Leader Region Research Articles

Global Research Trends in Green Finance: A Systematic Literature Review of Regional Contributions (2001-2024)

This study presents the systematic analysis of existing literature on global research trends in green finance, focusing on regional contributions from 2001 to 2024. Using data from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, this analysis identifies patterns in publication volume, regional leadership, and thematic evolution in green finance research. The findings reveal a substantial increase in scholarly output, particularly in response to climate agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. Notably, countries like China, the United Kingdom, and emerging contributors, including Pakistan, are leading in research output. The study underscores a shift from foundational studies on sustainable finance to specific applications in green bonds, ESG criteria, and climate finance. Additionally, it highlights strong international co-authorship networks, especially among researchers in Europe, North America, and Asia, which facilitate cross-border collaboration and knowledge dissemination.

“POLITICALLY MATURE AND EXPERIENCED ONE...”: SOME MODELS OF ROTATION OF THE FIRST SECRETARIES OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY REGIONAL COMMITTEE IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 1940S TO THE 50S (based on the materials of the Upper Volga regions)

The article analyses the models of rotation of regional leadership in the Upper Volga regions at the end of Stalin’s period and in the beginning of Khrushchev’s one. The focus is on the 3 first secretaries of the Communist Party regional committee in the 1940–50s - Pavel Alfyorov, Vladimir Luk’yanov, Fyodor Titov, who at different times were Party leaders of Vladimir, Ivanovo, and Yaroslavl regions. Attention is paid to quantitative and institutional characteristics associated with personnel rotations of late Stalinism and Khrushchev Thaw. The methodological basis of the study was the principles of historicism and systematicity, the prosopographic method, a combination of analysis of archival documents and sources of personal origin. The theoretical basis of the article is based on the ideas of Yelena Zubkova, Aleksandr Konovalov, Aleksey Fyodorov, Oleg Khlevniuk, Yoram Gorlizki. The source base is represented by documents from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, materials from documentary publications and reference publications, and personal sources (memoirs, interviews). The article concludes, that the biographies of the first secretaries of the regional committees of the Upper Volga regions (Pavel Alfyorov, Vladimir Luk’yanov, Fyodor Titov) demonstrate 3 different models of rotation of regional leadership personnel of Stalin and Khrushchev periods, but do not exhaust the diversity of personnel movements in the post-war USSR. It is noted that the first rotation model “From region to region”, inherent in Vladimir Luk’yanov, can be considered typical of the group of successful Stalinist promoters of the late 1930s. It is emphasised that the second model “Region-centre-region”, inherent in Pavel Alfyorov, reflects a move across the regions with a short-term return to the central apparatus of an experienced but not quite successful Party functionary. It is stated that the third model “Second-First-Second”, inherent in Fyodor Titov, was more rare, characterised by alternating the position of first secretary of the regional committee in the regions of the Russian Soviet Republic and second secretary in the republican communist parties of the USSR. The significance for career growth in the 1940-50s is noted considering the positions of second secretary of the regional committee, chairman of the regional executive committee, inspector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, structures of the central apparatus. As the finishing point in the nomenclature career of Party functionaries of the 1950–60s, the Party Control Committee is indicated. The publication is an invitation to discussion for representatives of the scientific community regarding the typification and classification of regional Party leaders of the Soviet era.

Creating an inclusive workforce in 2024: Are pharmacy teams across England committed to embedding equality, diversity, and inclusion?

Abstract Introduction The Pharmacy Workforce Race Equality Standard (PWRES) published in 2023 provided evidence of the varied experiences that registered pharmacy professionals in NHS trusts face, particularly in relation to gender and ethnicity.1 Following this, the Inclusive Pharmacy Practice delivery group at NHS England set out to raise awareness of the data and to support regions in developing action plans to drive improvements in equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) within pharmacy teams. Aim The aim of this study was to identify current initiatives within NHS providers that promote EDI within the pharmacy workforce with a view to enabling the sharing of good practice, and identifying implementation barriers. Methods A questionnaire was created by the Chief Pharmaceutical Officer’s Clinical Fellows and distributed by the 6 regional chief pharmacists within NHS England to their networks. The questionnaire was also promoted in regional pharmacy leadership meetings. Responses were collected between 1st February and 31st May 2024. Data was collected on an Excel spreadsheet. London was excluded from data collection as a similar questionnaire was distributed in 2023. No ethical approval was needed for non-sensitive anonymised data. Results There were 77 responses: 75% (n = 58) from hospital trusts, 13% (n = 10) from integrated care boards and the remaining 9 responses included the Local Pharmaceutical Committee, Hospice and Mental Health Trust. 86% of respondents (n = 66) indicated that their organisation has EDI initiatives in place. These have been summarised into six key themes: 1) EDI network/steering group (n = 44), 2) action plan (n = 14), 3) EDI training/accreditation (n =14), 4) reverse/reciprocal mentoring (n = 11), 5) awareness days (n = 10) and 6) inclusive recruitment practices (n = 10). In contrast, only half of respondents indicated that their team had EDI initiatives. The impact of any initiatives was measured by feedback from staff (e.g. Internal staff survey, NHS staff survey, focus groups, open staff forums) and regular staff demographic data collection. 55% of respondents (n = 36) indicated that recruitment panel members received compulsory EDI training for interviews and 54% of respondents (n = 35) received mandatory recruitment training. Barriers and challenges identified with implementing EDI initiatives included organisational change, workforce capacity, competing priorities and staff apathy. Discussion The survey results highlight a strong commitment to EDI initiatives at an organisational level, with most organisations having established EDI frameworks. However, the lower prevalence of EDI initiatives within individual pharmacy teams suggests a gap in implementation. This discrepancy indicates a need for better dissemination and integration of EDI practices within pharmacy team settings. There is evidence of varied practice in terms of EDI training requirements of interview panellists, and these variations are opportunities where improvements can be made in terms of IPP. The survey was only sent to the managed NHS sector and is not reflective of primary care or community pharmacy. One of the next steps is for regions to use the results of the questionnaire in combination with the PWRES data to develop and implement local action plans to address these issues. Reference 1. NHS England. Pharmacy Workforce Race Equality Standard Report 2023. [Accessed 4th June 2024]. Available from https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/pharmacy-workforce-race-equality-standard-report/

Study on the Impact of Entrepreneurship on Enterprise Performance in the Manufacturing Industry

Purpose: The study aims to explore the impact of entrepreneurship on the performance of manufacturing enterprises in China, focusing on specific traits of entrepreneurship such as innovation, risk-taking, and competitiveness. Additionally, it examines the relationship between entrepreneurship and regional economic growth, with an emphasis on how entrepreneurship drives enterprise performance, particularly in economically underdeveloped regions. Approach/Methodology/Design: The research uses empirical analysis based on sample data from listed manufacturing companies on China’s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets. It employs regression models to assess the impact of entrepreneurship on enterprise performance. Indicators such as R&D investment, market share, and firm size serve as proxies for entrepreneurship traits, while principal component analysis is used to calculate scores for both entrepreneurship and enterprise performance. Control variables include regional economy and leadership structure. Sub-regional analysis is conducted to compare the impact of entrepreneurship across different economic regions. Findings: The results show that entrepreneurship, innovation spirit, risk-taking spirit, and competitive spirit all have significant positive impacts on enterprise performance. Additionally, in different economic regions, entrepreneurship generally has a positive impact on enterprise performance, with a greater effect observed in areas with lower economic development. Practical Implications: The study provides valuable insights for enterprises and policymakers. It suggests that enterprises can enhance their competitiveness by fostering entrepreneurial traits, increasing R&D investment, and efficiently managing financial leverage. Furthermore, governments should support entrepreneurship in underdeveloped regions through training and policy measures to stimulate regional economic growth. Originality/value: This study constructs a unique evaluation system for entrepreneurship from a micro perspective and verifies its positive impact on enterprise performance. This study innovatively explores the differential impact of entrepreneurship across various economic regions, providing new perspectives for future research on the relationship between regional economies and entrepreneurship.

NusG-dependent RNA polymerase pausing is a common feature of riboswitch regulatory mechanisms.

Transcription by RNA polymerase is punctuated by transient pausing events. Pausing provides time for RNA folding and binding of regulatory factors to the paused elongation complex. We previously identified 1600 NusG-dependent pauses throughout the Bacillus subtilis genome, with ∼20% localized to 5' leader regions, suggesting a regulatory role for these pauses. We examined pauses associated with known riboswitches to determine whether pausing is a common feature of these mechanisms. NusG-dependent pauses in the fmnP, tenA, mgtE, lysP and mtnK riboswitches were in strategic positions preceding the critical decision between the formation of alternative antiterminator or terminator structures, which is a critical feature of transcription attenuation mechanisms. In vitro transcription assays demonstrated that pausing increased the frequency of termination in the presence of the cognate ligand. NusG-dependent pausing also reduced the ligand concentration required for efficient termination. In vivo expression studies with transcriptional fusions confirmed that NusG-dependent pausing is a critical component of each riboswitch mechanism. Our results indicate that pausing enables cells to sense a broader range of ligand concentrations for fine-tuning riboswitch attenuation mechanisms.

Toward Zero Waste: Sustainable Practices in Waste Management at ETUT

The paper discusses Oguz Han Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan's (ETUT) waste management initiatives, particularly its Zero Waste Program aimed at minimizing waste generation and promoting sustainability across campus. Strategies include educational campaigns, eco-friendly purchasing, and collaboration with vendors for waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. ETUT employs structured waste categorization, centralized repositories for reusable items, and a recycling plant with advanced sorting machinery. Innovative methods like paper recycling and composting are used, along with exploring plastic repurposing into fibers and fuel. Organic waste management includes composting, notably reducing landfill waste. Inorganic waste reduction involves paper recycling, plastic conversion, and electronic repair and donation. The program emphasizes waste reduction through recycling and reuse, including upcycling workshops. Hazardous waste from laboratories is managed with local authorities for safe disposal, while relevant associations for environmental safety oversee sewage disposal. These strategies highlight ETUT's commitment to sustainability, positioning it as a regional leader in responsible waste management.

Professional development for ethnic minority public leaders in the Northern mountain regions of Vietnam: needs and barriers to their participation

ABSTRACT This article responds to the research literature gap in professional development (PD) for Vietnamese ethnic minority leaders. Thematic analysis of 32 interviews with ethnic minority public leaders from the northern mountain regions identified PD needs of leaders from disadvantaged backgrounds including (i) ideological and political training, (ii) contemporary issues in local communities, (iii) diversity and inclusion training, and (iv) leadership skills. Three key barriers to their participation in PD were also found, namely (i) poor learning environment, (ii) lack of community engagement experience, and (iii) limited government and employer support. This study underscored that northern mountain ethnic minority leaders encounter ‘mountainous challenges’ when participating in PD activities. The paper concluded with strategies towards more effective PD for ethnic minority leaders in the northern mountain regions of Vietnam. The article carries practical and policy implications for PD developers as well as ethnic minority researchers and practitioners.

EAEU Role in the Evolution of Multipolar Structure in World Politics

The global political system is undergoing a transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world. Scientific discussions are underway regarding the emergence or formation of new poles in the world, including the potential development of a pole through the integration structure of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Attention is focused on the changing conditions of the global economy and their influence on the development strategies of regional integration associations. The necessity to adapt the development strategies of the EAEU to new trends, including the shift in the economic paradigm and the reassessment of the role of integration process participants, is argued.Aim. To justify strategies and approaches to building an economic pole based on the EAEU.Tasks. Examining various theoretical approaches to the concept of multipolarity, poles, and centers of power. Investigating interpretations of global and regional leadership. Analyzing the concept of regional leadership considering the role of the EAEU as an important element of the new world political and global economic system.Methods. Comparative analysis of vectors and development strategies of regional integration associations. The civilizational approach illuminates not only the key economic and political aspects of regional leadership but also the cultural and civilizational factors of regional integration. The deductive method and synthesis allowed for the formulation of new approaches to understanding the economic component of the EAEU pole.Results. It has been established that one of the possible and most effective ways to form the economic component of the EAEU pole is to consider the formation of a new technological paradigm in the Union’s development strategy amidst the transformation and transition to a new economic paradigm.Conclusions. Framing the EAEU as an independent pole, based on the concept of changing economic paradigms, implies a rethinking or establishment of institutions based on principles of non-discrimination, mutual respect for sovereignty and national interests, as well as the establishment of mutually beneficial relations with other states. Such an approach to pole-building is a key step in transitioning to the sixth technological paradigm.

“Twists and Turns”: Chief Leabua Jonathan and Cross-Border Collaborations with South Africa, 1965–1976/7

Chief Leabua Jonathan’s term as prime minister of Lesotho (then Basutoland) began in 1965, the year before the nation’s independence from Britain. During his tenure, he remained one of the few regional leaders whose leadership until the end of his term in 1976/7 was marked by a pattern of inconsistency and contradiction towards apartheid South Africa. This article attempts to illuminate the nexus between his relationship with South Africa and the consequences thereof. Furthermore, it discusses how the mid-1960s and late 1970s became a crucial period for his leadership. His prime ministership and the “twists and turns” in his foreign policy vis-à-vis South Africa are discussed. Here the diplomatic role he played within the ambit of “small states theory” and his country’s foreign policy is investigated. The article shows how under Jonathan, state politics and regional cross-border struggles and collaborations led to disputes regarding the sovereignty of Lesotho.

Climate leadership competencies in public sector organisations in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland

Regions play an important role in concretising climate change mitigation and adaptation action. In this study, we asked those who work in designing and implementing climate strategies in regional public sector organisations in the Pirkanmaa region of Finland, for their views on what is needed for climate leadership in a regional organisation. We characterise the attributes of a climate leader in the context of regional public sector organisations in terms of the resources, processes, challenges and motivations in their work on climate change mitigation and adaptation, and describe the competencies needed for regional climate leadership. This research aims to support education design better to respond to the needs of regional climate actors.

Brexit exposed: trust, influence, and the struggle for British self-esteem

ABSTRACT This paper examines the Brexit referendum vote by focusing on how national self-esteem connects with citizen desires to maintain membership in the European Union. Specifically, the analysis focuses on how the perception of the UK and Germany’s roles in the EU led to the leave vote. Given the high level of national pride among the British, Brexiters consider membership in a highly integrated organization as a blow to national self-esteem if they believe the UK has low levels of influence. Evidence demonstrates that a low perceived influence of the UK in the EU and the mistrust of the EU’s regional leader (Germany) can strongly predict the leave vote. However, even among strong nationalists, perceived high UK influence reduces the likelihood of a Brexit vote. Survey data of British voters collected two months prior to the referendum support the hypotheses.

An optimal set of criteria for the allocation of territories within the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

The article examines the criteria for classifying regions in the Far North as part of the Arctic Zone within the Russian Federation. It evaluates a range of factors, including natural and climatic conditions, socio-economic aspects, and the medical and biological characteristics of the territories. Additionally, the article presents the outcomes of zoning the northern territories of the Russian Federation based on the natural and climatic conditions that impact human life. This analysis resulted in the identification of three criteria for determining the inclusion of territories in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation: the vegetation component of landscapes in its zonal distribution; the CAFF boundary, which proposed by the Arctic Council’s Arctic Flora and Fauna Conservation Working Group; and the level of ultraviolet deficiency, which reflects the direct impact of latitude on the natural environment and human health. These criteria are characterized by their clarity and ease of interpretation, and do not require the development or endorsement of supplementary methodological guidelines. They are easily grasped by both regional leaders and residents regarding the inclusion or exclusion of areas from the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. Consequently, these criteria can be effectively integrated into federal legislation as directly applicable norms.

Whose democratization matters? Understanding the effects of regime change on normative changes in ASEAN

AbstractThis article aims to elucidate the varying effects of democratization in ASEAN members on the normative changes in the core principles of the “ASEAN Way.” Utilizing a regional-centric approach that emphasizes ASEAN members’ agency, the article posits that two critical variables shape the changing trajectory of ASEAN norms: ASEAN members' democratic performances and their regional status. While an ASEAN member’s democratic performance influences its willingness to advocate for normative changes, its regional status is also crucial in determining its capability to implement changes by navigating the divergent interests among ASEAN members. Only the ASEAN member with a high-quality democratic performance at home and recognized regional leadership can effectively bring about normative changes to ASEAN norms. Otherwise, either the domestic democratic deficit or a lack of leadership status will hinder the ASEAN members’ efforts to promote normative changes. Using the process-tracing method, the article empirically focuses on the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia for comparative case studies. The findings reveal that the Philippines’ poor democratic performance since the democratic restoration in 1986 has hindered its motivation to push for normative changes in ASEAN, rendering the Philippines a reluctant promoter. Although Thailand has made notable achievements in democratic consolidation since the downfall of junta rule in 1992, its lack of regional leadership has greatly limited its capability to reconcile the divergent interests among ASEAN members, resulting in the failure of its “flexible engagement” initiative. Conversely, Indonesia, with a high-quality democratic performance at home and bolstered by its regional leadership status, successfully brought significant changes to ASEAN norms by facilitating the ASEAN Charter signed in 2007.

Issues of Agglomeration Identity Policy in Statements of Russian Regional Politicians: Discourse Analysis of the Social Network “Vkontakte” Materials

The article examines how issues of identity construction in Russian urban agglomerations are reflected in the Russian regional politicians’ discourse in mass media. The study concerns theoretical problems of identity construction and the role of regional government bodies in shaping the territorial identity of the population. The specificity of the Russian situation is the absence of governing bodies related to the agglomeration level in most urban agglomerations. The empirical basis of the study is the texts of subnational politicians posted on the official websites of regional government bodies: websites of governors and regional governments, official pages in the mass media. The empirical information on identity policy were collected from the Internet sources (official portals of regional executive authorities, media reports). Discourse analysis was carried out after monitoring social media materials (VKontakte web-pages of regional leaders). The article reflects five cases out of sixteen Russian ones related to the Ural and Siberian agglomerations with a megalopolis core. The empirical data cover the period from December 2022 to the end of 2023. The choice of the time period for analysis is determined by the fact that by this period the most significant factors influencing the policy of our state at present (the pandemic and the Special military operation) have already manifested themselves in full. It has been confirmed that the problems of agglomeration development in the public official subfederal discourse in most cases are reduced to economic problems; first of all, it concerns the development of industry, science (high technology), transport, and waste disposal. In all analyzed cases, insufficient attention was found out, paid to the role of the implemented socio-cultural projects of subfederal identity policy, and also distancing from the discussion of the problems of integration of labor migrants in the public space. Insignificant number of messages from representatives of the regional political and administrative elite about the socio-cultural meanings of the formed agglomerations can become a significant limitation of information support for the agglomeration development of modern contemporary Russia.

Peranan Aisyiyah Cabang Sebangau di Lahan Gambut Kota Palangka Raya dalam Ketahanan Pangan

Aisyiyah is an Islamic women's movement organization formed by Muhammadiyah, this organization since its inception until now, even more, and more various efforts have been made, including in the fields of religion, education, social and economics, which have benefited the Indonesian people in general and Muslims in particular. One of the 'Aisyiyah movements in the social field is the establishment of Posbakum Aisyiyah in collaboration with the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights, from the Central Leadership of 'Aisyiyah to the regions. The existence of 'Aisyiyah reached the Regional Leader of 'Aisyiyah Central Kalimantan, at the time of the current Covid-19 Pandemic, the role of women has become more increased in domestic roles as well as in fulfilling the economic needs of the family at this time. This study aims to describe the role and form of the role of 'Aisyiyah Kalampangan Branch in Peatlands to Women in increasing family food security. This research was conducted at 'Aisyiyah Kalampangan Branch, Palangka Raya City, Jalan Mahir Mahar Trans Kalimantan Palangka Raya using observation methods (field and participation), interviews (in-depth interviews, taking notes, recording, listening, observing, and capturing using a camera) and literature studies. Data analysis used a simple tabulation to describe the conditions and characteristics of the research site. The processed data is displayed in a table. The targeted finding in this research is the obtaining of a role description by 'Aisyiyah Kalampangan Branch in Peatlands of Palangka Raya City.

Brazil's Foreign Policy in the Emerging Multipolar World: Data-Driven Strategic Positioning within BRICS and Beyond

In the multipolar world, Brazil's foreign policy faces complex geopolitical realities as a part of its strategy to expand its global influence and economic presence. On another front, Brazil considers itself one of the leading countries in the Global South. It has partnered with BRICS to call for better transport, and help has a say in running the world (power balance) instead of being overruled by Western powers. Brazil demonstrates regional leadership by actively participating in initiatives like the New Development Bank and organizations such as MERCOSUR, CELAC, and BRICS, emphasizing its commitment to sustainable development and regional cooperation. The plan is to broaden Brazil's regional power reach, seeking economic and diplomatic relations throughout the planet. Brazilian foreign policy is characterized by a pragmatic search for equidistance, maximizing economic possibilities and strategic ties without ever fully committing to any one bloc or country. These measures will increase Brazil's clout on global issues and solidify the country as a critical factor in shaping a more equitable and representative international order.

How do local governments implement e-government: A case study from Bali Province, Indonesia

The assessment of the e-government index in Indonesia began in 2018. This year, the Bali Province e-government index was only 1.6 (maximum 5). In 2021, 2022, and 2023, the Bali Province e-government index is 3.68, 3.84, and 4.07, respectively. This index is the highest for the provincial category and higher than the national e-government index. This study aims to determine the triumphant factor in implementing e-government in the Bali Province. The research was conducted using structured and in-depth interviews with stakeholders related to e-government management in the Bali Province. Furthermore, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was used to formulate the e-government implementation. The study has discovered five factors influencing the success of e-government implementation in Bali Province, including regional leaders' commitment, regulations, planning, governance and management, and human resources. The result also shows that leadership is the most influential factor in the successful implementation of e-government in Bali Province. Determination of the vision, mission, technical policies, planning, and performance evaluation is carried out in an organised and structured manner. Other evidence of support is realised through allocating a particular budget, providing human resources, and adequately delegating authority. While the findings of this paper will only close a small part of the knowledge gap, further research is still needed by sampling other provinces in Indonesia.

Rise and Fall of Democracy in Regional Government: From Assignment to Election

Indonesia has been trying to develop democracy since the early independence. Assignment of the head of the region conducted from 1945 to 1999. After the big reformation in 1999, which started in 2004, Indonesia started a new chapter with the direct election model for regional heads. This research tries to find the philosophy of Indonesia’s choice to select its regional leader according to the law provided. The research is normative research with a conceptual and comparative approach. The results show that the election of regional leaders in Indonesia has not always been in line with the sovereignty of the people and the concept of democracy. Political choice has had a very significant impact. However, as it turns out into practice, as an emerging country in South East Asia, even though an assignment and not by the general election, leaders or regional heads are also considered as democratic as long as it is still on the path of openness, fair game and also according to people’s approval, including if it comes from the regional representative’s choice of candidates.

Paymob: transforming digital payments in Egypt and the region for a cashless society

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will be able to analyze the FinTech industry in emerging markets, distinguish the growth strategies for startups in the hyper-growth phase, using the Ansoff matrix, evaluate and select geographical markets for expansion (foreign country selection) and understand the liability of foreignness concept. Case overview/synopsis In 2015, Islam Shawky, Alain Al-Hajj and Mostafa Menessy founded Paymob in Egypt, a FinTech start-up providing technological and financial solutions to consumers and merchants in the country. The company had grown into one of Egypt’s most prominent digital payment providers by deploying infrastructure and technologies that empower the underserved with access to financial services. In 2021, Paymob had gained a lot of support from venture capital investors that ended with closing the largest in Egypt Series A fund of $18.5m led by Dubai-based venture capital firm Global Ventures. Although Paymob had already reached great success in Egypt, the founders’ vision was to become the regional leader of digital payments, focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises. So, they are considering regional markets similar to Egypt’s, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a call with a lot of structure but a lot of competition, and Pakistan, a market with much less competition but relatively unstructured. The founders found themselves in early 2022 deciding between these two markets in preparation for the next round of Series B $50m funding. Complexity academic level This case study can be useful for courses in executive education. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

ИЗ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ БИОГРАФИИ Х. А. ПАЭСА: КОНФЛИКТ БОЛИВАРИАНСКОЙ ИДЕОЛОГИИ И ЛАТИНОАМЕРИКАНСКИХ ЛАТИФУНДИСТОВ В 1826–1827 гг.

The article examines the contradictions that arose in the political leadership of the independent state of Greater Colombia after liberation of Latin America territory from Spain. After Simon Bolivar, the leader of revolution movement, organized the administration of Greater Colombia, disagreements began among the regional leaders of the federation, backed by local landowning and trading elites and caudillos, mainly due to contradictions between personal interests and attempts at state centralization of land question by the new power. Also the leaders of Venezuela and Columbia didn’t agree with the Bolivar wishes to unite all newly free territories in one confederate state – And confederation – following the United States of America. The main struggle unfolded between the appointed Vice-President of the Great Columbia Francisco de Paula Santander and Venezuelan military leader Jose Antonio Paez. This led Paez to a request sent to Bolivar to assume, as the leader of the nation and the entire liberation movement, full power in Greater Colombia, and as a result of this Bolivar reconciled rival powers.