Methanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Sennosides A and B could contribute to the antimicrobial efficiency of Senna alexandrina Mill. against pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo models

The search of new antimicrobial compounds is increasing in due with increasing bacterial infections. Discovering effective antibacterial medications is crucial for improving healthcare and combating bacterial infections. Senna alexandrina Mill. known as Tinnevelly senna, used as herbal extract in traditional medicine and found be rich in anthraquinone glycosides like sennoside A (SA) and sennoside B (SB), shows significant biological activity as a potential therapeutic agent. This study assessed the antibacterial effects of senna extracts on Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo. HPLC analysis identified sennosides as the major compounds in senna extracts, with the highest concentration found in the leaves, followed by the pods, flowers, stems, and roots. The leaf extract showed the highest sennoside content (SA 27.21 mg/g and SB 29.1 mg/g) compared to other plant parts. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of sennosides through the detection of carboxylic acids and OH functional groups in S. alexandrina extracts. Extracts rich in sennosides displayed potent in vitro antibacterial activity (1000 µg/mL) by generating ROS, penetrating and becoming disruptive to bacterial functions. Similarly, in Caenorhabditis elegans model, they inhibited bacterial growth and colonization and enhanced physiological functions in the worms. Senna extract (1000 µg/mL) improved intestinal barrier's structural stability in C. elegans by outcompeting pathogenic bacteria and prolonged survival rates of those infected with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus to 56.6 % and 62.4 %, respectively, confirming the potent antibacterial efficacy of senna leaf methanolic extracts due to their high sennoside content in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of alcoholic extracts from Piper aequale Vahl leaves

Piper is a large plant genus containing essential oils rich in mono and sesquiterpenes and other secondary metabolites showing different biological activities. Piper aequale, cordoncillo, is used in México for urinary and prostate ailments, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect against prostate cancer. Due to the lack of chemical and pharmacological information on this species, in this work antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities were evaluated. Leaves ethanol and methanol extracts were used to assess antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), antimicrobial activity (Kirby-Bauer) against clinically relevant strains and antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (MTT assay). Methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with 69.08% (DPPH) and inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacterial strains associated with urinary tract infections. Ethanolic extract displayed moderate antiproliferative activity (IC50 81.28 μg/mL), showing cytotoxicity from 100 μg/mL. This study demonstrates P. aequale exhibits inhibitory effects against bacteria associated with urinary problems and antiproliferative properties in prostate cancer cells.

Toxicity and Anti-Trypanosomal Studies of Aqueous and Methanol Leaf Extracts of Acacia Nilotica on Trypanosoma Brucei-Induced Infection in Mice

African Animal Trypanosomiasis constitutes one of the greatest threats to the health of animals and socioeconomic status of people, particularly in developing countries. Chemotherapy, the main means of controlling the disease is limited due to parasite resistance and toxicity of the current anti-trypanosomal drugs. The development of a vaccine has been thwarted by antigenic variation of the parasite. Thus, plant extracts are one of the strategies being explored to address some of the problems encountered. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the toxicity and anti-trypanosomal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Acacia nilotica through in vivo assays against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The chosen plants' healthy, fresh, matured leaves were air dried under shade, pulverized with mortar and pestle into powder, and passed through a 0.5mm mesh to standardize their particles. The plant samples were extracted using aqueous, methanol solvents. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the active chemical constituents of the extracts was conducted to determine saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides according to standard procedure. It was established that aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of the selected plants were safe in rats at dose levels of 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight for 72 hours. However, Sedation and abnormal movement were observed for both A. nilotica and Z. mucronata as manifestations of clinical toxicity at 5000mg/kg body weight. The fatal dose of all extracts exceeds the maximum dose of 5000mg/kg. Prolonged oral administration of the extracts for 21 days with A. nilotica extracts did not reveal major changes in body and organs weights, liver and kidney functions, the biochemical analysis showed a slight, non-significant increase in Alanine transaminase, Aspatate transaminase, and Alkaline phosphatase at (4000mg/kg) in rats, the average creatinine and urea levels were within the normal range, the relative organ weight and isolated organ are within the normal reference value. The photomicrographs of the liver and kidney sections showed mild histological changes. The in vivo assay showed the aqueous and methanol extracts from A. nilotica at 200mg/kg, 100mg/kg, and positive control (diminazine aceturate 3.5mg) reduced parasitaemia (p < 0.05), improved anaemia (p < 0.05), prevented body weight loss (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control. This study showed that the leaf of A. nilotica is safe and possess antitrypanosomal properties, suggesting that they may be a source of novel drugs for treatment of tropical diseases caused by trypanosomes.

Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of Petasites hybridus and related species from Croatia and considerations regarding their pharmaceutical significance.

Extracts obtained from common butterbur (Petasites hybridus), standardized to petasins, are existing pharmaceutical options for the treatment and/or prevention of allergic rhinitis (leaves) and migraine (rhizomes). In this study, the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant potential of ten samples of Croatian Petasites species (four P. hybridus, four P. albus, one P. kabli kianus, and one P. paradoxus) obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction of leaves were compared. The total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) of methanolic leaf extracts ranged from 4.43 ± 0.09 to 10.76 ± 0.60 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dry mass (mg GAE g-1 DM) for P. hybridus and from 6.66 ± 0.43 to 19.92 ± 2.90 mg GAE g-1 DM for P. albus samples, while those of P. kablikianus and P. paradoxus were equal to 7.56 ± 0.17 mg GAE g-1 DM and 10.22 ± 0.46 mg GAE g-1 DM, respectively. Flavonoid content (AlCl3 assay) varied between 2.51 ± 0.10 and 4.03 ± 0.08 mg quercetin equivalent g-1 dry mass (mg QE g-1 DM) for P. hybridus and between 2.21 ± 0.09 and 5.22 ± 0.02 mg QE g-1 DM for P. albus samples, while those of P. kablikianus and P. paradoxus were equal to 5.59 ± 0.05 mg QE g-1 DM and 5.50 ± 0.09 mg QE g-1 DM, respectively. Antioxidant potential was in high correlation with total phenolic content (r = 0.93, p < 0.001). Due to the expected contribution of plant polyphenols and flavonoids to the activity of butterbur extracts and their observed great variabilities, determining the content of these compounds may be of interest to the pharmaceutical industry.

Preliminary phase results of GC-MS analysis and cytotoxic activity of Argemone mexicana leaves methanol extract against MCF-7 cell lines

Argemone mexicana leaves (AML) contain a variety of bioactive components such as fatty acids, amino acids, phenolics and alkaloids, including Berberine, Isoquinoline, Scoulerine, Stylopine, Thalifone, Benzylisoquinolines, Protopine, and Tetrahydroberberine. This study aimed to examine the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of AML extract and its cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell lines to identify an alternative source for anticancer treatment. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was utilized to assess the viability of AML extract-treated cells, while the apoptotic assay involved Acridine orange staining to determine the mode of cell death based on morphological and nuclear fragmentation. The GC-MS analysis was used to identify the biologically active compounds. The results showed that the percentage of cell viability after AML extract treatment ranged from 28.50% to 64.28% for concentrations of 1000 to 125 μg/ml (IC50 = 258.87 μg/ml). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in cell viability (p &lt; 0.05). Exposure of cells to AML extract stimulated apoptosis through membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, cytoplasm condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Forty-one compounds were identified by GC-MS in the AML extract. Based on the peak area, some major compounds included n-Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, Phytol, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (Z, Z, Z)-, and 1-methyl piperidine. In conclusion, the bioactive compounds are apparently responsible for the cytotoxic effects of the AML extract, and the in-vitro results highlight the extract’s potential as a source of natural anticancer drugs. However, further investigation is necessary to confirm this.

Anti- Inflammatory Activities Of The Methanol Leaf Extract And Fractions Of Elaesis Guineensis In In-Vivo Animals

Abstract Objective Objective of this paper is to investigate the preliminary anti-inflammatory property of the leaves and its fractions of Elaesis guineensis using egg induced albumin and formaldehyde induced arthritis models in rats. Method Egg albumin induced inflammation was induced by sub-plantar injection of 0.1 ml of fresh undiluted egg albumin. The volume of distilled water displaced by the treated paw was measured at 0.5,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after induction of inflammation. Formaldehyde-induced arthritis was induced after 30 min by sub-plantar injection of 0.1 ml of 2.5% formaldehyde solution and was repeated on day 3. Arthritis was assessed by measuring the volume of distilled water displaced by the paw before induction of arthritis and once every day for ten days, starting from day one, after induction of arthritis. Results The acute toxicity test revealed that the plant extract was safe even at 5000 mg/kg dose level. The methanol extract (ME) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of egg albumin-induced acute inflammation that peaked at the dose of 200 mg/kg, while the fractions of the extract showed that the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest activity during the experiment. Similarly, the crude extract of the formaldehyde induced arthritis showed a dose-dependent inhibition making the 200 mg/kg the most active dose level. Additionally, it was observed that among the fractions of the extract the hexane fraction (HF) showed the most significant inhibitory activity when compared to other fractions Conclusion this study establishes that the methanol leaf extract and fractions ofElaesis guineensis possess significant anti-inflammatory activity

Molluscicidal effects of Persicaria senegalensis on terrestrial snails Cornu aspersum in South Africa

Cornu aspersum is an invasive terrestrial snail pest of the family Helicidae. In South Africa, where the snail causes significant crop losses in viticulture areas, synthetic molluscicides are used to control them. However, the latter negatively affects both those who apply it and the non-targeted organisms. Persicaria senegalensis, a plant in the family Polyganeaceae, has demonstrated molluscicidal properties against aquatic snails. The present researchers conducted a quantitative analysis of the total saponin content of the leaves, flowers, stems and roots of P. senegalensis. We evaluated the plant’s molluscicidal properties against C. aspersum using the contact assay method over a period of 24 hours. The total saponin content of P. senegalensis’s methanolic leaf, flower, stem and root extracts was found to be 254.42 ± 0.55, 188.53 ± 0.83, 155.19 ± 0.55 and 68.27 ± 0.79 mg DE/mg, respectively. The standard error LD50 of methanol leaf, flower, stem and root extracts against C. aspersum were determined at 549.54 ± 158.49, 758.58 ± 107.15, 1778.78 ± 114.81 and 1819.70 ± 346.73, respectively. The mortality rate of snails exposed to doses of methanolic extracts of P. senegalensis leaves increased with increasing concentrations. P. senegalensis therefore, contains high concentrations of total saponins and molluscicidal properties against C. aspersum.

ANTIOXIDANT, INHIBITION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM (SCENT LEAF) METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Bacillus SPP

The study investigates the antioxidant, inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation and antimicrobial activities of methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum. GC-MS, qualitative, antioxidant scavenging and antiglycation activities of the extract of Ocimum gratissimum were determined using standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using standard methods. The GC-MS analysis of Ocimum gratissimum leaf revealed the presence of 49 compounds with P –cymene been the most abundant. The phytochemical screening of the extract shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins etc. The in-vitro antioxidant assay of the extract was found to have ?-carotene, lycopene, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds, reducing power and DPPH scavenging activities. The extract showed significant inhibitory effects on the formation of compounds containing two carbonyl groups and Advanced Glycated End products formation with IC50 of 75.85 ±4.87 µg/mL. Agar well diffusion assay was characterized by inhibition zones of 21.0 ± 0.30, 19.66 ± 0.20, 33.78± 0.30 and 33.25 ± 0.40 mm for Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp respectively at 250 mg/ml for Ocimum gratissimum and 25 mg/ml for tetracycline solution. The MIC values for E.coli and Bacillus spp were 33.33, 66.67, 0.78 and 0.78 for both extract and tetracycline while their MBC values were 66.67, 133.00, 1.56 and 1.56 respectively. MBC/ MIC values showed that Ocimum gratissimum extract and tetracycline had bactericidal effects. These results indicated that Ocimum gratissimum possesses antioxidant, prevents glycation and has antimicrobial activities.

An antioxidant potential analysis of herbal silver nanoparticles synthesized from methanolic leaf extract of Cassia siamea

ynthesis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) made from methanolic leaf extract of Cassia siamea, To develop a herbal, potential, cost-effective source of antioxidative agents.Herbal matter have been a good source of nutrition and antioxidant agents from the ages, to fulfil the requirements of one by its natural phytoconstituents. Present study compiles the, green synthesis of AgNPs using the methanolic leaf extract of C. siamea. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized and used for the detection of their in vitro antioxidant potential. The activity was analysed through DPPH and FRAP assays. While the antioxidant potential of AgNPs is known, the use of C. siamea extract for this purpose is relatively underexplored, making this study a significant contribution to the field of nanotechnology and natural antioxidants. The findings highlight the potential of plant-mediated AgNPs for future applications in biomedicine, particularly as natural, eco-friendly antioxidants.The collection and identification of the plant leaf was done in University Campus. The AgNPs were characterized through several techniques as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, particle size and Zeta potential analysis, SEM, confirming the formation of stable AgNPs. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays, with ascorbic acid serving as the reference standard. By current study this can be concluded that after successful synthesis and characterization of AgNPs, DPPH Assay demonstrated that AgNPs had a concentration-dependent % scavenging action, with considerable radical inhibition at all examined levels, but they are lower than ascorbic acid. Similarly, FRAP assay demonstrated the reducing power of AgNPs, which increased with concentration. The IC values obtained from both assays indicate that synthesized AgNPs possess substantial antioxidant activity.The bioactive chemicals in the leaf extract play an important role in nanoparticle formation and their stability. These findings suggest that green-synthesized AgNPs from Cassia siamea exhibit considerable antioxidant potential, making them promising candidates for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. This study contributes to the growing body of research on plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis and the potential of such nanoparticles as natural antioxidants.

The antioxidant and cytotoxicity capabilities of the total methanol leaf extract of Camellia yokdonensis

Camellia yokdonensis was first described in 2006 and clarified as a Vietnamese endemic Camellia. Camellia species are often associated with strong biological activity and have high application potential. However, there is currently no research on the biological activity of C. yokdonensis. The experiment was performed using DPPH assay and PFRAP assay to investigate the antioxidant capacity of the leaf extract. Besides, a 72-hour cytotoxic assay experiment on cancer cells showed the toxicity of the extract. The results showed that C. yokdonensis leaf extract has the ability to reduce iron ions and scavenge DPPH free radicals with an EC50 of 19.37 ± 1.66 µg/mL. Anticancer activity was determined by IC50 values (µg/mL) on HCC-J5, A549, MCF-7, and K562 cells as 138.00 ± 11.60, 172.90 ± 22.31, 175.52 ± 16.70, and 48.82 ±12.59, respectively.

Phyto-synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and its enhanced biological activity examined using methanolic leaf extract of Brassica oleracea Linn

Phyto-synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and its enhanced biological activity examined using methanolic leaf extract of Brassica oleracea Linn

Unveiling the antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities of Diospyros buxifolia leaf and stem extracts via GC-MS analysis

Drug-resistant microorganisms pose a significant threat to public health as they can undermine the effectiveness of existing antibiotics and other medications. Additionally, the formation of free radicals, can contribute to various health problems. Diospyros buxifolia (D. buxifolia) belonging to Ebenaceae family is a large tropical evergreen tree utilised in traditional medicine to cure several health ailments. The present study was set out to separate bioactive speciation of aqueous and methanolic extracts of stem and leaves from D. buxifolia by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by evaluation of its antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities. GC-MS identified 14 different bioactive compounds, with four compounds common for both (leaf and stem) extracts. The methanolic extracts of leaf demonstrated significant antibacterial activity) while stem extracts exhibited notable antioxidant potential. Thus, D. buxifolia is proved source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, that could address the challenges posed by drug-resistant microorganisms and oxidative stress in global health.

In vitro pharmacological evaluation of Methanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera for antifungal and anti-breast cancer activities.

Medicinal plants remained the primary choice worldwide from several centuries due to many therapeutic effects in the management of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Therefore, exploration of new medicinalplants as a green medicine has the major concern of many research groups. Microbial infections and different types of cancers in human are among the common health problems both in developing as well as in developed countries. Medicinal plants as a source of anti-microbial and anti-cancer agents are still in their initial stage in modern medicine. So current research work was planned to explore the anti-fungal and anticancer potential of Calotropis procera. C. procera leaves were collected from local area of Faisalabad, Pakistan, and phytochemical, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities were studied following reference methods. In vitro anti-microbial study of methanolic extracts of C. procera leaves against different strains of fungal was performed. Results showed that plant extract in a dose of 5 mg/mL have significant (P<0.05) antifungal activity. Moreover, the methanolic leaf extract of C. procera displayed strong anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cells (MCF-7), with a cytotoxic activityat 200μg/mL comparable to that found for Taxol as standard drug. Findings of current research work showed that the leaf extracts of C. procera has strong potential as an antibacterial, antifungal and anti-cancer agent. However, characterization and purification of phytochemicals is required to develop drug from natural resources.

Acute toxicity study and antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Crotolaria retusa&lt;/i&gt; Linn. against multidrug resistant bacterial isolates

Acute toxicity study and antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Crotolaria retusa&lt;/i&gt; Linn. against multidrug resistant bacterial isolates

Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis and Assessments of Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Activity of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Cheilanthes tenuifolia: In Vivo Study.

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.), commonly known as the Sword Fern or Narrow-leaved Cloak Fern, is a little evergreen fern that belongs to the Pteridaceae family and is abundant in various bioactive compounds exerting promising medicinal properties. The current study is designed to evaluate in vivo analgesic and antidiarrheal activity of the methanol leaf extract of C. tenuifolia (MCT). For this purpose, Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the analgesic and antidiarrheal properties using acetic acid-induced writhing and castor oil-induced diarrhea methods, respectively. The mice were administered orally with different doses of MCT (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg). The vehicle performed as a negative control (NC), while diclofenac sodium (DCN) (25 mg/kg), loperamide (LOP) (3 mg/kg), bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) (10 mg/kg), and nifedipine (NDP) (2.5 mg/kg) were supplied as positive controls (PC) (p.o.). In both models, combination treatment of MCT (higher dose) and PC was also administered to different groups of animals for assessing potential antagonistic or synergistic activity. Findings of the in vivo study demonstrated that MCT dose-dependently significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited analgesic and antidiarrheal properties by reduction in the number of writhing and reductions in the total fecal output in contrast to the NC group. Moreover, in combination treatment, MCT significantly (p < 0.05) synergized the activity of PC in both models, exerting potential analgesic and antidiarrheal activity. In conclusion, MCT has analgesic and antidiarrheal activity; it might be beneficial for the management of pain and diarrhea.

Analgesic Effects of Methanol Leaf Extracts from Datura alba ness in Male Wistar Rats through Reduction of C-reactive Protein Levels

Introduction: The increasing interest in utilizing natural products from medicinal plants for pain management stems from their wide availability and minimal side effects. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity profile of Datura alba ness (DAN) extracts and assess their potential analgesic activity through preventive and therapeutic analgesia models in Wistar rats, as well as to investigate the possible mechanisms of action using molecular docking. Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves of DAN were collected from a garden in the Abua/Odua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The leaves were extracted using cold maceration to obtain ethanolic extracts of Datura alba ness (MEDAN). Twelve mice (19-30g) were used for toxicity study, while sixty Wistar rats (140-180g) were used for analgesic studies. Serum C-reactive protein levels were determined using ELISA methods, and molecular docking simulations were conducted using AutoDock and Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results: The results indicated that MEDAN was very safe, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg. The findings demonstrate that MEDAN significantly increased the pain threshold in male Wistar rats after three weeks of administration in a dose-dependent manner during the preemptive analgesia study, while pain thresholds increased within one hour but decreased over time in the therapeutic analgesia study. The combination of MEDAN with a standard drug (Flexicam) resulted in improved analgesic effects at the 500 mg/kg dose. Additionally, the study revealed that MEDAN significantly reduced serum C-reactive protein levels after three weeks of oral administration. Molecular docking studies indicated that stigmasterol, gamma-sitosterol, and cholest-5-en-3-ol, 24-propylidene-(3β) from MEDAN demonstrated binding affinity to C-reactive protein receptors, mimicking the effects of the reference drug, celecoxib. Conclusion: This study concludes that ethanolic extracts of Datura alba ness exhibited significant efficacy in pain reduction by lowering C-reactive protein levels. This effect was especially enhanced when the 500 mg/kg dose of MEDAN was combined with the standard drug, Flexicam. The findings provide a scientific basis supporting the traditional medicinal use of Datura alba ness for pain management.

Haematology and histology studies on Moringa oleifera leaves and bark extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats

Alterations in haematological parameters are frequently observed in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Oxidative stress has been identified as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of organ damage and haematological dysfunction associated with DM. As a result, the potential positive impact of Moringa oleifera, a medicinal plant known for its antioxidant properties, on haematological parameters and kidney function in diabetic rats was investigated. A total of thirty-five rats were divided into seven groups, each consisting of five rats. Group I was administered only distilled water, while groups II to VII were induced with a single dose of 60mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Subsequently, groups II to VI were treated with 150 mg/kg Moringa oleifera leaf methanol extract, 150 mg/kg Moringa oleifera bark methanol extract, 300 mg/kg Moringa oleifera leaf, 300 mg/kg Moringa oleifera bark, and metformin, respectively. The results showed positive modulation to most of the haematology parameters evaluated except neutrophils and lymphocytes by the treatments. The leaf extract showed a more significant modulation of platelets than other treatments. The histology of the kidney showed normal structure for all the treatments. Moringa oleifera especially the leaf extract is promising in the treatment of DM

Larvicidal Efficacy of &lt;i&gt;Cassia singueana&lt;/i&gt; methanol leaf extract against &lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Culex quinquefasciatus&lt;/i&gt;

Despite the persistent control measures, mosquitoes remain abundant and the disease they transmit persists globally posing significant health challenges. There is increasing enthusiasm for exploring botanical solutions as substitutes for conventional chemical insecticides, driven by their broad insecticidal attributes, eco-friendly nature and compatibility with various ecological settings. As such, the study was designed to assess the larvicidal properties of methanol leaf extract of Cassia singueana against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The plant was subjected to preliminary and GC-MS phytochemicals screening. Larvicidal bioassay was conducted using six different concentrations (0.10-3.20 mg/ml) and 31.25mg/l temphos and distilled water were used as positive and negative control respectively. The experimental set up was observed after 24 h and the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99) were determined using Probit analysis. Preliminary phytochemical screening of C. singueana methanol leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroid carbohydrates, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Eighteen (18) bioactive compounds were identified in the methanol leaf extract of C. singueana which includes 1,5-Heptadien-3-yne, 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde, 2-Butenoic acid, Acetonitrile, 2,2'-iminobis-, 7,11-Hexadecadienal,2-Hexyne, among others. The extract had larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus with LD99 of 5.44 mg/ml and 15.85 mg/ml respectively at 24 h post-treatment. This study offers valuable perspectives on the possible application and advancement of C. singueana leaf extract as a potential bioinsecticide against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus and consequently control the diseases transmitted by them.

Phytochemical Screening and Characterization of Volatile Compounds from Three Medicinal Plants with Reported Anticancer Properties Using GC-MS.

Annona senegalensis pers, Sutherlandia frutescens (L.), and Withania somnifera (L.) are abundant plants and widely distributed in the Limpopo, Gauteng, Kwazulu-Natal, North West and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa. The three plants are among those used by traditional healers and herbalists in South Africa for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer. The current study aimed at the phytochemical screening and characterization of volatile compounds from the three medicinal plants using GC-MS. The methanol leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard chemical tests to detect the presence of different classes of compounds. Volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis, and detected compounds were identified by comparing the MS spectral data with those of compounds deposited in the NIST Library (NIST08). Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of different secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, quinones, steroids, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, and terpenoids in all plants. GC-MS chromatograms allowed the detection and identification of 19 volatile compounds among the three plants with known bioactivities that are important in the management of life-threatening diseases such as cancer and diabetes. The results confirm the leaves of Annona senegalensis, Sutherlandia frutescens, and Withania somnifera as sources of important phytochemicals and therefore justify their use for the treatment of various diseases by traditional healers.

Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of phytochemicals from Gymnostachyum febrifugum-an in vitro study

Gymnostachyum febrifugum an ethnomedicinal plant of Acanthaceae family is used to treat fever, ulcer and metrorrhagia. The current study aimed to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of phytochemicals from methanolic leaf and root extracts of G. febrifugum. In addition, a preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The study revealed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of G. febrifugum roots compared to that of leaves. Also, a moderate in vitro cytotoxic effect of the root methanolic extracts was observed against human lung cancer cells. LC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of root revealed the presence of 11 phytochemicals belonging to classes of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and sugars, of which esculin, 6,7,10-trihydroxy-8-octadecenoic acid, piperlongumine, ardisiacrispin B and berbamine were detected in high abundance. Probably, these phytochemicals were responsible for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of G. febrifugum. However further research on isolation and identification of active compounds is necessary to confirm these results.