Leaf-bud Cuttings Research Articles

Blue light and NAA treatment significantly improve rooting on single leaf-bud cutting of Chrysanthemum via upregulated rooting-related genes

Single leaf-bud cutting has been attempted in an effort to produce multiple individuals; however, these cuttings produce individuals of irregular quality with different rooting abilities based on the cutting positions of the mother stem. We evaluated whether light and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) treatment can improve root formation from relatively poor stem cuttings on single leaf-bud cuttings and which factor is more effective for rapid root formation. Blue (BL), red (RL), and fluorescent (FL) with/without NAA were independently applied to single leaf-bud cuttings. High-intensity BL together with NAA treatment efficiently induced adventitious root formation and improved root formation from poor stems. We also evaluated relative expression levels of seven kinds of rooting-related genes on cutting processes to define the critical light factor leading to rapid adventitious rooting. CmLBD1 was significantly upregulated after 5 day BL treatment and initiated rooting, whereas the expressions of other rooting-related genes were significantly increased by fluorescent light after 14 days cutting initiation.

Penyimpanan Mahkota Nanas dan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh pada Pertumbuhan Setek Basal Daun Asal Mahkota

The availability of pineapple seedlings in the field is a problem in the development of Smooth cayenne pineapple because of limited sources of planting material compared to the other types. Effort that can be done to solve the problem is to use the method of crown leaf-bud cutting. Propagation of pineapple (Ananas comosus L) with the method of crown leaf-bud cutting is not optimum so it can be optimized; one of them is by giving the duration of storage treatment and application of plant-growth regulators. The experiment was aimed to study the effect of crown storage duration and plant growth regulators on the growth of pineapple seedlings. The experiment was arranged in a nested plot design. Duration of crown storage for 2 (control), 10, and 20 days in room conditions at a temperature of 29-35°C and humidity of 46-70% as the main plot. The subplot was combination of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) with the concentrations: IBA 300 ppm and BAP 400 ppm, IBA 300 ppm and BAP 600 ppm, IBA 400 ppm and BAP 400 ppm, as well as IBA 400 ppm and BAP 600 ppm. The results of the experiment showed that the leaf-bud cuttings which stored for 10 days 57.34% were survived, 57.15% were sprouted, and 51.62% were rooted, while the control that survived, sprouted, and rooted did not reach more than 30%. The content of endogenous ABA in the crown leaf-bud shoots decreased significantly after being stored for 10 and 20 days, while the contents of endogenous auxins and cytokines were not different from the controls. Application of IBA 400 ppm combined with BAP 400 and 600 ppm increased the percentages of survived and sprouted cutting 1.5-1.7 times compared to control. Keywords: auxin, cytokines, exogenous hormone, endogenous hormone, vegetative propagation

Application of Cytokinin and Mycorrhiza to Increase Production and Quality of Pineapple Seedlings from Crown Leaf Bud Cuttings

The pineapple vegetative propagation method using crown leaf bud cuttings has potential to produce seedlings of greater uniformity and in larger quantities than other methods. This study, aimed to explore the potential eff ects of concentration and frequency of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) application for increasing the production and quality of pineapple seedlings from crown leaf bud cutting propagation. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The fi rst factor was the concentration of BAP (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 ppm) and the second factor was the frequency of BAP application (1, 2, 3 times). Furthermore, this study investigated the eff ects of applying mycorrhizae to accelerate seedling growth and improve seedling quality during production from crown leaf bud cutting propagation. The experiment used a RCBD with one factor (dose of mycorrhiza: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 spores). The results indicated that the eff ects of concentration and frequency of BAP application and their interaction increased seed production as determined by sprout cuttings at 5 weeks after planting by applying 600 ppm 2 times. Generally, with increasing concentration and frequency of BAP application, leaf chlorophyll content was reduced. However, the application mycorrhiza positively infl uenced the production of seedlings from pineapple crown bud cuttings and improved seedling quality as measured by root dry weight, chlorophyll content, root infection, and phosphatase enzyme activity.

The Effect of Fruit Maturity Stage on Crown Leaf Bud Cutting of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) Cv. Smooth Cayenne

Metode pembibitan nanas yang dapat dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan jumlah bibit yang dapat dihasilkan adalah setek basal daun mahkota. Tingkat kematangan buah diduga berpengaruh terhadap tingkat keberhasilan setek basal daun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai pengaruh tingkat kematangan buah pada saat pengambilan bahan setek untuk produksi bibit asal setek basal daun mahkota pada nanas cv. Smooth Cayenne. Percobaan menggunakan RKLT satu faktor, yaitu tingkat kematangan dengan empat taraf perlakuan: tingkat kematangan 1 (K1) : semua mata berwarna hijau; kematangan 2 (K2) : mata buah yang berwarna kuning < 20%; kematangan 3 (K3) : mata buah yang berwarna kuning 40-55%; kematangan 4 (K4): mata buah yang berwarna kuning >90%; tetapi yang berwarna jingga kemerahan <20%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan auksin dan sitokinin endogen tidak berbeda pada semua tingkat kematangan, namun Nisbah C/N K3 dan K4 menunjukkan hasil lebih tinggi. Pada semua tingkat kematangan, terbentuknya tunas maksimum terjadi pada 4-6 MST. Tingkat kematangan buah terbaik untuk produksi bibit nanas dengan setek basal daun mahkota adalah K4 (mata buah yang berwarna kuning >90%, tetapi yang berwarna jingga kemerahan <20%). K4 memiliki kecenderunguan menghasilkan setek hidup, bertunas, dan berakar lebih tinggi. K4 menghasilkan bobot kering tunas tertinggi dan memenuhi standar bibit sertifikasi lebih cepat (52 MST).
 Kata kunci: buah tropis, mata tunas dorman, perbanyakan cepat, split crown

Which is better for mother stock of leaf-bud cuttings of kaki (Diospyros kaki), root-sucker or hedge?©

Which is better for mother stock of leaf-bud cuttings of kaki (<i>Diospyros kaki</i>), root-sucker or hedge?^©

The effect of cutting type, leaf area, leaf number, putrescine and indole-3-Butyric acid on the rooting of Ficus cuttings (Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.)

In order to study the importance of lateral or apical buds and also the possibility of replacing the role of bud and leaf with Putrescine (Put) and auxin, three experiments were conducted using leaf-bud cuttings with intact leaf blade (full blade) or halved-blade, and terminal cuttings having 1 to 4 leaves of Ficus elastica. Treatments included IBA (0, 2000 mg/l) and Put (0, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/l). Comparing the lateral cuttings with intact or halved-blade showed that the rooting of the cuttings with intact leaf blade was better. The longest root length and the best rooting index were observed in cuttings treated with 1000 mg/l Put + 2000 mg/l IBA. The highest root number resulted from the IBA treatment. In cuttings with halved-leaf blade, Put along with IBA improved the indices of rooting in comparison with the control. The rooting of leaf-bud cutting was better in comparison with apical cuttings and the application of Put with IBA increased rooting indices in both types of cuttings and there was no significant difference between the different concentrations of Put. Results showed that terminal cuttings with three and four leaves had the longest, heaviest and most abundant roots, and that the rooting index resulted in the highest value. The rooting of leaf-bud cutting with intact leaf blade was better than that of one-leaf apical cutting. In general, the experiment showed that in the one-leaf terminal cutting, the apical bud has a negative effect on rooting and the increase in the leaf area or the application of Put with Auxin improves rooting.

Improved rooting of softwood cuttings of dwarfing rootstock for persimmon under fog irrigation

Softwood cuttings of FDR-1, a dwarfing rootstock for persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), show very low rooting percentages when planted under mist irrigation. We therefore examined the possible use of a fog system in commercial softwood cutting propagation of FDR-1. Leaf-bud cuttings collected from FDR-1 hedges rooted better under the fog system, which maintained a relative humidity of approximately 100% compared to the mist system, in which humidity often dropped to less than 50% at midday. The amount of water used was lower in the fog system than in the mist system (0.18 vs. 0.89L/hm2), thereby affecting leaf SPAD readings. Cuttings planted in early June rooted better than those planted in early July and August, and quick-dip treatment with 6000mgL−1 IBA improved rooting compared with 3000mgL−1 IBA. Cuttings collected from FDR-1 root-suckers rooted better than those from hedges, and almost all rooted cuttings, planted in June, sprouted in April of the following year. Under the fog system a practical rooting percentage of 80% was obtained when cuttings were collected from root-suckers, planted in early June, and quick-dipped in 6000mgL−1 IBA, making it a practicable irrigation system for propagation of FDR-1 leaf-bud cuttings.

Effect of indole-3-butyric acid, putrescine and benzyladenine on rooting and lateral bud growth ofFicus elasticaRoxb. ex Hornem leaf-bud cuttings

Effect of indole-3-butyric acid, putrescine and benzyladenine on rooting and lateral bud growth of<i>Ficus elastica</i>Roxb. ex Hornem leaf-bud cuttings

Can Changes in Starch Content and Peroxidase Activity Be Used as Rooting Phase Markers for Rhododendron Leaf Bud Cuttings?

We examined whether peroxidase activity in cutting bases and leaves and starch content in cutting bases can be used as rooting phase markers in the elepidote rhododendron cv. 'Babites Baltais' (Rhododendron L.). Changes in peroxidase activity in cutting leaves and bases, as well as starch content in cutting bases, were determined in relation to anatomical stages of rhizogenesis in leaf bud cuttings treated with 1% indole-3-butyric acid (IBA+) or without IBA (IBA–). The pattern of change of peroxidase activity was similar in cutting bases and leaves of IBAleaf bud cuttings. Three phases of adventitious root formation were identified: induction, initiation and expression. During the induction phase peroxidase activity decreased, but no anatomical changes were observed in the cuttings. Peroxidase activity increased in the initiation phase when adventitious root initials were formed. Peroxidase activity decreased during the expression phase when adventitious root primordia developed. The starch content of IBA– leaf bud cuttings decreased during the first few days and then gradually rose to maximum, followed by a sharp reduction and another increase at the end of the experiment. The changes of starch content did not coincide with rooting phases as peroxidase activity did, and cannot be used as a rooting phase marker in rhododendrons. Adventitious root formation did not occur in IBA+ leaf bud cuttings, so distinct rooting phases could not be observed. There was a significant correlation between peroxidase activity in cutting bases and leaves of IBA- leaf bud cuttings. Peroxidase activity in leaves of rhododendron leaf bud cuttings are potentially useful as a marker for rooting phases, but that requires further anatomical and physiological study of rooting in leaf bud cuttings.

The Canon of Potato Science: 26. In Vivo Cuttings

Cuttings are pieces of plant material usually taken from plants for further multiplication. In potato, they generally consist of a part of the stem or sprout, containing at least one bud and often the accompanying leaf. The cuttings are rooted, the buds develop into new shoots, and the resulting plantlets are transplanted into the field or glasshouse for tuber production and/or continued production of cuttings. In other plant species cuttings may also consist of plant parts without existing buds, e.g., leaf or storage root parts. However, the use of (pre)differentiated or predestined buds for further multiplication reduces the chance of genetic drift (i.e. the chance of obtaining genetically aberrant individuals). The potato plant is very versatile, and its buds can develop into several types of modified stems: sprouts, shoots, stolons and tubers. On the other hand, buds from very different structures, such as stems, stolons, tubers, or inflorescences can produce tubers. Whether there is development of a structure and which structure develops from the buds of cuttings depends on the history of the plant from which the cutting is taken and the history of the bud itself, but also on the conditions under which plant and bud were produced, the prevailing external conditions after taking the cutting, the genotype and the type of cutting taken. When the degree of tuber induction of a mother plant increases, buds develop more frequently into stolons and then into tubers instead of into shoots. This varying response in bud outgrowth of cuttings is not only used for vegetative multiplication, but also in physiological studies to increase our knowledge on stolon and tuber formation, and as a selection tool in breeding. We describe here six types of cuttings: apical cuttings, stem cuttings, single-node cuttings, leaf-bud cuttings, sprout cuttings and multiple-node cuttings, and their use. Potato Research (2007) 50:309–313 DOI 10.1007/s11540-008-9084-3

Response of a Gibberellin-deficient Potato Mutant to Induction and Growth Regulators as a Working Model for Tuber Initiation

To explore further the role endogenous gibberellins play in the formation of the potato tuber, a gibberellin-deficient dwarf of Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena (PI 281036) and its normal sibling were used in this study. Because gibberellins are known to be elevated and to affect tuber formation negatively when potato plants are grown under long day conditions, test plants were first grown in a growth chamber under conditions that did not favor tuberization (noninducing conditions). The stem apices of dwarfs received weekly applications of a 100-ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) solution to achieve growth similar to that of normal plants. When the requisite height was achieved, five dwarfs and five normal sibs were treated to foliar runoff with a 100-ppm GA3 solution, and a like number of these plants received a control spray of distilled water. These plants were then placed in a growth chamber adjusted to inducing conditions for tuber initiation. An additional five dwarfs and five normal sibs were sprayed with 600 ppm paclobutrazol (PB), a gibberellin inhibitor, and a similar number of plants received a distilled water control spray. This group of plants was returned to the noninducing chamber. After 1 week, plants were removed from their respective growth chambers and divided into two-node apical, medial, and basal leaf-bud cuttings. Basal buds of the cuttings were buried in moist potting mix in a mist chamber with a 16-hour photoperiod. Rhizome and tuberization responses were evaluated after 3 weeks. The experiment was repeated and results combined for statistical treatment. Orthogonal contrasts revealed that apical cuttings from normal donor plants produced rhizomes only under noninducing conditions or when treated with GA3. No rhizomes formed on apical cuttings from normal plants growing under inducing conditions (favoring tuberization) or noninduced plants receiving PB (a gibberellin inhibitor). For apical dwarf tissues, there were no effects of treatments on rhizome production, except for the PB treatment, which resulted in shorter rhizomes. Tuberization was observed in apical tissues of induced and noninduced dwarfs, which lack the ability to synthesize gibberellin, but only in induced cuttings of normal sibs. Noninduced dwarf cuttings tuberized as well as those from normal plants receiving the antigibberellin treatment. Tuber weights from induced apical cuttings of dwarfs and normal sibs were not significantly different. These results support the significant role played by gibberellins in tuber formation.

Comparative study of rooting of leaf-bud and straight softwood elm cuttings

Parallel propagation tests of nine elm taxa - 6 species (Ulmus americana L., U. chenmoui Cheng, U. japonica (R) Sarg., U. laciniata (Tr) Mayr, U. laevis Pall. and U. parvifolia Jacq), 2 clones (U. 'Regal', U. 'Sapporo Autumn Gold') and 1 hybrid (U. pumila x japonica), by leaf bud cuttings and standard straignt softwood showed the results which point to the possibility of wider application of leaf bud cuttings. In some elm taxa, leaf bud cuttings can be the main method of propagation, and it can be used as an additional method in other taxa, because the seasonal timing is extended compared to standard cuttings.

Some Factors Affecting the Rooting of Softwood Cuttings of Japanese Persimmon

The factors influencing rooting of softwood cuttings of two cultivars, 'Jiro' and 'Nishimurawase', of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were studied. The cuttings from the root suckers of micropropagated trees rooted best, followed by those from the shoots of micropropagated trees and grafted trees in that order. Except for the cuttings from grafted trees, the shorter the cuttings, the higher the rooting percentage. When planted in late June, the single bud, leafy cuttings (leaf-bud cuttings) taken from the root suckers and treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 70% or more rooted well. When planted in late July or late August, however, less than 40% of the leaf-bud cuttings rooted. Comparable cuttings without IBA treatment scarcely rooted when planted in late June, and did not root at all when planted in late July or late August. There was no significant difference in the rooting capacity between the two cultivars. Almost all leaf-bud cuttings from the root suckers survived during the experimental period (60 days), although those from the shoots of grafted trees died gradually ; none of the 25-cm cuttings from the root suckers survived 25 days after planting. The vascular cambium at the base of leaf-bud cuttings from the root suckers began to divide actively soon after planting. Callus formed in the phloem and cortex of the cut surface and developed extensively. However, active cell division was not observed at the bases of leaf-bud cuttings from the shoots of grafted trees nor 25-cm cuttings from the root suckers. Initial cells of the adventitious root produced in the vascular cambium of the leaf-bud cuttings from the root suckers were first observed 20 days after planting ; they developed to roots and emerged 30 days after planting.

Internodal elongation: A potential screening technique for heat tolerance in potato

In pot culture experiments over 2 consecutive years, 20 potato genotypes of varying heat tolerance were grown under long day conditions and heat stressed by being exposed to high (38 °C/21 °C mean day/night) temperature. The percent increase in mean internode length of heat stressed plants over those grown at normal temperatue (25°C/16°C day/night) was correlated with the percent tuber dry matter yield of the heat stressed plants (r=0.618, P=0.01). In the same 20 genotypes, grown under short day conditions at normal temperature, the fraction of leaf bud cuttings exposed to high night temperature (23°C) that produced tuber initials correlated with the percentage increase in internode elongation in stem cuttings exposed to 25°C compared with those exposed to 15°C (r=0.680. P=0.01). Thus the relative changes in internode elongation are related to thermal tolerance, and it is suggested that this can be used as a selection criterion for heat tolerance.

EFFECT OF ANTI-GIBBERELLIN GROWTH RETARDANTS ON TUBERIZATION OF `KATAHDIN' POTATO LEAF BUD CUTTINGS.

Non-induced Katahdin potato plants were treated with three anti-gibberellins: CCC, BAS-106 and BAS-111. Other plants were sprayed with GA3 and placed in an inducing chamber. All treatments were repeated the following week. After final treatment, apical, sub-apical, medial and basal leaf bud-cuttings were taken from each plant and placed 1n a mist chamber. After two weeks, cuttings were examined for tuberization. BAS-111 and CCC were associated with 3.5 and 2 fold increase, respectively, in tuberization of cuttings over the non-induced control. Although induced control cuttings exhibited 100% tuberization, application of GA to plants grown under identical conditions, reduced tuberization 20 fold. In non-induced control cuttings and those treated with CCC, basal cuttings tuberized significantly better than those taken from higher on the stem. This pattern was reversed for plants treated with BAS-111. These results will be discussed in light of current understanding of the tuberization phenomenon.

Effect of three anti-gibberellin growth retardants on tuberization of induced and non-induced Katahdin potato leaf-bud cuttings

Katahdin potato plants were grown in a growth chamber undernoninducing conditions and treated with three anti-gibberellin growth retardants. Other plants were sprayed with gibberellic acid and placed in aninducing growth chamber adjusted to promote tuber induction. Treatments were repeated the following week. After final treatment, apical, sub-apical, medial and basal leaf-bud cuttings were taken from each plant and placed in a mist chamber. After two weeks, cuttings were examined for tuberization. Two of the retardants were associated with approximately 3 and 2 fold increases in tuberization over the non-induced control. Although induced control cuttings exhibited almost complete tuberization, application of gibberellic acid to plants grown under identical conditions, reduced tuberization 14 fold. Tuberization response of induced control cuttings was unaffected by stem location. In non-induced control and quaternary ammonium compound-treated cuttings, basal cuttings tuberized significantly better than those taken from higher on the stem. This pattern was eliminated for plants treated with the triazole compound. Below-ground portions of donor plants were also examined and showed a significant increase in average rhizome number and total rhizome length associated with inducing conditions. Tuber number of donor plants was also increased for those plants grown under inducing conditions or treated with the triazole compound under noninducing conditions.

Influence of cutting position and temperature during rooting on adventitious root formation and axillary bud break of Stephanotis floribunda

Stock plants were grown in a glasshouse under standard growing conditions. Single-node leafbud cuttings were excised and numbered according to the position on the stock plant. Rooting took place at basal temperatures of 17,20 or 23°C and at different durations at 17 or 20°C followed by 23°C. The rooting period lasted 9 weeks. The temperature of 17°C for 9 weeks completely suppressed root formation. A temperature of 20°C was decisive for root formation. The optimal rooting temperature was higher than 23°C. Temperature treatments of 17 or 20°C for 2–4 weeks only suppressed rooting slightly compared with the 23°C treatment. Cutting position on the stock plant affected the number of roots formed per cutting but not the rooting percentage. Best rooting was observed in cuttings from the middle part of the stock plant. Axillary bud break was accelerated with increasing rooting temperature and decreasing duration of the lower temperatures. With increasing cutting position number (numbered from top to base), axillary bud break was considerably delayed. Temperature treatments which delayed root formation also delayed axillary bud break. On the other hand, the cutting position on the stock plant, which had only a minor effect on the speed of root formation, had a pronounced effect on the speed of axillary bud break.

Effect of Warm Medium, Light Intensity, BA, and Parent Leaf on Propagation of Golden Pothos

Abstract Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) at 290 μmol·s-1·m-2 and warm propagation medium (28°C) enhanced both shoot and root growth of golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum) from single-node leaf-bud cuttings compared to PPF at 60 μmol·s-1·m-2 and unheated medium (10° to 16°). Heated cuttings accumulated much more dry matter in new growth, but parent leaves had smaller area leaf weight than unheated cuttings. Soaking cuttings in 500 or 750 ppm BA before planting caused slower initial growth of the axillary shoot, and stem length was reduced to 75% of the control. Leaf number and total leaf area was unaffected by BA. Leaf-bud cuttings needed 10 more days to unfold the first leaf compared to stem cuttings without parent leaves. Shoots developed from leaf-bud cuttings had longer stems, more leaves and total leaf area, and heavier dry weight than shoots from stem cuttings. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).

Influence of Stock Plant Propagation Method on Tissue Culture and Leaf-bud Propagation of ‘Northblue’ Blueberry

Abstract The propagation method and vegetative condition of ‘Northblue’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) stock plants influenced microshoot production in vitro and root formation on leaf-bud cuttings. In tissue culture (TC), explants from TC-derived stock plants produced longer shoots than explants from leaf-bud, standard- (ST-) derived stock on either Zimmerman’s (Zimm) medium at pH 4.8, Lloyd and McCown’s woody plant medium (WPM) at pH 4.8 or pH 5.2. Microshoots from explants of TC-stock plants also rooted more readily. Microshoot rootability decreased after 18 weeks on medium containing 68.6 μmol (12 mg/liter) 2iP. Microshoot production and rootability increased after 3 additional weeks on Zimm medium without 2iP present. Leaf-bud cuttings of ‘Northblue’ TC-stock plants treated with 5% and 10% concentrations of a commercial rooting compound (Dip-n-Grow) had a slightly higher rooting percentage and root rating than nontreated cuttings from ST-stock plants. However, cuttings from ST-stock plants of the same age showed larger increases in root formation and percentage of rooting in response to the same rooting compound treatments. Leaf-bud cuttings from vegetative TC-stock plants that developed shoots had more basal branches than those from floral ST-stock plants. Branch elongation was greatest and basal branches fewest on cuttings from floral ST stock plants. Successful propagation with cuttings and in vitro explants may be related to the condition of the stock plants, which have been altered by their own propagation methods and the plant growth regulators applied. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2H-purin-6-amine (2iP).

Influence of Tissue Culture and Leaf-bud Propagation on the Growth Habit of ‘Northblue’ Blueberry

Abstract ‘Northblue’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants propagated by tissue culture (TC) have a branching pattern and growth rate different from plants propagated by leaf-bud cuttings. Two to 3 times more basal branches were formed on tissue culture-derived plants by the time they were 27 to 34 weeks old. These basal branches were maintained on older plants in the field, where lateral branching was also twice as high. The growth rate of the young TC-derived plants was 3 times the rate of young leaf-bud, cutting-propagated (ST) plants. However, lateral branch length of older plants in the field was similar for both groups of plants, indicating a reduction in the growth rate of TC-derived plants from 34 to 82 weeks after propagation. Pruning and chilling methods reduced basal branch length and the number of lateral branches produced in the field, while enhancing the length of lateral branches and total buds per lateral branch. Although TC-derived blueberry plants had numbers of total flower buds and total buds per lateral branch similar to ST-derived plants, they produced more flower buds per plant. The enhanced branching framework of TC-derived plants, composed of rapidly forming basal and lateral branches, may increase photosynthesis at an early age and hasten fruit production.