Tea Leaves Research Articles

Fluorine accumulation characteristics of 85 tea tree (Camellia sinensis) varieties and its potential risk assessment

Tea tree is a fluorine (F)-enriched plant, leading to much concern about the safety of drinking tea from tea tree (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). Tea tree is a perennial leaf-harvested crop, and tea production in China is generally categorized as spring tea, summer tea and autumn tea in its annual growth rounds. However, the seasonally dynamic changes of F content and accumulation in the leaves and its drinking safety are poorly understood. In this study, 85 tea varieties cultivated under the same conditions were investigated to analyze the seasonal variation of F content and it’s relationships with F accumulation, aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) and hazard quotient (HQ) in young leaves (one bud and two leaves, YL) and mature leaves (canopy leaves, ML). The average F contents and accumulations were 350 mg kg−1 and 203 g ha−1 in YL, and they were 2451 mg kg−1 and 2578 g ha−1 in ML, respectively, with F mainly accumulated in ML. As the growing season progresses, the F content showed a gradual increase in YL, while a decrease in ML, inferring that F may be redistributed from mature leaves to young leaves. Additionally, the F content was quite different among tea varieties which are suitable for processing oolong tea, green tea, and black tea, with higher F accumulation in oolong tea varieties than in green and black tea varieties. Moreover, F content and accumulation could be obviously affected by the geographical origin of the tea tree varieties, with significantly higher F content in the varieties from F rich fluorite belts than other regions. Furthermore, F content and accumulation showed a significant positive correlation with the content of Al and Mn (p < 0.05). Based on a daily tea consumption of 8.7 g, the HQ was investigated to show that the proportion of tea leaves with HQ<1 made from spring, summer and autumn tender leaves of 85 varieties was 100 %, 90.6 % and 50.6 %, respectively, indicating that the tea with the best drinking safety comes from spring, followed by summer, and then autumn. This result suggests that it could be necessary to avoid planting tea trees in fluorite mining areas, choose low F tea tree varieties, and control the tenderness of fresh leaves in order to ensure the safety of tea drinking.

YOLOv7-Branch: A Jujube Leaf Branch Detection Model for Agricultural Robot.

The intelligent harvesting technology for jujube leaf branches presents a novel avenue for enhancing both the quantity and quality of jujube leaf tea, whereas the precise detection technology for jujube leaf branches emerges as a pivotal factor constraining its development. The precise identification and localization of jujube leaf branches using real-time object detection technology are crucial steps toward achieving intelligent harvesting. When integrated into real-world scenarios, issues such as the background noise introduced by tags, occlusions, and variations in jujube leaf morphology constrain the accuracy of detection and the precision of localization. To address these issues, we describe a jujube leaf branch object detection network based on YOLOv7. First, the Polarized Self-Attention module is embedded into the convolutional layer, and the Gather-Excite module is embedded into the concat layer to incorporate spatial information, thus achieving the suppression of irrelevant information such as background noise. Second, we incorporate implicit knowledge into the Efficient Decoupled Head and replace the original detection head, enhancing the network's capability to extract deep features. Third, to address the issue of imbalanced jujube leaf samples, we employ Focal-EIoU as the bounding box loss function to expedite the regression prediction and enhance the localization accuracy of the model's bounding boxes. Experiments show that the precision of our model is 85%, which is increased by 3.5% compared to that of YOLOv7-tiny. The mAP@0.5 value is 83.7%. Our model's recognition rate, recall and mean average precision are superior to those of other models. Our method could provide technical support for yield estimation in the intelligent management of jujube orchards.

Captivating coloring and antimicrobial properties of tea leaf and eucalyptus bark on jute–cotton union fabric

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the repercussions of eucalyptus bark and tea leaf extract as natural dyes and antibacterial agents for jute–cotton union fabric. Design/methodology/approach The dye was collected from the eucalyptus tree’s bark and tea leaves by the aqueous extraction method. The fabric was dyed with potassium alum mordant, using pre-mordanting, post-mordanting and meta-mordanting methods. Examine the color performance analyzed the K/S, L*, a*, b*; fastness to washing using standard test method ISO 105 C06 A2S, rubbing fastness was performed by Crock meter using AATCC 115. The dyed fabrics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared radiation for the existence of various functional groups. Also, antimicrobial activity testing was done by the agar diffusion method (AATCC method SN 195 920) where Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used. Findings The extracted dye tea leaves meta-mordant dyed samples were determined to have the strongest relative color. Fabrics pre-mordanted and post-mordanted with extracted eucalyptus and extracted tea dye produced the same outcome, which was excellent for wash fastness to staining and very good for wash fastness to fading. For both eucalyptus bark and tea, rubbing fastness on the pre-mordanted fabric produced very positive results. In mordanted colored fabric, significant antibacterial activity was discovered against S. aureus and E. coli. Originality/value This study demonstrates that the eucalyptus bark and tea leaves extract encompasses a solid antimicrobial action with amazing coloring execution for jute–cotton union fabric.

Effects of Fermentation with Eurotium cristatum on Sensory Properties and Flavor Compounds of Mulberry Leaf Tea.

Mulberry leaf tea (MT) is a popular Chinese food with nutrition and medicinal functions. Solid-state fermentation with Eurotium cristatum of MT (FMT) can improve their quality. Differences in chromaticity, taste properties, and flavor characteristics were analyzed to evaluate the improvements of the sensory quality of FMT. After fermentation, the color of the tea infusion changed. The E-tongue evaluation results showed a significant decrease in unpleasant taste properties such as sourness, bitterness, astringency, and aftertaste-bitterness, while umami and saltiness taste properties were enhanced post-fermentation. Aroma-active compounds in MT and FMT were identified and characterized. A total of 25 key aroma-active compounds were screened in MT, and 2-pentylfuran showed the highest relative odor activity value (ROAV). A total of 26 key aroma-active compounds were identified in FMT, and the newly formed compound 1-octen-3-one showed the highest ROAV, which contributed to FMT's unique mushroom, herbal, and earthy flavor attributes. 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-nonenal, trimethyl-pyrazine, 2-pentylfuran, and heptanal were screened as the potential markers that contributed to flavor differences between MT and FMT. E. cristatum fermentation significantly altered the sensory properties and flavor compounds of MT. This study provides valuable insights into the sensory qualities of MT and FMT, offering a theoretical basis for the development of FMT products.

Fabrication of fluorinated magnetic microporous organic network for selective and efficient extraction of benzoylurea insecticides in tea beverages

In this work, a novel fluorinated magnetic microporous organic network (Fe3O4@FMON) was exquisitely designed and synthesized for highly efficient and selective magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of fluorinated benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) from complex tea beverage samples. The Fe3O4@FMON exhibited good extraction for BUs via the pre-designed hydrophobic, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding and specific FF interactions. A sensitive Fe3O4@FMON-based MSPE-HPLC-UV method with wide linear range (0.10–1000 μg L−1, R2 ≥ 0.996), low limits of detection (0.01–0.02 μg L−1), and large enrichment factors (85.6–98.0) for BUs from tea beverage samples was developed. By decorating F elements within MON's networks, the Fe3O4@FMON characterized good hydrophobicity and chemical stability, which could be reused at least 8 times without decrease of recoveries. This work demonstrated the great prospects of Fe3O4@FMON for enriching trace BUs from complex substrates and triggered the potential of FMON for sample pretreatment of fluorinated analytes.

Kajian Industri Minuman Teh Sebagai Minuman Halal di Indonesia: Kualitas Sensori dan Preferensi Konsumen

The tea beverage industry in Indonesia is a significant contributor to the national economy and is a popular commodity for domestic consumption. The objective of this study is to analyze the tea beverage sector in Indonesia, specifically in terms of its status as a halal beverage. The study will primarily focus on evaluating the sensory quality of the tea and understanding consumer preferences. A descriptive qualitative methodology was employed to choose four widely recognized packaged tea brands. The sensory study was conducted using hedonic rating tests to ascertain the optimal product quality and the products most favored by the panelists. The study's findings indicate that the four brands of packaged tea comply with the regulations set by LPPOM and BPJPH regarding halal certification. Regarding sensory quality, Teh Pucuk and Frestea exhibit a high level of consumer acceptability, with overall parameter ratings of 5.16 and 5.44, respectively (indicating a moderate likeness). Teh Pucuk stands out for its exceptional freshness and taste, Teh Kotak is known for its consistent quality and enticing aroma, Teh Botol is renowned for its strong brand confidence, and Frestea is distinguished by its jasmine aroma and convenient packaging. Manufacturers who can uphold product quality, foster innovation, and execute effective promotions will experience greater ease in acquiring consumer preferences and enhancing consumer loyalty.

Analyzing the Effects of Rapid and Natural Cooling Techniques on the Quality of Hand-Shaken Green Tea Beverages.

This study compared the quality of hand-shaken green tea prepared through rapid and natural cooling methods. Cooling is crucial in preserving green tea's flavor, aroma, and nutritional components. In the rapid cooling method, green tea is freshly brewed at an initial temperature of 95 °C for 25 min, and then rapidly cooled to 18 °C for 25 min. Conversely, the natural cooling method involves brewing tea at the same initial temperature and time, but allowing it to cool gradually to 30 °C over approximately 4-5 h at room temperature. This study's findings indicate that the rapid cooling method produced green tea with a more vibrant color and improved clarity versus the natural cooling method. Sensory analysis revealed that the taste and aroma of the hand-shaken green tea prepared using rapid cooling were perceived to be more refreshing and invigorating. However, the natural cooling method preserved a higher level of chemical components, including individual catechin caffeine, total polyphenol, soluble solids, reducing sugar, and total tannins. The essential amino acid content of the rapidly and naturally cooled green tea infusions was 6.85 and 13.55 μg/mL, respectively. The γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content was 439.82 and 457.31 μg/mL, respectively. This study's findings suggest that rapid cooling during the preparation of hand-shaken green tea enhances its overall quality. The vibrant color, improved clarity, refreshing taste, and invigorating aroma make it a preferable choice for tea enthusiasts who seek an enhanced sensory experience and excellent quality.

Aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons in urban street dust from Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia: Levels, distribution, and sources

Dust particles contain diverse natural and anthropogenic organic compounds and act as local collectors of pollutants, particularly in urban settings. Samples of street dust were collected from various sites in Riyadh city in 2023. These samples were extracted using a dichloromethane–methanol mixture, and the resulting extracts were subjected to analysis through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The primary compounds identified included n-alkanes, methyl n-alkanoates (FAMEs), hopanes, steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), plasticizers, tobacco miscellanies, and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM). Vegetation detritus constituted the primary natural source of organic compounds, ranging from 7.4 ± 3.5% to 15.0 ± 4.0%, and included fractional n-alkanes and FAMEs. Petroleum-related products from vehicular emissions, oil combustion, and spills were predominant, accounting for 73.3 ± 5.1% to 87.5 ± 4.8%, and included partial n-alkanes, hopanes, steranes, PAHs, and UCMs. Litterings from discarded plastics and tobacco smoking varied from 5.2 ± 1.3% to 12.0 ± 5.3%, and included phthalates, nicotine, and cotinine, as well as recreational drinks (coffee and tea beverages containing caffeine). The occurrence and distribution of natural and anthropogenic extractable organic matter in this arid urban area were influenced by local vegetation and human activities. The prevalence of anthropogenic organic compounds in Riyadh city's street dust depended on the location and type of urban activity, with elevated levels observed in high-traffic and industrial zones. Consequently, further investigations are necessary to understand the potential health effects of anthropogenic organic matter on city residents.

Green biosynthesized N-doped CuO@Zeolite nanocomposite for the efficient photodegradation of toxic organic pollutants from wastewater

Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced methods available for the degradation of toxic pollutants from the environment. Specifically, nanoparticles generated with plant extracts are more stable and biocompatible than those produced using traditional chemical and physical processes. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of N-CuO@Zeolite nanocomposite with Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf extract. The green synthesized nanocomposite was used for the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous organic pollutants, including Auramine-O (AO) and yellow color textile industrial dye (YD). Under direct sunlight irradiation, synthesized nanomaterials exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for AO and YD degradation. The best conditions for photocatalytic degradation were found to be pollutant concentrations of 2 mg L−1 for AO and 6 mg L−1 for YD, photocatalyst dosages of 15 mg for both AO and YD, and neutral pH for both pollutants. Within 150 minutes, the synthesized N-CuO@zeolite nanocomposite attained degradation efficiencies of 95 % for AO and 92 % for YD, compared to its parent materials N-CuO (80 % for AO and 76 % for YD) and CuO (68 % for AO and 65 % for YD). The degradation rates of both pollutants were accurately described by first-order kinetics, consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model. Additionally, the ecologically sustainable novel N-CuO@Zeolite nanocomposite illustrated superior reliability and reusability, keeping photocatalytic efficiency even after ten cycles of constant utilization, and its long-term stability was confirmed by PXRD analysis after processing. The material's excellent reusability and stability emphasize the nanocomposite's potential as a long-term solution for industrial wastewater treatment applications.

Evaluation of Tensile Strength of Surgically Absorbable Suture Materials Used in Oral Surgery after Immersion in Different Beverages: An In Vitro Study.

Suture materials are natural or synthetic biomaterials used to close tissues together. After surgical procedures in the mouth, the surgical site and the sutures are physically affected by many different factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of frequently consumed beverages on the tensile strength of monofilament PGLA (polyglycolide-co-l-lactide) and multi-filament PGCL (polyglycolide-co-caprolactone) absorbable sutures. In particular, PGLA and PGCL absorbable sutures, which are frequently used in oral surgery, were used to evaluate the change in the strength of suture materials. The suture materials were soaked in tea, coffee, and cola drinks five times a day for 5 min each and the rest of the time in artificial saliva. All suture materials were aged via thermal cycling. Tensile strengths were tested at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days. Mixed ANOVA (four replicates: within-group comparison and two factors: between-group comparison) was performed to evaluate the effects of groups and time on the tension levels of the Tekmon and Vicryl suture materials. Analysis of Variance was used for the within- and between-group comparisons, with the Bonferroni corrected t-test for multiple comparisons. For the PGCL suture material, there were significant decreases in tension levels in artificial saliva, tea, coffee, and cola at time T3 compared to T0, T1, and T2, and at T1 and T2 compared to T0. For the PGLA suture material, there were significant decreases in tension levels in artificial saliva, tea, coffee, and cola at time T3 compared to T0, T1, and T2. There was also a significant decrease in tension level at time T2 in cola compared to T0. The present study demonstrates that beverages significantly decrease the strength of suture materials for 14 days after surgery. In particular, cola decreased the resistance of the PGCL suture material more significantly in the first week when compared to other beverages.

Effects of anaerobic treatment on the non-volatile components and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of purple-colored leaf tea

This study investigated the effect of anaerobic treatment on the non-volatile components and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in purple-colored leaf tea. Results showed that after 8 h of anaerobic treatment, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content significantly increased from 0.02 mg/g to 1.72 mg/g (p < 0.05), while lactic acid content gradually rose from non-detectable levels to 3.56 mg/g. Notably, certain flavonols like quercetin and myricetin exhibited significant increments, whereas the total anthocyanins (1.01 mg/g) and epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl) gallate (13.47 mg/g) contents remained almost unchanged. Furthermore, the ACE inhibition rate of purple-colored leaf tea increased significantly from 42.16% to 49.20% (p < 0.05) at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Moreover, galloylated catechins showed stronger ACE inhibitory activity than non-galloylated catechins in both in vitro ACE inhibitory activity and molecular docking analysis. These findings might contribute to the development of special purple-colored leaf tea products with potential therapy for hypertension.

Effectiveness of Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis) Liquid Smoke as an Antiseptic

Microbes are often the cause of infectious diseases; one method of prevention is to use antiseptics. Excessive use of antisep- tics can cause mild to severe side effects, so an alternative antiseptic is needed. Liquid smoke is an alternative raw material to produce antiseptics because its main component can be used as an inhibitor of microbial growth. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of tea-leaf liquid smoke as an antiseptic against microbial growth in vivo and in vitro. The method for producing liquid smoke via pyrolysis involves distilling grade 3 liquid smoke to generate grade 1 and grade 2 liquid smoke. The in vitro test uses a microbial growth inhibition test with grade 1 and 2 liquid smoke concentrations of 35%, 50%, and 75%. The microbes used were Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643. The in vivo test uses the swab test method on the palm of the hand. The results of the invitro test showed that the largest inhibition zone of tea leaf liquid smoke was obtained using grade 2 liquid smoke with a concentration of 75%.The results of the in vivo test showed that the effectiveness of tea leaf liquid smoke was 80% against bacteria and 85% against fungi. Based onthe results of the study, it can be concluded that tea leaf liquid smoke (Camellia sinensis) has potential as an antiseptic.

Effects of Co-administration of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oliefera&lt;/i&gt; Leaf Tea with Standard Drug on Diabetic and Hypertensive Co-morbidity Patients

Effects of Co-administration of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oliefera&lt;/i&gt; Leaf Tea with Standard Drug on Diabetic and Hypertensive Co-morbidity Patients

Probiotic potential of acetic acid bacteria isolated from kombucha in New Zealand in vitro

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage containing live microorganisms, mostly beneficial strains of yeast and acetic acid bacteria (AAB), but empirical evidence is limited supporting the probiotic potential of kombucha. This study reports the in vitro probiotic potential of 36 AAB strains isolated from three Kombucha samples commercially available in New Zealand. Nine representative AAB strains, belonging to three species (Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, Acetobacter musti and Gluconobacter potus), were examined for their primary probiotic characteristics such as tolerance to bile salts, NaCl, and low pH, and temperature. Three non-cellulose forming strains (A. musti LOAAB1, G. potus LOAAB2 and G. potus GBAAB3) were assayed for their cell surface characteristics such as auto-aggregation, co-aggregation with pathogenic bacteria, and hydrophobicity. Antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and enzymatic activities were also investigated for the strains of interest. Results indicated that nine strains were able to grow under low pH in the presence of bile salts, suggesting their potential to survive in the human gut. Six K. rhaeticus strains produced cellulosic pellicles, a potential source of prebiotics for beneficial bacteria. The three AAB strains LOAAB1, LOAAB2 and GBAAB3 showed promising cell surface characteristics, such as auto-aggregation rates (>80 %), co-aggregation with four pathogenic bacteria (13.24–43.47 %), hydrophobicity (42.12 % to 50.20 %), and antioxidant activities (>90 %). All nine strains tested negative for enzymatic activities (haemolytic, proteolytic, phospholipase, and gelatinase), suggesting that they are safe to consume. Together, these data indicate the potential for the three AAB strains to be further investigated as probiotic sources with more in vivo tests for applications in the food and beverages industry.

Pengaruh Harga, Citra Merek, dan Kualitas Produk terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Chatime Kota Semarang

Nowadays, there is a lot of competition in the food and beverage industry that has developed in Indonesia. Judging from the increasing demand and interest in beverage products among the general public. Businesses in the beverage industry are of great interest to business people. Chatime is one of the pioneers of bubble tea drinks in Indonesia which originates from Taiwan. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of price, brand image and product quality on Chatime Semarang City. This research uses descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis. The data used is primary data with a questionnaire collection method. Data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The sample used was 100 respondents. The research results found that there was a positive and significant influence on the price variable on purchasing decisions, and likewise on the product quality variable. Meanwhile, the brand image variable does not have a significant effect.

Edukasi Peningkatan Pemahaman Kesehatan Remaja Karang Taruna Desa Cepagan Melalui Pengembangan Minuman Teh Daun Kemangi

In Cepagan Village, Warungasem District, Batang Regency, there are many stems of basil plants found around the yard. Basil leaves are known to have the benefit of helping lower blood pressure. From field observations, many people in the village have a history of hypertension. Apart from that, people don't know how to prepare basil leaf tea as an alternative to help lower blood pressure. The target of community service was chosen to be young people from youth organizations considering that there were no activities in the health sector and also based on teenagers' ability to grasp understanding more easily than the elderly. Given the problems and the abundant availability of natural materials, there is a need for community service in the area. This service aims to improve the health of the people of Cepagan Village through Karang Taruna youth by providing education to increase health understanding through drinking basil leaf tea to help reduce hypertension. Service is carried out by presenting material and interactive discussions. The number of service participants was 22 participants. The pretest and posttest describe participants' understanding before and after service. The evaluation results show that the pretest score (5-14%) increased on the posttest (91-100%). So it can be concluded that this community service was successful.

Bottle-in-bottle reaction device: Portable gas pressure meter for rapid and on-site analysis of oxalate in spinach and tea beverages

A gas pressure meter-based portable/miniaturized analytical kit was established for rapid and on-site detection of oxalate. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and oxalate solution were mixed together in bottle-in-bottle reaction device, a simple oxidation reaction process occurred within 6 min and carbon dioxide (CO2) was generated, inducing the pressure of the sealed bottle changed, which was measured by a portable gas pressure meter. A detectable range of 0.1–6 μmol mL−1 and a detection limit of 0.064 μmol mL−1 were achieved. The proposed analytical method was further used for the analysis of several real samples (spinach, beverages and water samples), with the recoveries of 89–111%. Considering the interferences from the complicated matrix, calcium chloride (CaCl2) was served as a precipitant, oxalate (C2O42−) was precipitated with Ca2+ to form precipitation (CaC2O4), CaC2O4 was then separated from the matrix by centrifuge/filter, eliminating the interferences. It is a rapid, easy-used and interference-free analytical system/device for oxalate on-site and real time analysis.

The Protective Effect of Flavonoids in the Diet on Autophagy-Related Cardiac Impairment.

The compounds known as flavonoids, commonly found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, medicinal herbs, chocolate, and coffee and tea beverages, have been extensively researched for their impact on cardiovascular health. Flavonoids, with their demonstrated potential, have shown promising effects in regulating blood vessel function and apoptotic processes, as well as in improving lipid profiles. While their powerful antioxidant properties were initially thought to be the main reason behind these effects, recent studies have uncovered new insights into the positive effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular health, and researchers have now identified several signaling pathways and mechanisms that also play a role. Of particular interest are the studies that have highlighted the role of autophagy in maintaining the physiological functions of cardiomyocytes and protecting them from harm. Recent publications have linked the dysregulation of autophagic processes with the development of cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and other cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to present the latest, novel findings from preclinical research regarding the potential beneficial effects of flavonoids on various heart conditions associated with altered autophagy processes.

Can herbal teas be used as complementary therapies for kidney disorders? Results from a cross-sectional study

IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) has limited treatment options and is becoming more and more common. Since apparent evidence in the literature shows that herbs may be reno-protective, we discussed different kinds of herbal tea in relation to CKD and related disorders. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in health care centres located in a region in central Iran by enroling subjects aged 18 years and older. A self-reported questionnaire was used to evaluate the frequency and type of herbal tea drinks by participants. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and blood samples were obtained using a standard procedure. The Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guideline was the reference for diagnosis of CKD. Through multiple logistic models, the association between herbal tea drinking with CKD and related disorders was examined. ResultsOverall, 3 322 subjects were examined in this study. Three types of herbal tea were consumed by the study participants including green tea, chamomile-thyme tea, and borage tea. No statistically significant consistent associations between kidney disorders, including CKD, haematuria, albuminuria, and kidney stone and consumption of these herbal preparations were identified. ConclusionOverall, this study failed to suggest any consistent association between renal function and three categories of herbal tea in adult Iranian individuals.

ОЦЕНКА ИНСТИТУТА КУРАТОРСТВА В МЕДИЦИНСКОМ ВУЗЕ: СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

A sociological study was conducted among the 1st and 2nd year students of the general medicine and pediatric faculties of the Northern State Medical University in order to assess the quality of the curatorship institute at the medical university. The total number of respondents was 296. The average age was 18 (18; 19) years, of which 72,0% (n=213) were girls and 28,0% (n=83) were boys. Almost all students know their curator (98,0%), 54.7% noted that they meet with their curator once a month. At the pediatric faculty, curators interact more often with their groups. When questions arise, 67,6% of students have the opportunity to communicate with the curator by phone, almost half (56,4%) are in touch with the curator on social networks. The majority of respondents (69,9%) do not focus on the age and experience of the curator. Events organized by the curators: tea drinking (33,1%), conversations (52,7%), trips to the theater, cinema, bowling (25,0%), trips to recreation centers (5,4%), other events (museums, exhibitions, conferences, skating rink, trainings) – in 16,9%; 15,5% of students answered that the curators did not hold any joint events. 44,6% of students would like to attach a curator to the group for all 6 years of study. The average score for evaluating the effectiveness of the curator's work was 6,6 (4; 8) points. Among the important functions performed by the curator, the following were noted: to help resolve conflict situations in the group (78,4%), to be an intermediary between students and teachers of departments (74,0%), to help with studies (41,2%), in solving household issues (13,9%), to organize leisure (14,2%), to help solve health problems (5,4%).