Leaf Extract Of Cymbopogon Citratus Research Articles

Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf in Swiss Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65

The study assessed the antiplasmodial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus on chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei in mice. Standard methods were used to determine the bioactive components of the leaf extract, acute toxicity test and antiplasmodial activity. Mice obtained (of body weight 20-25 g) were housed and acclimatized for seven days at room temperature before the commencement of the experiment. A total of 16 albino mice were randomized into four groups of four mice each for acute toxicity while 35 were grouped into five groups of seven mice each for antiplasmodial activity. All the groups 1-5 were infected with P. berghei and were treated for six consecutive days with leaf extract dosage of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, standard antimalarial drug (chloroquine) as positive control and normal saline as negative control respectively.
 Phytochemical screening/ bioactive compounds of the leaf extract reveals the presence of saponins (10.3 mg/g), tannins (2.38 mg/g), flavonoids (1.87 mg/g), terpenoids (19.12 mg/g), steroids (6.21 mg/g) and glycosides (19.9 mg/g) as secondary metabolites. The leaf extract revealed decrease in body weight of the infected mice and did not show any toxicity at all dosage levels used.
 The antiplasmodial investigation revealed a decrease in percentage parasitaemia level in mice of extract treated groups compared with mice infected and not treated. The parasitaemia reduction was higher in 800 mg/kg than 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. This significant decrease (P<0.05) in percentage parasitaemia level in the study was dose and time-dependent. The extract showed significant (p<0.05) antiplasmodial activity and could serve as possible candidates for the development of new effective drugs for the treatment of malaria.

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The study evaluates the sub-acute toxicity and antioxidant potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus against CCl4-induced toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. The ethanolic leaf extract of C. citratus was prepared by solvent maceration method. The phytochemicals present in the extract were determined using standard methods. The potential sub-acute toxicities were evaluated using OECD procedure. The sub-acute toxicity of the extract at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, b.wt. was administered orally for 28 days. Another sets of rats were made hepatotoxic by orally administered with CCl4 (20% CCl4 in olive oil) twice per week for a period of five weeks. They were treated with C. citratus extract (300 and 600 mg/kg body weight) once a day for 35 days. Biochemical parameters were used to assess the hepatoprotective effects of the extract on liver tissues. Phytochemical screening of C citratus shows the presence of anthraquinones, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc. The administration of C. citratus is not hematotoxic and significantly reduced (P<0.05) elevated liver biomarker enzymes, urea, creatinine and the level of malondialdehyde. Treatment with the extract was found to significantly increase (P<0.05) TP level, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Liver histopathology shows that the extract reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl4. The administration of C. citratus did not produce any toxic effects in the sub-acute study. The plant exhibits potent protective effects in CCl4-induced liver damage due to decrease in liver biomarker enzymes activities, increase of antioxidant-defense system and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Key words: Sub-acute toxicity, protective effects, Cymbopogon citratus, carbon tetrachloride, hematological, oxidative stress parameters.

Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leaf extract attenuates neurobehavioral and biochemical changes induced by social defeat stress in mice

ObjectivePsychosocial stress has been implicated in the genesis of psychiatric disorders such as memory deficits, depression, anxiety and addiction. Aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) otherwise known as lemongrass tea has antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effects in rodents. This study was designed to evaluate if C. citratus could reverse the neurobehavioral and biochemical derangements induced by social defeat stress (SDS) in the resident/intruder paradigm. MethodsIntruder male mice were divided into five groups (n = 7): group 1 received saline (10 mL/kg, p.o.; non-stress control), group 2 also received saline (10 mL/kg, p.o.; SDS control) while groups 3–5 had C. citratus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 14 d. The SDS was carried out 30 min after each treatment from day 7 to day 14 by exposing each intruder mouse in groups 2–5 to a 10 min confrontation in the home cage of an aggressive resident counterpart. The neurobehavioral features (spontaneous motor activity-SMA, anxiety, memory, social avoidance and depression were then evaluated. The concentrations of nitrite, malondialdehyde and glutathione as well as acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain tissues were also determined. ResultsC. citratus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) attenuated hypolocomotion, heightened anxiety, depressive-like symptom, memory deficit and social avoidance induced by SDS. The altered levels of oxidative stress and acetyl-cholinesterase in SDS-mice were positively modulated by C. citratus. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that C. citratus might mitigate psychosocial stress-induced neurologic diseases in susceptible individuals.

Cymbopogon Citratus Functionalized Green Synthesis of CuO-Nanoparticles: Novel Prospects as Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Agents.

Chemically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) involve the generation of toxic products, which narrowed its biological application. Hence, we have developed a one-pot, green method for CuONP production employing the leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CLE). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed the capping of CuONPs by CLE esters (CLE-CuONPs). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) showed phenolics, sugars, and proteins mediated nucleation and stability of CLE-CuONPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed CLE-CuONPs between 11.4 to 14.5 nm. Staphylococcus aureus-1 (MRSA-1), Staphylococcus aureus-2 (MSSA-2) exposed to CLE-CuONPs (1500 µg/mL) showed 51.4%, 32.41% survival, while Escherichia coli-336 (E. coli-336) exposed to 1000 µg/mL CLE-CuONPs showed 45.27% survival. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of CLE-CuONPs treated E. coli-336, MSSA-2 and MRSA-1 showed morphological deformations. The biofilm production by E. coli-336 and MRSA-1 also declined to 33.0 ± 3.2% and 49.0 ± 3.1% at 2000 µg/mL of CLE-CuONPs. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) showed 22.80 ± 2.6%, 19.2 ± 4.2%, and 16.2 ± 3.6% accumulation of Cu2+ in E. coli-336, MSSA-2, and MRSA-1. Overall, the data exhibited excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacies of esters functionalized CLE-CuONPs, indicating its putative application as a novel nano-antibiotic against multi drug resistance (MDR) pathogenic clinical isolates.

Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activities of aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice.

Background Anxiety is a common ailment of high co-morbidity with epilepsy, a chronic neurologic disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Current drugs used for these conditions have several limitations such as disabling side effects, relapse, and ineffectiveness in certain population necessitating the search for alternative options. The aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) is widely used for its various health-promoting effects including relief of seizures and anxiety in ethnomedicine. This present study describes its effects on convulsions, anxiety-like behaviors, and social interaction in mice. Methods Male Swiss mice were pretreated orally with CYC (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), or distilled water (10 mL/kg) 60 min before induction of convulsions with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of picrotoxin (10 mg/kg), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg/kg), or isoniazid (300 mg/kg). The animals were then observed for the occurrence of seizure for 30 min or 2 h for isoniazid. The effects of CYC on anxiety-like behaviors, social interaction, and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) were evaluated in naive mice. Results CYC (25-100 mg/kg) did not prevent convulsions nor delay the latency to convulsions induced by picrotoxin, PTZ, or isoniazid. Pretreatment with CYC (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) produced anxiolytic-like effect, decreased SMA, and also enhanced social interaction behavior in naive mice. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that CYC did not exhibit an anticonvulsant property in mice injected with picrotoxin, PTZ, or isoniazid, but its anxiolytic-like activity and social interaction-promoting effect might be of benefit as an adjuvant in improving the quality of life of epileptic patients.

Ovicidal activity of aqueous crude leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Cymbopogon citratus&lt;/i&gt;, lemon grass, (poaceae) against &lt;i&gt;Culex quinquefasciatus&lt;/i&gt; mosquito (Diptera culicidae)

Despite the use of inorganic mosquito repellents and insecticides for controlling adult mosquito population, the breeding grounds of mosquitoes are still persistent. This study investigated the ovicidal potential of aqueous crude leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus on the wild strains of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito at five (5) test concentrations in logarithmic range of 62.5-1,000 ppm plus a control (0.00 ppm) each quadruple replicated and had egg raft (containing approximately 150 C. quinquefasciatus eggs). Plant bioactivity of the aqueous crude leaf extract of C. citratus and its acute ovicidal activity on C. quinquefasciatus mosquito coupled with the water quality parameters of the test media were analyzed. Phytochemicals screened revealed strong presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, phenol and resins. The 48-hrs acute ovicidal activity showed dose-dependent mortality; the highest (150.00 ± 0.00) mortality recorded at 1,000 ppm test concentration with median lethal concentration (48hr-LC 50 ) of 186.21 ppm. Water quality in test media analyzed were significantly different ( p 0.05) compared to the control. It can be inferred that the use of C. citratus leaf which is readily available, biodegradable and environmentally friendly could halt the egg-stage reproductive cycle and thus serve as biocide against C. quinquefasciatus mosquito. Keywords: Plant bioactive; C. citrates ; acute; ovicidal; C. quinquefasciatus

In-ovo antiviral assay of methanolic leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) on Newcastle disease virus

This study determined the in-ovo antiviral effect of crude Methanolic leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus on Newcastle disease virus. Cold extraction was carried out using analytical grade methanol. Phytochemical screening of the crude extract was carried out using standard procedures. Antiviral assay was carried out in nine-day old specific pathogen free embryonated hens’ eggs in three designs made of five eggs per group (Virus with extract, virus only and un-inoculated groups) with concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 100 mg ml−1. Egg toxicity of the extract was determined for concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg ml−1. Inoculated eggs were incubated at 37 °C and observed daily for 96 h for embryo survival and mortality. Spot haemagglutination was carried out on bacteria-free allantoic fluid from the embryonated eggs to detect the presence of the virus. Phytochemical assay revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, phlebotannins and terpenoids. Mild toxicity was observed at concentrations of 100 mg ml−1 and above. There was no haemagglutination of fluid from the eggs inoculated with a combination of Virus and extract at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg ml−1. The current findings demonstrated that leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus has potential medicinal value as well as antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus in-vivo. The specific mechanism of action remains to be studied to further elucidate on its potential as a therapeutic product for the treatment of Newcastle Disease.

Lemon Grass Tea Enhanced Memory Function and Attenuated Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mice Via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Acetyl-Cholinesterase Activity

ABSTRACTThe aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) was evaluated for memory functions on scopolamine (SCO)-induced amnesia in mice. Male mice received CYC (25, 50, or 100 mg kg−1) or saline (10 mL kg−1) orally for 7 consecutive days. In the interaction studies, the mice were given CYC (25, 50, or 100 mg kg−1, p.o) 30 min before SCO (3 mg kg−1, i.p) for 7 consecutive days. Thirty minutes after the last treatment in each case, memory function was evaluated using Y-maze and object recognition tests. The biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and glutathione) and acetyl-cholinesterase activity in the brain of SCO-treated mice were also determined. CYC increased memory performance and attenuated SCO-induced amnesia in mice. The extract also attenuated increased oxidative stress and acetyl-cholinesterase activity induced by SCO. Findings of this study suggested the potential use of the aqueous leaf extract of C. citratus as a phytotherapeutic agent for memory decline.

Comparative Antiproliferative Activity of Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Detarium senegalense&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and Leaf of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cymbopogon citratus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Malignant cancer cells exhibit uncontrollable high proliferation similarly to meristematic cells of seeds, this led to the establishment that agents capable of producing antiproliferative effects are potential anticancer agents. The experimental plant used for this research was Sorghum bicolor seeds. The sole aim of this research work is to unveil the antiproliferative potential of Detarium senegalense and to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus on radicle length of Sorghum bicolor seeds. The three extracts were prepared at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/cm 3 as well as methotrexate (reference standard) at concentration of 0.05 mg/cm 3 . The growth lengths were measured at 24, 48 and 72 hours of the experiment and expressed as percentage inhibition and percentage growth. The extracts produced considerable amount of antiproliferative effect on the radicle length of the seeds. The antiproliferative activity of the three extracts were concentration (dose) dependent, as the concentration of the extracts of leaves of D. senegalense increases, the percentage inhibition also increases, with a percentage of 89.47 % at an optimum concentration of 100 mg/cm 3 . Similarly, D. senegalense stem bark and C. citratus leaves showed percentage inhibition which corresponds to 73.68 % at optimum concentration of 100 mg/cm 3 and 86.84 % at an optimum concentration of 80 mg/cm 3 after the 72 hours of the incubation period. This research work however, has unveiled the use of D. senegalense as potential therapeutics for cancer treatment especially in developing countries, and has added a new-found knowledge to science.

Green synthesis, characterization and biological activities of silver nanoparticles from alkalinized Cymbopogon citratus Stapf

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized from the alkalinized leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus, also known as lemon grass (LG), and characterized for their size and shape using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The total formation of the AgNPs was observed visually with a color change from yellow to brownish-black. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) were conducted to determine the various functional groups and the concentration of metal ions in the nanoparticles. The data analysis showed spherically shaped nanoparticles with a size of 10–33 nm, as revealed by TEM, thereby complementing the result for SEM. FTIR identifies the ethylene group as a reducing and capping agent for the formation of the nanoparticles. The x-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the presence of silver crystallites as well as their size, further confirming the result of the TEM. AgNPs do not exhibit very good potential as free radical scavengers when compared to the standards. The synthesized AgNPs in suspension showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of 31.25–62.5 µg ml−1. In summary, the synthesized AgNPs possessed an acceptable size and shape.

Cymbopogon citratus-synthesized gold nanoparticles boost the predation efficiency of copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis against malaria and dengue mosquitoes

Plant-borne compounds can be employed to synthesize mosquitocidal nanoparticles that are effective at low doses. However, how they affect the activity of mosquito predators in the aquatic environment is unknown. In this study, we synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuN) using the leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus, which acted as a reducing and capping agent. AuN were characterized by a variety of biophysical methods and sorted for size in order to confirm structural integrity. C. citratus extract and biosynthesized AuN were tested against larvae and pupae of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. LC50 of C. citratus extract ranged from 219.32 ppm to 471.36 ppm. LC50 of AuN ranged from 18.80 ppm to 41.52 ppm. In laboratory, the predatory efficiency of the cyclopoid crustacean Mesocyclops aspericornis against A. stephensi larvae was 26.8% (larva I) and 17% (larva II), while against A. aegypti was56% (I) and 35.1% (II). Predation against late-instar larvae was minimal. In AuN-contaminated environment,predation efficiency against A. stephensi was 45.6% (I) and 26.7% (II), while against A. aegypti was 77.3% (I) and 51.6% (II). Overall, low doses of AuN may help to boost the control of Anopheles and Aedes larval populations in copepod-based control programs.

Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Quantification Assessment of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cymbopopgon citratus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Leaf

The leaf-extract of Cymbopogon citratus was evaluated for nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions. The results revealed that the plant leaves contained appreciable amounts of phyto-chemicals (alkaloids, glucosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids and tannins), proximate compositions (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, crude fibre, ash and moisture), vitamins (A, C, E, B1, B2 and B9) and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Na, K, Ca and Co) in varying degrees. These chemical compositions obtained may be responsible for the nutritional and therapeutic uses. The proximate, vitamin and mineral compositions obtained suggested that the leaves may serve as cheap sources of vitamin A, C, E, B1, B2 and B9 as well as other macro- and micro-nutrients, and could be incorporated into human diets to meet-up with their recommended daily dietary allowances. The content of flavonoids, vitamin A, C and E in the leaf extract also suggests possible anti-oxidant effects of the plant leaves.

Histopathological study on the effects of oral administration of aqueous leaf extracts of cymbopogon citratus on the frontal cortex of male sprague dawley rats

This investigation was to evaluate the histopathological effects of oral consumption of the aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus on the frontal cortex of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Ten male SD rats weighing between 150-230g were used. The rats were randomly assigned into two groups designated as groups A and B. Group A served as the control group while group B was the treatment. 300 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous leaf extract of C. citratus was administered once daily for 14 consecutive days (14d) orally through a sterilized orogastric tube, while the control rats received equal volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration. The frontal cortices were excised, fixed in 10% formol calcium for 18 hours and were processed for routine light microscopic study using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) method. The histological findings revealed that the extract treated sections showed cytoarchitectural distortions ranging from neuronal degeneration, distortion, vacuolations and evidence of necrotic bodies while the sections from the rats in group B conform to normal histological profile. These findings suggest a deleterious and toxic effects of aqueous leaf extract of C . citratus on the frontal cortex of SD rats.