Ethyl Acetate Fraction Of Leaves Research Articles

In Vitro Wound Healing and Anticancer Effects of Ixora coccinea in Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines.

Background Ixora coccinea is a medicinal plant with many active constituents that are responsible for wound healing and have anticancer properties. Herbal extracts increase the mechanisms related to wound healing, like blood clotting, fighting infection, and epithelialization. The effect responsible for this property may be the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids. Many researchers have evaluated the wound-healing effect of I. coccinea leaf extract in aqueous methanol. This study aimed to determine the in vitro wound healing and anticancer efficacy of I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract and evaluate the in silico docking of the selected phytoconstituents of I. coccinea in the 2vcj protein. Materials and methods The human dermal fibroblast cell line was used to determine the rates of cell migration and proliferation for evaluating the wound-healing effect of the I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate fraction. 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)fluorescence labeling was used to estimate the rate of cell migration. The one-step TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling) in situ apoptosis kit and the annexin V-FITC/7-AAD apoptosis kit were used to perform DNA damage assays in the malignant melanoma cell line. The ethyl acetate fraction of I. coccinea leaves was analyzed for its impact on wound healing markers, including keratin-10, keratin-14, type IV collagen, and α-SMA. Results The wound-healing nature was interesting in the ethyl acetate fraction at doses of 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL. Both studies involved in the DNA damage study against malignant melanoma cell lines showed the cleavage of apoptotic cancer cells, which was detected using a fluorescence microscope. When compared with the control, a dose of 100 μg/ml of ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of I. coccinea showed fibroblast migration of cells into the wound area. The statistical values were considered significant at the level of P < 0.05. An in silico docking study on the 2vcj protein revealed that selected phytoconstituents of I. coccinea resulted in good docking scores to inhibit Hsp90. Conclusion I. coccinea ethyl acetate leaf extract can inhibit the growth of malignant melanoma cell lines and promote wound healing, as shown by the study results. It might be a viable therapeutic modality for skin cancer.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Ethyl Acetate Fraction Cream Preparation as Anti Acne Against Propionibacterium acne Bacteria

Acne or acne vulgaris is a disease in the form of inflammation of multiple sebaceous glands caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acne. Papaya leaves are a plant that can potentially be used as an acne treatment. To determine the antiacne activity of papaya leaf ethyl acetate fraction cream preparations caused by Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The ethyl acetate fraction of papaya leaves are made into a cream preparation with varying concentrations of ten, fifteen, and twenty percent. The results of the cream preparation test met the physical property standards. Still, the viscosity in formulation three did not meet the standards, and formulas two and three did not meet the cream stability test standards. Antibacterial tests show that all formulas have inhibitory power against bacteria. The average inhibition zone results in formula one, formula two, and formula three were 4.99 ± 0.48 mm, 6.85 ± 0.48 mm and 10.12 ± 1.42 mm. Formula One papaya leaf fraction cream fulfills all the physical characteristics of the preparation. All papaya leaf ethyl acetate fraction cream preparations are antibacterial against Propionibacterium acne. So, research can be developed using the ethyl acetate fraction of papaya leaves in various preparations, and activity tests against other bacteria can be carried out.

Alterations in haematological indices of indomethacin-ulcerated rats treated with Persea americana seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction

This study determined the alterations in haematological parameters of indomethacin-ulcerated rats treated with P. americana seed (PAS) and B. pinnatum leaf (BPL) ethyl acetate fraction. Fifty (50) healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into ten (10) groups of five (5) animals each according to body weight (100-120 g). Animals in group I served as normal control; the rats in groups III-X were pre-treated with 20 mgKg-1 b. wt. Omeprazole (STD), 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS, 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. BPL, 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS + BPL (1:1), 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS + BPL (1:2), 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS + BPL (1:3) respectively for 21 days. Thereafter, animals in groups II-X were induced for gastric ulcer by intubation of 30 mgKg-1 b. wt. indomethacin after being fasted for 24 hours. The animals were sacrificed after 4 hours and the complete blood count was determined using an automated hematology analyzer. Results obtained from the study showed significant (p&lt;0.05) elevation in the total and differential white blood cell count of Wistar rats in the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer control group and ethyl acetate fraction treated groups. Indomethacin, PAS, and BPL ethyl acetate fraction and the combinations did not cause marked changes in red blood cell indices. However, platelet count was significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced by the combinations of the P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction. These findings demonstrated that indomethacin induction resulted in a significant increase in the total white blood cell and platelet count when matched with the control group; this was similarly seen in PAS+BPL (1:3) and PAS+BPL (3:1) combinations of PAS and BPL. The result is suggestive of a compromise in the hemostatic capability of the blood in rats treated with some combinations of P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction.

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Dysoxylum densiflorum Extract and Fractions

Many studies have been carried out on the use of natural product compounds as an alternative medicine. Dysoxylum densiflorum is a plant that is commonly found in tropical countries and is used as an alternative treatment in local communities for several diseases. Our current study aims to determine the content of phytochemicals, total phenol, and total flavonoids from D. densiflorum leaves and stem bark methanol extract. The extraction was performed by the maceration method using methanol solvent and then fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. A phytochemical screening was performed to determine the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol contents of the extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu using gallic acid as a standard. Total flavonoid were determined by alumunium chloride colorimetric methods, with quercetin as the standard. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic Acid (ABTS) assay. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the extract and fractions of D. densiflorum leaves contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The methanol extract and fractions of D. densiflorum stem bark contained flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenol analysis showed that leaves and stem bark methanol fractions had the highest content, at 4.631 mg GAE/g and 3.011 mg GAE/g, respectively. While the total flavonoids analysis showed that leaves methanol extract and bark ethyl acetate fraction had the highest content compared to other samples from the same origin, which are 49.585 mg QE/g and 63.432 mg QE/g, respectively. Antioxidant test results using DPPH radical scavenging and the ABTS assay obtained the highest IC50 values, respectively, in the stem bark methanol fraction of 104.092 μg/mL and the leaves ethyl acetate fraction of 8.49 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. densiflorum leaves contains the highest antioxidant activity. The results indicate that D. densiflorum extracts and fractions have antioxidant potential. Further research is required to identify compounds that act as antioxidants.

Changes in Hepatic Function Indices in Ulcerated Rats Treated with Persea americana Seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fraction

Changes in Hepatic Function Indices in Ulcerated Rats Treated with Persea americana Seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fraction

Anti-Inflammatory Test of Topical Cream Preparations from Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Johar Leaves (Cassia siamea L.) in White Mice

Johar leaves contain chemical compounds, there are alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, barracol, sitosterol. This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the johar leaf ethyl acetate fraction topically, to determine the optimum concentration of johar leaf ethyl acetate fraction in cream preparations, and to determine the physical properties of the johar cream and cream stability. The leaves of johar (Cassia siamea L.) were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol. The ethanol extract of johar leaves was fractionated with water, n-hexane and ethyl acetate as solvents. The ethyl acetate fraction of johar leaves was made cream with a concentration of 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The basis and the three formulas were tested for the physical quality of the cream including the organoleptic test, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, cream type, pH and cream stability. The anti-inflammatory effect was determined by measuring the thickness of the back skin of the mice. The data obtained were analyzed statistically One Way Anova with a confidence level of 95% to determine that there were significant differences between treatment groups. The results showed that the leaf ethyl acetate fraction cream could provide topical anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced white mice with an effective concentration of 5% with (% PI) of 36.67%. The ethyl acetate fraction of johar leaves with a concentration of 2.5% and 5% fulfilled the requirements for the physical properties of the cream, but the cream with a concentration of 10% did not meet the requirements in the pH test. And the ethyl acetate fraction cream of johar leaves was stable in 1 month storage

Chemical characterization of the polyphenolic rich fraction of Thunbergia erecta and its therapeutic potential against doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide-induced cognitive impairment in rats.

Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) was traditionally used as anxiolytic, sedative and antidepressant. The study aimed to characterize T. erecta leaf ethyl acetate fraction of alcohol extract (TEAF) and evaluate its neuroprotective effect on doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide-induced chemobrain. Chemical profiling of TEAF was done using (Liquid chromatography coupled with mass (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In vivo chemobrain model was performed by cognitive impairment induced by doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Behavioral assessments included moris water maze, y maze, novel object recognition task and passive avoidance tests. Histological examination and oxidative stress markers were investigated. Protein expression of HMDGB1/RAGE/pNF-κB pathway markers was done using western blotting. All results were applied to hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats. Molecular docking was done within the active sites of Human Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) using Discovery studio software. Twenty-one phytoconstituents, mostly polyphenolics, were characterized in TEAF of which eleven compounds were tentatively identified for the first time from T. erecta leaves where rosmarinic acid (11) represents the most prevailing compound. TEAF resulted in a marked dose-dependent amelioration of the histopathological changes evidenced by normal histological structure demonstrated in the hypocampal gesture of rats. TEAF demonstrated an enhanced memory and learning functioning in the different behavioral tests assessed especially at 200mg/kg. It showed significant long-term spatial memory enhancement manifested by 50.32% increase in probe trial relative to chemobrain-induced group. It showed pronounced antioxidant activity evidenced by the significant elevation of prefrontal cortical and hippocampal reduced glutathione levels by 2.45 and 2.65 folds, respectively relative to the chemobrain-induced group. The pronounced reduction in hydrogen peroxide (1.24-1.93 folds) and malondialdehyde levels (1.42-2.60 folds) with significant elevation of catalase activity (12.65-31.47%) induced by TEAF supported its potent antioxidant activity. TEAF reversed the inflammatory cytokines release induced by chemotherapy via its interference with HMGB1/RAGE pathway suppressing the expression of HMBG1, RAGE, p65 (NF-kB), and IL-1β. In silico studies showed that rosmarinic acid displayed the best fitting at the active site of RAGE (ΔG=-40.39kcal/mol). Thunbergia erecta can act as a promising remedy for chemobrain that further consolidates its traditional importance.

Anti-Alopecia Activity of Coumarin Derivatives Isolated from Merremia peltata Leaves and Computational Study of Their Binding to Androgen Receptors Using Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation.

Alopecia is a condition in which hair on the scalp or other areas of the body is lost or falls out excessively. Nutritional deficiency causes blood flow to the head to decrease causing the hormone testosterone to be changed by the enzyme 5-α-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, which inhibits the growth phase and accelerates the death phase. One of the methods developed to treat alopecia is through inhibition of the 5-α-reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone to its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Ethnomedicinally, Merremia peltata leaf is used by the people of Sulawesi as a remedy for baldness. Therefore, in this research, an in vivo study was conducted on rabbits to determine the anti-alopecia activity of M. peltata leaf compounds. The structure of the compounds isolated from the M. peltata leaf ethyl acetate fraction was determined by analysis of NMR and LC-MS data. An in silico study was then carried out using minoxidil as a comparison ligand; scopolin (1) and scopoletin (2) isolated from M. peltata leaf were identified as anti-alopecia compounds by predicting docking, simulating molecular dynamics and predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology (ADME-Tox). Compounds 1 and 2 had a better effect on hair growth compared to positive controls, and NMR and LC-MS analysis showed that they had comparable binding energies to receptors in the molecular docking interaction study: -4.51 and -4.65 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to -4.8 kcal/mol for minoxidil. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis with the parameters binding free energy calculated using the MM-PBSA method and complex stability based on SASA, PCA, RMSD, and RMSF showed that scopolin (1) has a good affinity for androgens receptors. The ADME-Tox prediction for scopolin (1) showed good results for the parameters of skin permeability, absorption and distribution. Therefore, scopolin (1) is a potential antagonist to androgen receptors and could be useful in the treatment of alopecia.

Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation or Chemical Constituents from Leaves and Roots of Iraqi Agave Attenuata by GC-MS and RP-HPLC(Conference Paper) #

This research concentrate on cultivated Iraqi Agave attenuata dried leaves and roots, because of little studies on this plant especially on the root that lead to the eager of study and comparison of phytochemical constituents between leaves and root. Extraction of bioactive constituents was carried out using several solvents with increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) by soxhlet apparatus. Steroidal saponins in Agave genus is well documented in many species, lightening the minds in this research on extraction method which is specific for steroidal saponins. Phytochemical screening was done by GC/MS for n-hexane fraction, qualitative and quantitative estimation of several bioactive constituents (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin) for ethyl acetate and methanol fractions while for steroidal saponins (sarsasapogenin, hecogenin and tigogenin) in both leaves and root by using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Among those identified phytochemical constituents, several constituents have not been detected in Agave attenuata leaves and roots before. This study is the first to describe the results in which the highest concentration of caffeic acid was found in leaves ethyl acetate fraction, p-coumaric acid and quercetin in root ethyl acetate fractions. While for steroidal saponins, the hecogenin, tigogenin and sarsasapogenin highest concentrations were found in leaves.

Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.: A Potential Candidate as Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitor, and Cytotoxic Agent

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (Asteraceae), which has a wide distribution area in Turkey, is a medicinally important plant. Eighty percent methanol extracts of the leaf, flower head, and root parts of A. minus were prepared and their sub-fractions were obtained. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic (high-performance liquid chromatography) techniques were used to assess the phytochemical composition. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH●), 2,2′-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS●+) radical scavenging, and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assays. Furthermore, the extracts were subjected to α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipoxygenase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition tests. The cytotoxic effects of extracts were investigated on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The richest extract in terms of phenolic compounds was identified as the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of the root extract (364.37 ± 7.18 mgGAE/gextact). Furthermore, chlorogenic acid (8.855 ± 0.175%) and rutin (8.359 ± 0.125%) were identified as the primary components in the leaves’ ethyl acetate sub-fraction. According to all methods, it was observed that the extracts with the highest antioxidant activity were the flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions. Additionally, ABTS radical scavenging activity of roots’ ethyl acetate sub-fraction (2.51 ± 0.09 mmol/L Trolox) was observed to be as effective as that of flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions at 0.5 mg/mL. In the β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assay, leaves’ methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (1422.47 ± 76.85) at 30 min. The enzyme activity data showed that α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition of leaf dichloromethane extract was moderately high, with an 87.12 ± 8.06% inhibition value. Lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition was weakly detected in all sub-fractions. Leaf methanol extract, leaf butanol, and root ethyl acetate sub-fractions showed 99% tyrosinase enzyme inhibition. Finally, it was discovered that dichloromethane extracts of leaves, roots, and flowers had high cytotoxic effects on the MDA-MB-231 cell line, with IC50 values of 21.39 ± 2.43, 13.41 ± 2.37, and 10.80 ± 1.26 µg/mL, respectively. The evaluation of the plant extracts in terms of several bioactivity tests revealed extremely positive outcomes. The data of this study, in which all parts of the plant were investigated in detail for the first time, offer promising results for future research.

Determination of antioxidant activity and tannin content from Aristolochia longa leaves and roots using liquid-liquid fractionation method

Aristolochia longa has been known by its potentiel to cure various diseases.This study was aimd to estimate the antioxidant activity and tannin content of A.longa leaves and roots. Liquid-liquid fractionation by using three solvants was experimented for extraction of tannin from leaves and roots.Then the fractions were oven-dried and powdered to determine the condensed tannin content and antioxidant activity by acidic vanillin, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods.The qualitative analysis was releazed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC DAD-MS).The highest extraction yield was obtained by roots N-butanol fraction (5.15±0.47%).The maximum tannin content value was noted in roots N-butanol fraction (3.90±0.24 mg QUE/g DM) followed by leaves ethyl acetate fraction (3.03±0.01 mg QUE/g DM).The IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activity varied significantly from IC50=0.123±0.009mg/ml to 3.737±0.56 mg/ml. Since, the FRAP values ranged from EC50=0.066±0.002 mg/ml to 4,00±0,2 mg/ml. The highest antioxydant ability was observed in leaves and roots N-butanol fractions .Also, the identification by HPLC analysis showed that the roots contains some tannin compounds than leaves such as vescalagin, Roburin D and 1,3,4-tri- O -galloylquinic acid.Our study confirmed the use of A.longa to prevent and control the oxidative stress.

Protective role of Codiaeum variegatum against genotoxicity induced by carmustine in somatic and germ cells of male mice

BackgroundCarmustine (Cr) is an important chemotherapeutic drug, widely used in the treatment of brain tumors. Herein, the protective role of Codiaeum variegatum leaves ethyl acetate fraction was determined against genotoxicity of Cr. The technique HPLC-qTOF-MS/MS was used to identify the constituents in C. variegatum.Materials90 male mice were used to evaluate micronuclei (MPCEs) in bone marrow, chromosomal aberration (CAs) in bone marrow and mouse spermatocytes, sperm abnormalities, and gene expression (qRT-PCR). The following groups were included, I: Negative control (ethanol 30%), II: Positive control (i.p injected once with 30 mg/kg Cr), III: Control orally treated with C. variegatum at 500 mg/kg, four days. IV-VI: treated with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg of the plant (4 days) plus a single dose of Cr.ResultsIn bone marrow, Cr induced significant increase in MPCEs and CAs by 3 and 7-folds respectively over the control. Cr also induced a significant percentage of CAs in spermatocytes in meiosis in the form of univalent (X–Y and autosomal univalent) and also a significant percentage of morphological sperm abnormalities was recorded. A large number of coiled tail abnormalities were detected indicating the effect of Cr in sperm motility. Cr induced an overexpression of p53 gene. C. variegatum mitigated all deleterious genotoxic effects of Cr. Chemical analysis showed that flavones (35.21%) and phenolic acids (17.62%) constitute the main components.ConclusionsThe results indicated that Cr is genotoxic in both somatic and germ cells. The active components in C. variegatum together participate in the obtained protective role.

AKTIVITAS ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIA FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN MONOHIDRAT

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is traditionally used for diabetes treatment in Indonesia. It’s contains antioxidant that prevent the free radicals due to hyperglycemic condition. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf in male white rats had hyperglycemia due to alloxan administration. This study used laboratory tests in which up to 24 white rats were randomly separated into six groups. Intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 170 mg/Kgbw is used to induce hyperglycemia. A group of healthy rats (K-) were administered 0,5% CMC Na suspension 1mL/day. A group of hyperglycemic rats (K+) received metformin at a dose of 45 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, while a group of hyperglycemic rats (P0) received 0.5% CMC Na suspension at a dose of 1mL/day. Three hyperglycemia treatment groups received different amounts of ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf for 14 days. The P1 group received 125 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day of bay leaf ethyl acetate fraction extract, the P2 group received 250 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, and the P3 group received 500 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after alloxan administration, and then again on day 14. After 14 days of treatment, all rats were euthanized, and blood from the heart was collected to examine the insulin levels. To determine the differences between treatments, statistical analysis utilizing ANOVA was used, followed by Duncan's test. The findings revealed administered an ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf can lower blood glucose and increased insulin levels in rats had hyperglycemia.

The cholesterol-lowering activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves ethyl acetate fraction in hypercholesterolemic model

Averrhoa bilimbi L. is used widely as spices and traditional medicine, which contained several chemical compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. The aim of this study is to discover the best dose of ethyl acetate fraction from A.bilimbi leaves, which have pharmacology activity on total cholesterol and triglycerides in the hypercholesterolemic model. Thirty adult male white mice were divided into six groups; each group was containing five animals. Five groups were given high-fat diet foods and PTU induced the animals to obtain hypercholesterolemia with a frequency of 1 time a day orally for 14 days, while the normal group was given vehicle (Na CMC 5%) and standard feed. On the 15 th day the normal group was given vehicle (Na CMC 5%), negative control group was given high-fat feed, positive control group was given atorvastatin dose 0.26 mg/kg BW, and another group was given ethyl acetate fraction of A.bilimbi leaves dose 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW orally. All animal were treated until the 28 th day. On day 29, the bloods were taken to determine the total cholesterol and trygliceride levels using clinical photometer 5010 v5+. The data was statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test.. This study indicates that administration of ethyl acetate fraction from A.bilimbi leaves can affect the total cholesterol levels and triglycerides in hypercholesterolemic mice (P&lt;0.05). Ethyl acetate fraction dose 200 mg/kg BW shows the best activity in decreasing total cholesterol levels and triglycerides on mice hypercholesterolemic model (P&lt;0.05).

Kajian Literatur: Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Tanaman Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden Spreng)

Antioxidants are compounds that can counteract free radicals. One of the plants that have antioxidant activity is cempedak, because cempedak contains flavonoids compounds. This writing aims to determine the antioxidant activity of cempedak plants based on a review of several literatures. The method of writing a literature review uses a journal search from Google Scholar. Based on the literature review that has been carried out, the leaves and bark of cempedak have antioxidant activity. Based on the literature review of antioxidant activity of cempedak, methanol extract of stem bark had antioxidant activity of 100,26 ppm, leaf methanol extract 8,88 ppm, leaf ethanol extract 52,7706 ppm, leaf ethyl acetate fraction 4,282 ppm. The part of the cempedak plant that has the highest antioxidant activity is found in the leaves with the ethyl acetate fraction which shows an IC50 value of 4,282 ppm. Based on the IC50 value obtained, the ethyl acetate fraction of cempedak leaves has a very strong antioxidant activity because the IC50 is below 50 ppm.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of leaves and roots of Rubus hyrcanus Juz.

Rubus hyrcanus Juz. (Rosaceae), known as Caspian blackberry, is wildly distributed around the Caspian Sea. This study focused on antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of total extracts and different fractions from the roots and leaves of this species. The total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Finally, the phenolic profiles of selected fractions were determined using HPLC–DAD and LC–MS/MS. The results indicated that the total phenolics content (TPC) of root total extract (RTE) was 3.5 times that of leaves (340.4 and 102.7 mg GAE/g, respectively). The TPC of three root fractions ranged from 226.6 to 392.9 mg GAE/g, while in leaves fractions, it ranged between 68.3 and 101.8 mg GAE/g. The total extract of leaves had higher contents of total flavonoids than roots (70.5 and 8.9 mg QE/g, respectively). The methanol fractions of both parts had the highest amounts of flavonoids. The root methanol fraction (RMF) had the best antioxidant effect in both DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50: 9.16 μg ml−1) and total antioxidant capacity test (1010.5 mg ɑTE/g). The RMF and RTE had potent antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1.5 mg ml−1). In the MTT assay, ethyl acetate fractions of roots and leaves exhibited the best cytotoxicity (IC50 247 and 227 μg ml−1, respectively) and the highest selectivity indexes (4.73 and 5.31, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid in leaves ethyl acetate fraction, chlorogenic acid in leaves methanol fraction, and gallic acid in the root ethyl acetate fraction.

Antioxidant Activity, α-Glucosidase Inhibition and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Profile of Shmar (Arbutus pavarii Pamp).

The genus Arbutus (Ericaceae) has been traditionally used in folk medicine due to its phytomedicinal properties, especially Arbutus pavarii Pamp. However, this plant has not been evaluated for its efficacy, quality, and consistency to support the traditional uses, potentially in treating diabetes. Despite previous studies that revealed the biological activities of A. pavarii as antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory agents, scientific reports on the bioactive compounds that contribute to its health benefits are still scarce. Therefore, this research focused on the evaluation of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the methanol crude extracts and various fractions of the leaf and stem bark, as well as on metabolite profiling of the methanol crude extracts. The extracts and fractions were evaluated for total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Methanol crude extracts of the leaf and stem bark were then subjected to UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS. To the best of our knowledge, the comparative evaluation of the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the leaf and stem bark of A. pavarii, as well as of the respective solvent fractions, is reported herein for the first time. Out of these extracts, the methanolic crude extracts and polar fractions (ethyl acetate and butanol fractions) showed significant bioactivities. The DPPH free radical and α-glucosidase inhibitions was highest in the leaf ethyl acetate fraction, with IC50 of 6.39 and 4.93 µg/mL, respectively, while the leaf methanol crude extract and butanol fraction exhibited the highest FRAP with 82.95 and 82.17 mmol Fe (II)/g extract. The UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis resulted in the putative identification of a total of 76 compounds from the leaf and stem bark, comprising a large proportion of plant phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids), terpenoids, and fatty acid derivatives. Results from the present study showed that the different parts of A. pavarii had potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, which could potentially prevent oxidative damage or diabetes-related problems. These findings may strengthen the traditional claim on the medicinal value of A. pavarii.

PENETAPAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAN FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOMETRI UV-VIS

ayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr). Is used by the people in Central Kalimantan as a traditional treatment by utilizing onion dayak tubers while the leaves are rarely used, the part of dayak onion leaves also have the potential to naturally be useful as traditional medicine because they contain compounds phenol. Phenol compounds are useful as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and antitumor. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phenolic chemical compounds in ethyl acetate fraction and 70% ethanol extract of dayak onion leaves and find out the total phenolic content contained. The sample in this study is Dayak onion leaves from Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. Extraction of onion dayak leaves using maceration method. Fraction extract was made by liquid-liquid extraction method with ethyl acetate solvent. The level determination method used was Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry with Folin ciocalteau reagent. The results of this study indicate that from 70% ethanol extract and dayak onion leaves ethyl acetate fraction is containing phenolic compounds. Phenolic levels in this study obtained total levels of dayak onion leaves ethyl acetate fraction was 10.61% ± 0.0019 said to be greater than the 70% ethanol extract content of dayak onion leaves was 2.23% ± 0.0002.

Gendola Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fraction (Basella rubra Linn) Reduces Spermatozoa Motility and Viability in Vitro

A B S T R A C TBackground. The use of plants as anti-fertility in men has been done to reduce sideeffects. The Gendola plant is one of the Basellaceae family plants, which is a naturalmedicinal plant in Indonesia. Gendola leaves contain phenol compounds, flavonoids,tannins, steroids and triterpenoids which can have cytotoxic activity. This studyaims to determine the in vitro anti sperm activity of the ethyl acetate fraction ofGendola leaves on male spermatozoa. Methods. This study is an experimentallaboratory in vitro study using male sperm preparations. The sample used was 20men for each group, both the group was given the gondola leaf fraction and thecontrol group. The treatment group was given ethyl acetate fraction of Gendola leaves(Basella rubra Linn.) With a concentration of 0.05% for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, theviability and motility of sperm were calculated. Data analysis was performed usingthe Mann Whitney test (p &lt;0.05) using SPSS release for Windows software. Results.The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction affected the motility and viabilityof spermatozoa. When compared with the control group, the motility treatment groupobtained was classified as non-progressive. In the treatment group, the viability ofspermatozoa was significantly different at minute 5, minute 10 and minuted 15 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion. Ethyl acetate fraction has potential as an anti sperm inreducing sperm motility and viability.

Gendola Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fraction (Basella rubra Linn) Reduces Spermatozoa Motility and Viability in Vitro

A B S T R A C TBackground. The use of plants as anti-fertility in men has been done to reduce sideeffects. The Gendola plant is one of the Basellaceae family plants, which is a naturalmedicinal plant in Indonesia. Gendola leaves contain phenol compounds, flavonoids,tannins, steroids and triterpenoids which can have cytotoxic activity. This studyaims to determine the in vitro anti sperm activity of the ethyl acetate fraction ofGendola leaves on male spermatozoa. Methods. This study is an experimentallaboratory in vitro study using male sperm preparations. The sample used was 20men for each group, both the group was given the gondola leaf fraction and thecontrol group. The treatment group was given ethyl acetate fraction of Gendola leaves(Basella rubra Linn.) With a concentration of 0.05% for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, theviability and motility of sperm were calculated. Data analysis was performed usingthe Mann Whitney test (p &lt;0.05) using SPSS release for Windows software. Results.The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction affected the motility and viabilityof spermatozoa. When compared with the control group, the motility treatment groupobtained was classified as non-progressive. In the treatment group, the viability ofspermatozoa was significantly different at minute 5, minute 10 and minuted 15 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion. Ethyl acetate fraction has potential as an anti sperm inreducing sperm motility and viability.