Leaf Oil Research Articles

The Influence of Clove Leaf Size Variations on the Characteristics of Clove Leaf Essential Oil Production

Clove leaves are waste products from clove plantations in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Most clove utilization is limited to the buds, while clove leaves have the potential to be a source of essential oil. Essential oil from clove leaves can be extracted using steam-water distillation. One factor influencing the characteristics of clove leaf essential oil production is the variation in material size. In this study, essential oil extraction was conducted using the steam-water distillation method with different clove leaf sizes, namely 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. The differences in clove leaf size were intended to determine the most suitable leaf size for extraction using the steam-water distillation method. This study showed that a clove leaf size of 2 cm produced a volume and yield of clove leaf oil of 53.5 ml and 5.45%, respectively. The density value of clove leaf oil obtained from this study was 1.019 grams/mL. The clove leaf oil produced was clear yellowish and had the characteristic aroma of clove oil. These criteria meet SNI 06-2378-2006 for clove leaf oil.

Effectiveness of Phlai Mixed Cannabis Leaf Oil for The Treatment of Chronic Pain in Elderly Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Effectiveness of Phlai Mixed Cannabis Leaf Oil for The Treatment of Chronic Pain in Elderly Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Analysis of Clove Leaf Oil Distillation Business Income (Cloves Leaf Oil) In Matuo Sub-Village, Lelean Nono Village, Baolan District, Tolitoli Regency (Case Study of Tiga Jaya Essential Oil Refinery)

Analysis of Clove Leaf Oil Distillation Business Income (Clove Leaf Oil) in Matuo Sub-Village, Lelean Nono Village, Baolan District, Tolitoli Regency (Case Study of Tiga Jaya Essential Oil Distillation), This study aims to determine how much Clove Leaf Oil Distillation Business Income (Clove Leaf Oil) in Matuo Sub-Village, Lelean Nono Village, Baolan District, Tolitoli Regency (Case Study of Tiga Jaya Essential Oil Distillation). This research uses a qualitative research design. The data source is primary data, namely data obtained through interviews and documentation related to this research. The data analysis method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative, namely production cost analysis, business revenue analysis, income analysis, and R / C Ratio efficiency level analysis.
 After conducting research and discussions, it has been revealed that the Cloves Leaf Oil Distillation Business (Tiga Jaya Essential Oil Distillation) operating in Matuo Hamlet, Lelean Nono Village, Baolan District, Tolitoli Regency, During the 2022 period, a cloves leaf oil distillation business incurred a total cost of Rp. 993,196,500. The total revenue generated was Rp. 1,234,464,000. This indicates that the business earned a total income of Rp. 241,267,500 in one year. After conducting a case study of Tiga Jaya Essential Oil Distillation in Matuo Hamlet, Lelean Nono Village, Baolan District, Tolitoli Regency, the feasibility of Clove Leaf Oil Distillation Business for 2022 was found to have an R/C ratio of 1.24. The R/C Ratio of more than one indicates that the Cloves Leaf Oil Distillation Business located in Matuo Hamlet, Lelean Nono Village, Baolan District, Tolitoli Regency (as examined in the case study of Tiga Jaya Essential Oil Distillation) is viable and feasible

Chemical constituents of some essential oils bearing plants growing wild in Vietnam

The essential oils of three plants were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC/MS-FID) method. 29 compounds representing 99.00% of the total oil of inflorescences of Zingiber pellitum were identified, consisting mainly of α-pinene (5.34%), β-caryophyllene (39.13%) and α-humulene (36.69%). For Basilicum polystachyon, 41 and 37 components were identified in the leaf and flower oils, accounting for 91.32% and 92.44% of the total oils, respectively. Germacrene D (16.33% and 16.32%), germacrene B (14.95% and 16.23%), α-cubebene (13.38% and 19,04%), α-copaene (5.81% and 5.77%), δ-cadinene (4.78% and 4.18%), β-cis-elemene (4.34% and 4.66%), and γ-elemene (4.31% and 4.72%) were the major constituents in both oils. For the leaves of Litsea bavienes, 40 components were identified, representing 91.73% of the total oil contents, in which hepten-3-one (70.46%) was the most abundant compound in this oil. The chemical constituents of essential oils from Z. pellitum (inflorescences), B. polystachyon (leaves and flowers) and L. baviensis (leaves) were being reported for the first time.

Targeting cardiovascular risk factors with eugenol: an anti-inflammatory perspective.

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological reaction to a wide range of stimuli, and it has been linked to the onset and progression of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Inflammatory markers found in the blood, including C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules (like intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. These markers play a crucial role in understanding and assessing cardiovascular health. Due to this complicated relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular disease, anti-inflammatory agents of natural origin have been the subject of many preclinical and clinical studies in recent years. Eugenol is a natural phenolic compound found in clove oil, nutmeg oil, cinnamon oil, and bay leaf oil, as well as other essential oils. Eugenol has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in many forms of experimental inflammation. It may scavenge free radicals, which contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. Various studies also suggest that eugenol can limit the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines. Animal models of arthritis, colitis, and lung damage, as well as human clinical studies, have shown that eugenol has phenomenal anti-inflammatory properties. These properties suggest that eugenol may be able to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

THE POTENTIAL OF CARDAMOM LEAF IN THE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD AND 1.8-CINEOL CONTENT

Cardamom (Amomum cardamomum), the ‘Queen of spices’, is a native Indonesian spice, a type of potential biopharmaceutical currently prospective because of its high selling value, especially for its fruit, with various benefits and its wide use. So far, cardamom essential oil comes from the utilization of its fruit, but the production is more limited, unlike the sustainably produced leaves, therefore, its leaves have the potential to be developed. This study aims to analyze the essential oil yield and 1.8-cineol content of cardamom leaves essential oil (CLEO) grown in agroforestry systems. The CLEO was obtained by steam-water distillation, while the 1.8-cineol content was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental design employed was a Randomized Complete Block Design with three cropping patterns as a treatment and three doses of bokashi fertilizer as blocks. The results showed that the highest yield of CLEO was generated in the sengon + cardamom agroforestry pattern of 3.16%, and the highest content of 1,8-cineol in CLEO was generated in the sengon + cardamom + arrowroot agroforestry pattern of 47.23%, while the lowest yield of CLEO and the 1,8-cineol content were found in the monoculture pattern of 2,02% and 43.16% respectively. Agroforestry practices have the potential to increase 1,8-cineol content and the yield of essential oil in cardamom leaf, which will be prospective in forest management to support forestry multi-business and social forestry programs.

Chemical profile of essential oils of the Costa Rican native tree Myrcianthes storkii (Myrtaceae)

Introduction: The genus Myrcianthes ranges from southern Florida to Chile, including the Caribbean, and the species Myrcianthes storkii is a shrub or tree found in Costa Rica and western Panama, in wet to very rainy, cloud, and oak forests (altitude 1300-3150m). Objective: To identify the chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, floral buds, and twigs of M. storkii of Costa Rica. Methods: We obtained the essential oils through hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oils was done by GC/FID and GC/MS, using the retention indices on DB-5 and Carbowax types of capillary columns in addition to mass spectra. Results: The oils consisted mainly of terpenoids (55,45-87,75%). A total of 281 compounds accounted for 91,27-74,56% of the total amount of oils. The major constituents from the leaf oil were myrcene (17,44%), cis-calamenene (12,60%), α-pinene (5,48%), (E)-caryophyllene (5,16%), limonene (3,91%), p-cymene (3,71%), 1,8-cineole (2,80%), and α-humulene (2,80%). The floral bud essential oil consisted mainly of α-pinene (15,23%), cis-calamenene (12,70%), myrcene (8,59%), 1,8-cineole (4,26%), germacrene B (3,65%), α-humulene (3,55%), and (E)-caryophyllene oxide (2,93%). The major components of twig oil were cis-calamenene (11,31%), palmitic acid (7,99%), (E)-caryophyllene (4,68%), -cadinene (3,28%), cubenol (3,24%), and (Z)-caryophyllene oxide (2,94%). Conclusion: The presence of a significant quantity of myrcene and cis-calamenene seems to be characteristic of this species.

Theoretical Evaluation of Michelia Species’ Bioactive Compounds and Theraupetic Potential: A Literature Review

Michelia alba is a multifunctional plant found in Indonesia and is also called magnolia. Michelia alba is a tree known for its essential oil, which has long been used as a fragrance ingredient in perfumes and cosmetics. The potential of M. alba is immense for use in the prevention and treatment of disease as well as the management of human health and wellness. To date, there have been few publications regarding the biological activities of M. alba, focusing on tyrosinase inhibitory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, M. alba may have additional undiscovered biological activities associated with its bioactive compounds. The purpose of this literature review research is to find out the bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential of the M. alba plant through literature searches that can be a reference for further research. The literature review method is carried out by searching and collecting data from literature sources obtained from several national and international journals that review bioactive compounds and the therapeutic potential of M. alba plants. Based on the literature review, it was found that M. alba has bioactive compounds namely linalool (72.8 flower oil and 80.1% leaf oil), α-terpineol (6.04% flower oil), phenylethyl alcohol (2.58% flower oil), β-pinene (2.39% flower oil) and geraniol (1, 23%) which have therapeutic activities such as mental health disorders, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemia, antimaagic, antidiarrheal, anti-asthma, and antihyperpigmentation. In traditional medicine it is used to treat fever, syphilis, gonorrhea and malaria, bronchitis, prostatitis, cancer, headache, sinusitis, cough, inflammation of the respiratory tract, chest fullness, flatulence, nausea, body and underarm odor, and vaginal discharge.

An innovative Pickering W/O/W nanoemulsion co-encapsulating hydrophilic lysozyme and hydrophobic Perilla leaf oil for extending shelf life of fish products

A Pickering water-in-oil-in-water nanoemulsion co-encapsulating lysozyme (LYS) and Perilla leaf oil (PO) was prepared using whey protein isolate-tannin acid conjugated nanoparticles (WPI-TA NPs) as emulsifiers, called LYS-PO-NE, and subsequently analyzed. The nano size and multiple phases was confirmed based on the results of confocal laser scanning microscope, scanning electron microscope, and droplet size analysis. LYS-PO-NE had high encapsulation efficiencies of 89.36 % (PO) and 43.91 % (LYS) and both could be released at a slow and continuous rate. The PO addition increased the droplet size, and the LYS addition delayed the release of PO. LYS-PO-NE also showed good storage, pH, thermal, and salt stability, and an effective combined bactericidal activity of LYS and PO against spoilage bacteria. Furthermore, the results of chilled salmon storage experiments indicated that LYS-PO-NE could extend the shelf life of chilled salmon to at least 6 days, demonstrating the potential in the shelf life for fish products.

Treatment of insomnia in elderly patients with headaches

The article describes clinical cases of elderly patients with primary headaches and insomnia managed in neurological practice. The first clinical case provides details of the typical medical history of a female patient with acute insomnia and episodic tension-type headache, the second one describes the typical medical history of a patient with chronic insomnia and chronic migraine. Clinical examples demonstrate common errors in the management of patients with insomnia and primary headaches in real-life medical practice. The influence of psychosocial (stress, anxiety, negative misconceptions about the disease, dysfunctional behaviour, symptom catastrophizing) and iatrogenic (ordering excessive additional diagnostic tests, over-diagnosing of detected structural changes in the spine, neck vessels, brain, diagnostic errors, prescribing of ineffective treatment) factors on the development of insomnia and increase of headaches in frequency is shown. The features of the presented clinical cases are to demonstrate the relationship between insomnia and increased frequency of primary headaches. Patients were treated using the interdisciplinary program comprising non-drug treatments and drug therapy. It has been shown that the treatment of insomnia can not only improve the quality of sleep, but also reduce the frequency of headaches.SonNorm Duo containing melatonin, motherwort extract and peppermint leaf oil was used as a drug therapy for acute and chronic insomnia. Melatonin and substances of plant origin have a high level of effectiveness in the treatment of insomnia and are recommended as drugs to be used first to treat insomnia. The drug therapy of acute and chronic insomnia was combined with highly effective non-drug treatments: an educational program to improve sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioural therapy, and relaxation exercises. During treatment, patients reported an improvement in their sleep quality as early as in the first month. A stable normalization of sleep and a significant decrease in headache frequency in a patient with acute insomnia and episodic tension-type headache occurred after the fifth week of treatment and in a patient with chronic insomnia and chronic migraine after the second month of treatment. A 12-month follow-up of patients showed that the positive effect of the treatment was maintained.

Curcuma longa essential oils: toxicity and repellency against imported fire ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera).

Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberales: Zingiberaceae) leaf and rhizome essential oils were evaluated for their toxicity and repellency against invasive fire ants: red imported fire ants (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants (BIFA), Solenopsis richteri Forel, and a reproductively functional hybrid (HIFA). Ar-turmerone was the major constituent of leaf (42.4%) and rhizome (40.4%) essential oils. A range of concentrations starting from 156 µg/g until the failure of treatment were used. Removal of treated sand in digging bioassay was used as a criterion for repellency. Leaf essential oil showed significantly higher repellency at concentrations of 19.5, 9.8, and 4.9 µg/g against RIFA, BIFA, and HIFA workers, respectively, as compared with control whereas rhizome essential oil was active at 39, 19.5, and 4.9 µg/g against BIFA, RIFA, and HIFA, respectively. Ar-turmerone exhibited repellency at 19.5 µg/g against HIFA workers whereas DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) failed at 39 µg/g. Leaf essential oil showed LC50 values of 85.8, 97.7, and 182.7µg/g against RIFA, BIFA and HIFA workers, whereas the rhizome essential oil had LC50 values of 127, 109.9, and 151.2 µg/g against these species, respectively. Ar-turmerone, tested only against HIFA, with LC50 value of 57.2 was the most active compound. Bifenthrin, a commonly used pyrethroid, with LC50 of 0.03, 0.32, and 0.018 µg/g was toxic against RIFA, BIFA, and HIFA workers, respectively. Both the essential oils and ar-turmerone showed toxicity and repellency against imported fire ants. Different formulations of these natural products will be tested to explore the use potential of these natural products under field conditions.

Formulation, Characterization, and Sunscreen Potential Evaluation of Nutmeg Leaf Essential Oil Nanoemulsions (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Nutmeg leaf essential oil (Myristica Fragrans Houtt.) is one of the natural ingredients which have antioxidant activity and potential as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion, characterize, and determine its potency as a sunscreen. Nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion was formulated with 1; 3; and 5 mL of oil content with two variations of surfactant. The characterization included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, %T, nanoemulsion type, droplet size, thermodynamic and centrifugation stability tests. Evaluation was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength range of 290-400 nm with ethanol as a blank and non-nano-emulsified as a comparison. The result showed that the nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion had clear and stable appearance, safe for skin, viscosity values of <200 mPas, %T values of near 100%, nanoemulsions type of o/w, and particles size of <200 nm. The evaluation showed that the sunscreen activities of nutmeg leaf oil nanoemulsion was higher than non-nano-emulsified. The highest sunscreen activity was the formula A nanoemulsion which an oil content of 5 mL and had an SPF value of 1.475; %Te value of 50.571%; and %Tp value of 77.218%. The nanoemulsion sunscreen activity of formula A was categorized as a regular suntan

Essential Oils of the Leaves of Epaltes australis Less. and Lindera myrrha (Lour.) Merr.: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory, and Molecular Docking Studies.

Epaltes australis Less. has been traditionally used to treat fever and snake bites, whereas Lindera myrrha (Lour.) Merr. is well-known for addressing colds, chest pain, indigestion, and worm infestations. This study marks the first report on the chemical compositions and biological potentials of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Epaltes australis and Lindera myrrha. Essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation were analysed using the GC/MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). E. australis exhibited a predominant presence of non-terpenic compounds (46.3 %), with thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether as the major compound, constituting 44.2 % of the oil. L. myrrha leaf oil contained a good proportion of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (56.8 %), with principal compounds including (E)-caryophyllene (22.2 %), ledene (9.7 %), selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (9.6 %), and α-pinene (7.0 %). Both essential oils exhibited antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium sporogenes, and Escherichia coli, and the fungus Aspergillus brasiliensis. L. myrrha leaf essential oil exhibited potent control over the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a MIC of 32 μg/mL. Additionally, L. myrrha leaf oil showed strong anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 15.20 μg/mL by inhibiting NO (nitric oxide) production in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated RAW2647 murine macrophage cells. Regarding anti-tyrosinase activity, E. australis leaf oil showed the best monophenolase inhibition with the IC50 of 245.59 μg/mL, while L. myrrha leaf oil successfully inhibited diphenolase with the IC50 of 152.88 μg/mL. From molecular docking study, selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one showed the highest affinity for both COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) receptors. Hydrophobic interactions play a great role in the bindings of ligand-receptor complexes.

Nanoemulsion-Based Orodispersible Film Formulation of Guava Leaf Oil for Inhibition of Oral Cancer Cells.

Among natural sources, guava leaf oil (GLO) has emerged as a potential anticancer agent. However, its limited water solubility poses a significant challenge for its use. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are used to address the limitation of water solubility of GLO prior to its incorporation into orodipersible films. Nanoemulsions containing GLO:virgin coconut oil (VCO) at a ratio of 50:50 to 70:30 presented a small droplet size of approximately 50 nm and a relatively low zeta potential. GLO:VCO at a ratio of 70:30 was selected for incorporation into sodium alginate film at various concentrations ranging from 1% to 30% w/w. Tensile strength and elongation at break relied on the concentration of nanoemulsions as well as the internal structure of films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that GLO was compatible with sodium alginate. Film containing 2% w/w of nanoemulsions (2G_ODF) exhibited effective in vitro antioral cancer activity, with an IC50 of 62.49 ± 6.22 mg/mL; furthermore, its anticancer activity showed no significant difference after storage at 25 °C for 1 year. Moreover, 2G_ODF at IC60 arrested colony formation and cell invasion. There is also evidence that cell death occurred via apoptosis, as indicated by nuclear fragmentation and positive Annexin-V staining. These findings highlight the potential of orodispersible films containing GLO nanoemulsions as a prospective oral anticancer agent.

Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Aniba canelilla (Lauraceae): A Reliable Source of 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane.

Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez essential oil has many biological activities due to its main compound 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (1N2F), followed by methyleugenol, a carcinogenic agent. This study analyzed the influence of seasonality on yields, antioxidant capacity, and 1N2F content of A. canelilla leaf and twig essential oils. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted with hydrodistillation and analyzed with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and a flame ionization detector. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the free radical scavenging method (DPPH). Chemometric analyses were carried out to verify the influence of climatic factors on the production and composition of EOs. 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane was the major constituent in A. canelilla EOs throughout the seasonal period (68.0-89.9%); methyleugenol was not detected. Essential oil yields and the 1N2F average did not show a statistically significant difference between the dry and rainy seasons in leaves and twigs. Moderate and significant correlations between major compounds and climate factor were observed. The twig oils (36.0 ± 5.9%) a showed greater antioxidant capacity than the leaf oils (20.4 ± 5.0%). The PCA and HCA analyses showed no statistical differences between the oil samples from the dry and rainy seasons. The absence of methyleugenolin in all months of study, described for the first time, makes this specimen a reliable source of 1N2F.

Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant assessment and toxicity test of the essential oils of Bridelia ferruginea Benth

Bridelia ferruginea Benth is a plant usually found in Savannah regions, used in ethno-medicine for treatment of dysentery, elephantiasis, intestinal and bladder disorder. Chemical compounds present in the leaf, twig, stem bark, stem wood and root wood of Bridelia ferruginea essential oils, their antioxidant and toxicity assays are been reported. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant assay was conducted using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) while the brine shrimp lethality test was carried out using Artemia salina eggs. Leaf, twig, stem bark, stem wood and root wood essential oils gave yields of 0.44%, 0.42%, 0.51%, 0.20% and 0.26% respectively. A total of eighty-two (82) compounds were identified in the five essential oils. Ethyl salicylate was the dominant constituent of the leaf essential oil (41.15%) while methyl salicylate was most abundant in the twig (33.33%) and stem bark (24.67%) essential oils. Stem wood oil contained ethyl salicylate (12.60%) while the root wood oil was composed mostly of 1-octadecene (18.53%). The antioxidant assay showed that stem bark had the most activity (53.12 μg/mL) while the least activity was recorded for twig oil (1037.14 μg/mL). The brine shrimp lethality test revealed that lethal concentration at 50% level (LC50) for leaf essential oil was non-toxic (74361.99 μg/mL). Bridelia ferruginea is rich in antioxidants; significant amounts of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes in the essential oils support the use of the plants in ethno-medicine.

Preparation and characterization of a novel absorbent pad based on polyvinyl alcohol/gellan gum/citric acid with incorporated Perilla leaf oil nanoemulsion for chilled chicken packaging.

A novel absorbent pad based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gellan gum/citric acid (CA) composite with incorporated Perilla leaf oil (PO) nanoemulsion was prepared and characterized. The esterification between PVA and CA and strong hydrogen bonds were detected. The PVA improved the tensile strength and elongation at break by 110% and 73%, respectively, whereas PO concentration≤1.5 % (w/v) had little effect on the material properties. The CA and PO nanoemulsion loaded in the pads showed good antioxidant activity, and the pads with PO concentration≥1.5 % (w/v) had effective antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of chilled chicken storage experiments indicated that the pad with 1.5% (w/v) PO nanoemulsion extended the shelf life of chicken to at least 9days, demonstrating that the developed absorbent pads are potential materials for chilled chicken storage packing.

Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of the Novel Plant-Based Substance with Antimicrobial Activity.

The research into new pharmaceutical substances based on essential oils, individual biologically active phytochemicals, and plant extracts is a priority in field of pharmaceutical sciences. A novel multicomponent substance based on Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) leaf oil (TTO), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), and (-)-α-bisabolol with potent synergetic antimicrobial activity was investigated and suggested for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and dandruff. The objective of this research was to establish and validate a specific, accurate, and precise gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for further quantitative and qualitative analysis in order to ensure quality control. The main parameters of validation were suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, and intermediate precision according to the European Pharmacopoeia (XI edition), Russian Pharmacopoeia (XIV edition), and some parameters of ICH requirements. The peaks of fifteen chemical phytoconstituents were identified in the test sample solution with the prevalence of (-)-α-bisabolol (27.67%), 1,8-cineole (25.63%), and terpinen-4-ol (16.98%). These phytochemicals in the novel substance were chosen for standardization and validation of the GC-MS method. The chosen chromatographic conditions were confirmed for testing of the plant-based substance in a suitability test. It was established that the GC-MS method provides a significant separation, symmetry of peaks and resolution between phytochemicals. The calibration curves of each phytochemical had good linearity (R2 > 0.999) in five concentrations. In the same concertation range, the accuracy of terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineol, and (-)-α-bisabolol determination using the method of additives was 98.3-101.60%; the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.89% to 1.51% and corresponded to requirements. The intraday and interday precision was ≤2.56%. Thus, the GC-MS method was validated to be specific, sensitive, linear, accurate, and precise. This GC-MS method could be recommended as a routine analytic technique for multicomponent plant-based substances-enriched terpenes.

Effect of ages on yield and quality of essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): Antioxidant activity, GC-MS and SEM analysis

In the present study, essential oil was extracted from the different ages (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) of betel leaves and evaluated their yield and quality of the essential oil. The effect of ages on percentage yield, chemical composition, morphological and physical properties, as well as antioxidant activity of essential oil was assessed and compared. The essential oil yield content of various ages of betel leaves, such as 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, is found to be 0.65%, 0.60%, 0.50% and 0.45%, respectively. Despite this, chemical compositions of extracted essential oil from various ages were analyzed by GC-MS analysis, and it was found that a total number of 55–65 volatile bioactive compounds are present, accounting for 97.78–98.88% of the extracted essential oil composition. The major bioactive compounds found in the all-ages of betel leaf essential oil are indanol (13.51–24.70%), elemene (4.36–10.84%) and eugenol (41.14%). Furthermore, 60 days old betel leaves essential oil exhibited higher antioxidant activity (87.01%) as compared to the 15 days younger betel leaves (84.05%). Moreover, SEM analysis was used to conduct a morphological investigation to examine the extraction mechanism of different stages of betel leaves. Therefore, obtained bioactive compounds from different ages of betel leaf essential oil can be used for various biological activities, food and pharmaceutical industries. In light of the findings, it is recommended that early-stage or younger leaves release higher essential oil while older leaves possess excellent antioxidant activity.

Menopause and sleep disturbances

The menopause in a woman’s life is one of the most significant events indicating the large-scale changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis function. Gonadal steroid hormones are actively involved in the central nervous system (CNS) growth, differentiation, physiology and ageing processes. Sleep provides restoration of the central nervous system, and also contributes to memory consolidation. Sleep influences the two primary effector systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses. During sleep, blood levels of cortisol, adrenaline and norepinephrine drop, whereas the levels of neurotransmitters such as growth hormone, prolactin and melatonin show a steep increase. We get more and more facts showing the role of sleep in the processes of immunogenesis and metabolism, in particular fat metabolism. A systematic modern literature analysis on the prevalence and structure of sleep disturbances in women during pre-, peri- and postmenopause was carried out. The results of individual studies revealing the relationship between sleep disturbances and hormone levels including levels of sex steroids are presented. A review of current scientific evidence shows conclusively that the neuroendocrine system significantly determines the sleep quality. Sleep disturbances associated with RLS, COAC are highly prevalent, especially among postmenopausal women, due to declining ovarian function and deficiency of sex steroids. The results of conducted studies support the continued study and analysis of the relationships between gender, neuroendocrine factors, sleep disorders and the search for effective methods for their treatment. SonNorm Duo containing melatonin, peppermint leaf oil, and motherwort herb extract is one of the drugs used to manage sleep disturbances. SonNorm Duo is an adaptogenic sedative drug that is indicated for sleep disturbances, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders associated with rapid travel across multiple time zones.