodegradation capacity of two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis CL3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CL5, isolated from left waste dumps on thee different plant leaves were investigated. The leaves were derived from perennial plants, Malabar almond tree (Terminalia catappa), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus terticornis) and African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis). Among those 3 plants, Eucalyptus terticornis is known to be resistant for biodegradation in nature. In our study, B. subtilis CL3 could degrade a half of Eucalyptus terticornis leaves within 10 days. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa CL5 showed relatively poor degradation rate of the leaves of Eucalyptus terticornis, but could effectively degrade Khaya senegalensis and Terminalia catappa leaves than B. subtilis CL3. When these two bacteria strains were mixed, the degradation rates of all these types of leaves were enhanced. While B. subtilis CL3 could utilize 1,8-cineole, a component extracted from Eucalyptus terticornis, as a sole carbon source, this component inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa CL5. The multiple and efficient left degradation capacities make these isolates good candidates for bioremediation of leaf waste and cellulose. Citation: Ha Danh Duc, 2017. Degradation of leaves and cellulose by Bacillus subtilis CL3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CL5 isolated from left waste dumps in Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(4): 483-488. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n4.10744.*Corresponding author: hadanhduc@gmail.comReceived 5 December 2016, accepted 12 December 2017

Separate and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of a pretreated mixture of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production

ABSTRACTDepleting fossil fuel resources and greenhouse gas emissions have become global concerns. To address this issue, a new strategy was adopted in the present study: to utilize a mixture of lignocellulosics for bioethanol production. Renewable fuel demand is addressed in the present study by initial processing of various combinations of the lignocellulosic substrates Ricinus communis (RC), Lantana camara (LC), Saccharum officinarum tops (SCT), Saccharum spontaneum (KG), Ananas comosus leaf wastes (PA) and Bambusa bambos (BB) with laccase to disassemble recalcitrant lignin from holocellulose and ease the enzymatic hydrolysis for reducing sugar yield. An attempt on separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) has been made to explore the possibilities of enhanced ethanol productivity using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to infer the optimum conditions to conduct SSF and SHF. It was found that under optimized conditions, SSF resulted in higher ethanol productivity (1.396 g/L/h) after 30 h at lower cellulase loading (80 U/g) than SHF (0.929 g/L/h) after 27.33 h at higher cellulase loading (132.9 U/g). The increase in ethanol concentration was 1.64 folds, suggestive of the advantage of SSF (41.9 g/L) over SHF (25.40 g/L).

Characterization of leaf waste based biochar for cost effective hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas

Installation of decentralized units for biogas production along with indigenous upgradation systems can be an effective approach to meet growing energy demands of the rural population. Therefore, readily available leaf waste was used to prepare biochar at different temperatures and employed for H2S removal from biogas produced via anaerobic digestion plant. It is found that biochar prepared via carbonization of leaf waste at 400 °C effectively removes 84.2% H2S (from 1254 ppm to 201 ppm) from raw biogas for 25 min in a continuous adsorption tower. Subsequently, leaf waste biochar compositional, textural and morphological properties before and after H2S adsorption have been analyzed using proximate analysis, CHNS, BET surface area, FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. It is found that BET surface area, pore size, and textural properties of leaf waste biochar plays a crucial role in H2S removal from the biogas.