Army Leadership Research Articles

Determinants and knowledge of men on obstetric danger signs: A community-based cross-sectional study in Debretabor, Ethiopia

IntroductionObstetrics danger signs are the major health problems and cause of mortality among women in developing countries including Ethiopia. To make an informed decision man should know the danger signs of pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum and be able to act when they occur. In this regard, the role of men as decision-makers cannot be overlooked. However, studies regarding knowledge and associated factors of obstetric danger signs were limited in Ethiopia. ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess knowledge and associated factors towards obstetric danger signs among men in Debretabor town North West, Ethiopia. MethodA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 609 participants from February 1 -March 30/2021 in Debre Tabor town. A cluster sampling procedure was used. Data were collected through a pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.6 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. All variables with a p-value < 0.2 in the Bivariable analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. The statistically significant association of variables was determined based on the Adjusted Odds ratio with a 95 % confidence interval and p-value < 0.05. ResultsSix hundred and nine men were interviewed which made a response rate of 96.9 %. Men’s knowledge of obstetrics danger signs was (44.8 %). In logistic regression analysis the wife's previous obstetrics danger sign (AOR = 5.34,95 %CI (3.49–8.16), diploma and above education (AOR = 7.27, 95 %CI (2.13–8.83), wife's antenatal care (AOR = 2.44, 95 % CI (1.29–4.64), wives gave birth at the hospital (AOR = 4.38, 95 %CI 1.69–11.31) and health development army leader (AOR = 3.86, 95 %CI (1.38–10.75) were associated with knowledge level. ConclusionIn this study men’s knowledge of obstetrics danger signs was low. Husband’s education, place of delivery, and antenatal care have a great role in improving men’s knowledge. The government and stakeholders should give due emphasis to creating awareness and health education about obstetrics danger signs in this particular community.

PAKISTAN’S STRATEGIC CULTURE

The article examines the strategic culture of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, with the focus on the dominance of military elites in the political life of this state. The author’s goal is to analyze the factors that led to the rise of the army in the specific political and security environment of Pakistan. The generalship has done more than merely determine the main directions of the security policy and make principled decisions of a strategic nature; it has fully controlled all aspects of Pakistani society. This has been the case not only during military coups and direct military rule, but also when civilian governments were in power. Crucial decisions have been made only with the consent of or even as initiated by the army leadership. Moreover, from the very beginning of its independence, Pakistan has been nurturing its own version of the "army + Islam" formula, in which one component complemented and upheld the other. This "duet" was deeply rooted in the very emergence of Pakistani identity as a Muslim state of South Asia, i.e., a state established on a religious basis. After highlighting the preceding historical factors of the formation of such a specific culture, the study then explores its manifestations in the contemporary state through examples illustrating the influence of military leaders on the internal development and international behavior of the country. The author argues that for the 75 years of its independence, the Pakistani army has been a guarantor of social stability, which has brought it significant support from the population. On the other hand, the generalship has been repeatedly criticized for inhibiting the development of democratic institutions in the country and active interference in domestic policies and the life of the population. The author places a special emphasis on investigating the strategic behavior of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the context of the development of Ukrainian-Pakistani relations. The army has the power to influence bilateral cooperation and Pakistan’s official neutral position regarding the Russian-Ukrainian war by adjusting this attitude.

Cohesion Assessment Team: A Multidisciplinary Unit Assessment Grounded inArmy Doctrine.

The Cohesion Assessment Team (CAT) provides battalion and brigade command teams with actionable insight into the climate of their unit and the presence of certain harmful behaviors. This assessment, initiated by the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army and initially managed by the Headquarters Department of the Army's People First Task Force, employs a framework from the Center for Army Professional Leadership to structure data and findings. This manuscript describes how to conduct a CAT assessment. To start, two battalions within the same brigade are selected or volunteer for observation based on various metrics. Data are collected from multiple sources including (1) army metrics, such as promotion rates and Uniformed Code of Military Justice actions, (2) subject matter expert in-person observations and interactions, (3) discussions with battalion and brigade staff, (4) survey data from approximately 90% of the soldiers in participating units, and (5) targeted interviews, focus groups, and listening sessions. Onsite data are collected and synthesized with the survey results within a week. Results are presented to battalion and brigade command teams. Briefs highlight key elements of the unit climate that should be maintained or improved. In addition, summarized results are presented to progressively higher echelons of leadership, culminating with the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army for consideration of army-wide changes. The CAT focuses on providing leaders at brigade and below with relevant and actionable information to help inform their internal decision-making to improve their unit's climate. This capability is distinct in many ways, including its non-attributional systems focus and its methodical approach to quickly collecting and triangulating multiple data points. Additionally, the CAT helps leaders identify areas under their control that will impact unit climate, similar to the feedback that training events provide on unit readiness. Army leadership deemed the CAT pilot a success, and responsibility for future CATs was transferred to the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) in October 2022.

Men’s knowledge, attitudes, and associated factors toward obstetric danger signs: A community-based cross-sectional study in Debre Tabor North West, Ethiopia

Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a public health challenge worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Men should be informed about these danger signs to be better equipped to act if they occur. Studies on the topic have been limited in the area. The study aimed to assess men’s knowledge, attitudes, and related factors about obstetrics danger signs in Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted in Debre Tabor Town with 609 participants using a pre-tested questionnaire. The data were analyzed using EpiData version 4.6 and SPSS version 25. Variables with P values ≤0.2 were analyzed with multi-variable logistic regression. A statistically significant association was determined using an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a P value &lt;0.05. Results: In this study, 609 men were interviewed, with a response rate of 96.9%. Men’s knowledge of obstetric danger signs was 44.8%, while their attitudes were 35.6%. Wives’ education level (AOR = 7.27, 2.13–8.83), history of obstetric danger signs (AOR = 5.34, 3.49–8.16), receiving antenatal care (AOR = 2.44, 1.29–4.64), giving birth in a hospital (AOR = 4.38, 1.69–11.31), and having a health development army leader (AOR = 3.86, 1.38–10.75) were all associated with knowledge at 95% CI. Having a higher wealth index (AOR = 6.30, 3.44–11.53) and having two or more children (AOR = 2.80, 1.51–5.25) at 95% CI were associated with attitude. Conclusions: Men’s awareness and attitudes concerning obstetric danger signs were low. The husband’s education, place of birth, and prenatal care are all important factors in increasing men’s understanding and attitudes. As a result, the government and stakeholders must prioritize education, attitude reform, and health education for men.

육군리더십 역량기반 교육과정 개발을 위한 핵심역량 도출 및 교육요구분석에 관한 연구 : 육군대학을 중심으로

육군리더십 역량기반 교육과정 개발을 위한 핵심역량 도출 및 교육요구분석에 관한 연구 : 육군대학을 중심으로

Heather L. Dichter. Bidding for the 1968 Olympic Games: International Sport’s Cold War Battle with NATO.

Journal Article Heather L. Dichter. Bidding for the 1968 Olympic Games: International Sport’s Cold War Battle with NATO. Get access Heather L. Dichter. Bidding for the 1968 Olympic Games: International Sport’s Cold War Battle with NATO. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2021. Pp. xi, 276. Paper $29.95. Linda Risso Linda Risso Centre for Army Leadership, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, England Email: linda.risso@sas.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 128, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 1020–1021, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad181 Published: 22 June 2023

육군 리더십교육이 신임장교의 리더십 인식변화에 미치는영향 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of Army leadership education on the changein leadership perception of new officers. To this end, the amount of change in leadershipperception level was measured through surveys before and after leadership education, and thecorrelation and causal relationship between leadership education satisfaction and leadershipeducation satisfaction were examined through surveys related to education satisfaction. As aresult of the study, the Army's leadership education positively changed the level of leadershipperception of new officers, which was confirmed by obtaining statistically significant results asa result of independent sample verification for comparative groups. In addition, the new officersshowed a high level of satisfaction with the Army's leadership education (4.71/5), and as aresult of correlation analysis, educational satisfaction was significantly correlated with theleadership perception level (0.01 level) and causality (.807, P&lt;.001) was found to bepresent.Through this, it was found that the current leadership education system affected thechange in new officers leadership perception.

CУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛІДЕРСЬКИХ ЯКОСТЕЙ У МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with the main program documents that ensure the formation of leadership qualities in future officers of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the main theoretical principles outlined in the Doctrine of Military Leadership in the National Guard of Ukraine, as one of the defining documents. The essence and meaning of the concepts "military leadership", "military leader" are revealed, based on the refined model of the modern military leader of the National Guard of Ukraine, its comparative analysis is carried out with the corresponding standard outlined in "Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile" (FM 6-22) ) manual. The article reviews modern approaches to the formation of leadership qualities in future officers typically focused on the development of a wide range of competencies that are important for successful leadership. The current state of military leadership development is considered, the main problems are outlined, and possible ways to solve them are proposed. The essence and necessity of applying modern approaches to the formation of leadership qualities in future officers, capable of leading their subordinates and effectively accomplishing the assigned tasks regarding the defense of Ukraine, achieving goals and attaining successful results in military activity, are revealed and substantiated. The synthesis of research results made it possible to reveal the essence of modern approaches to the formation of leadership qualities in future officer-guardsmen, serving as a crucial means for enhancing the professional performance of military leaders and increasing their effectiveness in combat conditions.

«ТЫ НАШЬ КНЯЗЬ»: СОГЛАШЕНИЯ МЕЖДУ ГОРОДОМ И КНЯЗЕМ В КИЕВСКОЙ ЛЕТОПИСИ

The article discusses the phraseology of the relations between cities and princes, presented in the 12th-century Kievan (Kyivan) Chronicle. Their relations have long been studied, including the stages of the formation of the veche, the history of the so-called enthronement, and the degree of involvement of the clergy in this process. However, the researchers’ attention was not focused on the relations between members of the dynasty and politically active groups (such as citizens of a certain town), when it came to preparing and conducting military campaigns, making alliances, performing the triumphal meeting of the army leader, and a number of other issues. The analysis of the description of such events reveals that the chronicler often pays attention to politically ambiguous situations, when several Rurikids claimed to be rulers of the town at the same time, and the townspeople’s opinion became decisive. At this point, they could demonstrate their loyalty to the ruler by means of the steady expression “you are our knyaz”, which was complementary to the phrase “you are my people”. Both phrases could be part of more complex utterances that named the predecessors of the prince who had taken care of the town; enumerated certain Christian symbols, such as the shrines of the town; and contained a direct call for subsequent actions. These examples illustrate that a long tradition of creating treaty language patterns existed as early as in the 12th century.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on army families: Household finances, familial experiences, and soldiers’ behavioral health

ABSTRACT The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted employment and finances, childcare, and behavioral health across the United States. The Behavioral Health Advisory Team assessed the pandemic’s impact on the behavioral health of U.S. Army soldiers and their families. Over 20,000 soldiers at three large installation groups headquartered in the northwestern continental U.S., Republic of Korea, and Germany participated in the cross-sectional survey. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that key demographics (gender, rank), severity of household financial impact, changes in work situation due to childcare issues, and family members’ difficulty coping (both self and spouse/partner and/or child) were independently and consistently associated with greater odds of screening positive for probable clinical depression and generalized anxiety, respectively. These findings highlight how Army families were impacted similarly by the pandemic as their civilian counterparts. Army leadership may action these findings with targeted support for soldiers and their families to ensure they are utilizing supportive services available to them, and that military services continually evolve to meet soldier and family needs during times of crisis and beyond.

Efficacy vs. Ideology: The Use of Food Therapies in Preventing and Treating Beriberi in the Japanese Army in the Meiji Era

In the latter half of the nineteenth century the Japanese army medical bureau struggled to prevent beriberi in its ranks. In Japan, traditional medicine effectively treated beriberi, a nutritional deficiency illness, with food therapies. The army medical bureau, in line with western medical practice, viewed the disease as microbial in origin. Army leadership was driven, in part, by a desire to be seen as advanced and civilized by western nations, and demonstrating sound western medical protocols served this purpose. By the mid -1880s unit level medical officers adopted a mixed staple of rice and barley, which was a common food practice in rural households. This modification provided the necessary vitamin B1 in the soldiers' daily diet to prevent the onset of beriberi. The leadership of the army medical bureau allowed this dietary change on an ad hoc basis, but during times of war reinstated the official white rice staple. During wartime the army repeatedly suffered high rates of beriberi.

Comparing and Contrasting Two White Leaders of the Tuskegee Airmen: Colonels Noel Parrish and Robert Selway

Comparing and Contrasting Two White Leaders of the Tuskegee Airmen: Colonels Noel Parrish and Robert Selway Daniel Haulman (bio) The tuskegee airmen included the first african american pilots in American military service, but the group also included others who served alongside them, in their units or at their bases, between 1941 and 1949. Some of those personnel, including the commanders of some of the Tuskegee Airmen bases and units, were white. The most important of these were Colonel Noel F. Parrish and Colonel Robert R. Selway. During most of World War II, Parrish commanded the Tuskegee Army Air Field, located in Tuskegee, Alabama, where the first Black pilots in the United States Army trained to fly. Selway once commanded both of the only two Tuskegee Airmen flying groups, the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group. In the scholarly literature focused on the Tuskegee Airmen, Colonel Parrish has generally been considered a hero, while Selway has assumed the role of a villain.1 While there are good reasons for such an assessment, it is an oversimplification of the character and career of each man. The hero was not without [End Page 225] flaws, nor the villain without virtues, and what they had in common cannot be forgotten. Black military personnel served in the armed forces of the United States since the Revolutionary War, but despite playing important roles, their positions were typically in the lowest ranks, and they were usually placed under the leadership of white officers. Before World War II, the War Department did not allow African Americans to train or serve as pilots. Army leadership believed that Black recruits were inferior and lacked the ability to fly advanced military aircraft in combat, a sentiment expressed most notably in a 1925 Army War College report.2 When President Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for a third term for president in 1940, he promised to train Black pilots in the Army Air Corps, and he fulfilled his promise.3 In March 1941, the War Department activated the first African American flying unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron (later the 99th Fighter Squadron) at Chanute Field, Illinois, under a white commander.4 The Army had already announced that the unit’s pilots would be trained at Tuskegee. Just as the conflict opened possibilities for Black pilots, World War II also marked a change in opportunities for Black leadership within the military; in fact, because of the Tuskegee Airmen, Black officers came to command not only groups and squadrons, but also bases. There had been few Black officers in the Army, and only a handful had attended the United States Military Academy at West Point. Training Black military pilots would vastly increase the number of Black officers, since pilots were typically officers, receiving their commissions as they graduated from advanced flight training. The Army did [End Page 226] not want Black officers in command of white enlisted men and therefore insisted that the training of the Black military pilots, and the unit to which they would be assigned, would be segregated. The 99th Fighter Squadron would eventually have Black commanders, but the squadron itself would have no white personnel. And more generally, many military leaders were skeptical of the abilities of Tuskegee pilots; Army leaders did not envision that Black flying units, groups or squadrons, would ever be sent into combat overseas. Tuskegee was chosen as the flight training area for a number of reasons. The Tuskegee Institute was already training African American pilots in the Civilian Pilot Training Program, and it had a reputation as one of the most famous and prestigious of Black institutions of higher learning. Tuskegee was also in an area in the South that had more days of good flying weather than potential sites farther north. And, because Alabama and Tuskegee were strictly segregated, the segregated nature of the training program would fit the climate with little danger of resistance; certainly, Tuskegee was not close to an urban area like Chicago or Detroit that leaders felt to be racially volatile.5 The African American flight training, like that for white pilots elsewhere, was divided into three phases: primary, basic, and advanced. The...

The habit of excellence: why British Army leadership works, Lieutenant Colonel Langley Sharp MBE

The habit of excellence: why British Army leadership works, Lieutenant Colonel Langley Sharp MBE

Peranan Manajemen Pengetahuan dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi dan Kinerja Pimpinan Militer

The Army Military Police has the task of carrying out policies and carrying out the functions of the Military Police to support the implementation of the basic tasks of the Army. In creating value and producing competitive advantage or excellent performance within the Army Military Police, knowledge management is needed to meet the standards of the Army Leadership competencies in improving performance. In the past two years, the performance of the Military Police was considered to be unsuccessful, as seen from the rise of violations in the Indonesian Army. In this study, the population and sample were as many as 74 people who were leaders of the Military Police in Indonesia. The test was carried out using a partial least square approach, the results of the study indicated competence did not directly affect the performance of the leadership, the moderating variable required for knowledge management in improving the performance of the military police leadership.

Hitler's Greatest Gamble

Hitler's Greatest Gamble James J. Sheehan (bio) Jonathan Dimbleby, Operation Barbarossa: The History of a Cataclysm. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. xliii + 595 pp. Photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, and index. $34.95. Among the greatest challenges facing the historian of modern warfare is capturing war's extraordinary scale without losing sight of its human dimension. Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union that began in June 1941, was one of the greatest battles in history, engaging millions of combatants, raging across hundreds of miles, lasting six months. Behind these figures were the broken lives of individual soldiers and civilians who were caught in the battle's murderous machinery. Barbarossa set in motion four years of vicious combat in which both sides were profligate with the lives of their troops and savage in their treatment of the enemy. To cite just one statistic: of the 5.7 million Soviet soldiers captured by the Germans, some 3.3 million perished from hunger, disease, or mistreatment. Those who managed to survive captivity were often punished after their liberation, since the Soviet authorities regarded being captured as a form of treason. Jonathan Dimbleby's book does justice to both the battle's scale and its impact on individuals' lives. Barbarossa's is, as he shows in convincing detail, an extraordinary story that begins when 3.3 million German troops attacked along an 1800-kilometer front, stretching from the Baltic to the Balkans. During the first weeks of the campaign, things went just as the invaders hoped: badly led, equipped with inferior weapons, and pursuing poorly executed tactics, the Soviets lost massive amounts of men, weapons, and aircraft. By the first week of July, well-informed German commanders predicted a rapid and relatively easy victory. But then the momentum of the German advance began to slow. By October, the Soviet resistance had stiffened, just as the first signs of winter appeared. In early December, the Russians launched a broad counter-offensive that did not destroy the Wehrmacht but did force it to assume defensive positions. This move, in effect, brought Barbarossa to an end. Neither Moscow nor St.Petersburg was captured, the regime remained intact, and the quality of the Red Army's leadership and weaponry dramatically improved. In addition to providing a clear account of the ebb and flow of military operations, [End Page 75] Dimbleby portrays the human face of battle with a skillfully arranged set of first-hand accounts taken from diaries, letters, and official documents. About the global significance of Barbarossa there can be no question. But was it "the most decisive campaign in the Second World War"? If Hitler had won this battle would he have become, as Dimbleby argues, "the master of Europe's destiny" (p. xxxvii)? Perhaps. But it seems equally possible that even had the Germans captured Moscow at the end of 1941, the Soviet regime would have survived. As the battle moved further east, the German conquerors might have found themselves in a situation similar to their Japanese allies in China, unable to convert battlefield victories into effective control over their enemy's vast territory. Hitler's fantasy of creating a stable colonial empire stretching to the Urals was just that, a fantasy that would have, sooner or later, shattered against the hard edges of geopolitical realties. Although Dimbleby devotes most of his book to the military history of Barbarossa, he weaves two other themes into his main story. One is the murder of Europe's Jews, which is not, to be sure, a result of the Russian campaign, but was an important part of Hitler's motives for moving east and did help shape the way the campaign was conducted. Dimbleby follows the now generally accepted narrative of Germany's racial imperialism in which the army—almost all of the generals and large numbers of ordinary troops—were deeply involved in the war's greatest atrocity. Dimbleby also examines the international setting of the German invasion and its aftermath. His book begins (rather awkwardly, in my opinion) with the agreement between the Soviet Union and the German Republic signed at Rapallo in 1922, when both states tried to overcome the international...

The Role of Program Evaluation in Keeping Army Health "Army Strong": Translating Lessons Learned Into Best Practices.

ABSTRACTService Members and military beneficiaries face complex and ill-structured challenges, including suicide, sexual violence, increasing health care costs, and the evolving coronavirus pandemic. Military and other government practitioners must identify effective programs, policies, and initiatives to preserve the health and ensure the readiness of our Force. Both research and program evaluation are critical to identify interventions best positioned to prevent disease, protect the public’s health, and promote health and well-being within our ranks to retain a medically ready force and reduce the global burden of disease. While military and medical leaders are typically well versed in research and understand the role of research in evidence-informed decisions, they may be less aware of program evaluation. Program evaluation is the systematic application of scientific methods to assess the design, implementation, improvement, or outcomes of a program, policy, or initiative. Although program evaluators commonly utilize scientific or research methods to answer evaluation questions, evaluation ultimately differs from research in its intent. Several recently published federal and Department of Defense policies specifically reference program evaluation, emphasizing its importance to the military and government as a whole. The Army is uniquely positioned to conduct medical and public health evaluation activities and there are several Army organizations and entities that routinely perform this work. For example, the United States Army Public Health Center (APHC) is among recognized military experts in public health assessment and program evaluation. Given the breadth of our work, the APHC understands the challenges to conducting evaluation studies in the Army and we have thoughtfully examined the conditions common to successful evaluation studies. In this commentary, we share our lessons learned to assist military colleagues, potential partners, and others in successfully evaluating the programs, policies, and initiatives necessary to keep our Service Members and beneficiaries healthy and ready. There are several challenges to executing evaluation studies in the Army that may be relevant across all Services. These include but are not limited to frequent Army leadership transitions, urgency to report study results, lack of program documentation and adequate planning for evaluation, expectation management to ensure stakeholders are well-informed about the evaluation process, and a disorganized data landscape. These challenges may hinder the successful execution of evaluation studies, or prevent them from being attempted in the first place, depriving Army leaders of quality, actionable information to make evidence-informed decisions. Despite the aforementioned challenges, we have identified a number of best practices to overcome these challenges and conduct successful evaluation studies. These facilitators of successful evaluations can be summarized as: collaboration with engaged stakeholders who understand the value of evaluation, evaluation studies aligned with larger strategic priorities, agile methodology, thoughtful evaluation planning, and effective communication with stakeholders. We wholeheartedly recommend and encourage program evaluation at every opportunity, and we anticipate the call for evaluation and evidence-informed decisions to continually increase. Our hope is that others – to include partners and stakeholders within and external to the military – will be able to leverage and apply this information, especially the identified best practices, in their evaluation efforts to ensure success.

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE PREPARATION OF LAND FORCES OFFICERS OF THE BULGARIAN ARMED FORCES

This article discusses the issues of improving the training process of Land Forces officers of the Bulgarian Armed Forces. Based mostly on the analysis of the current experience of the army leadership, the analysis of modern requirements of the security environment and the need to change the job qualifications to perform specific tasks of Army officers in the full range of missions and operations, some suggestions for improving their training are extracted. An attempt to present the main directions for increasing the efficiency of the officers from the Army preparation on tactical and operational level has been executed. Suggestions have been made for improving the current course model, which is the fundamental element of training these officers and it is associated with the overall vision for their training process. The main conclusions and recommendations of the study are presented at the end of the current scientific work.

한국 근대 사회운동의 계승관계에 대한 고등학교 한국사 교과서 서술 분석 - 동학농민전쟁과 의병운동을 중심으로 -

When we analyze [Donghak Peasant Revolution Participation White Paper] and [Independence Patriots Achievement Record], severance was more common than succession in terms of the succession of personnel from Donghak to Righteous Army. Also, the Confucian students, who were the central force of the Righteous Army, were generally hostile to Donghak. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the schema of simply connecting the genealogy setting of the modern and contemporary social movement history from Donghak to Righteous Army.BR However, we should not completely deny the succession from Donghak to Righteous Army altogether and determine the succession from anti-Donghak to Righteous Army, e ither. As mentioned in this paper, there was no Righteous Army leader in then northern Gyeongsang-do area who was from anti-Donghak party and there were several cases that some former Donghak participants joined the Righteous Army. These mean that there were people who crossed between different forces in the local communities. However, the existence of people in the intersection of those two forces and defining the succession of personnel between the two powers is another matter. This is because the aspect of the succession of orientations between the two forces must also be considered.BR In conclusion, the dichotomy between the progressive succession and severance from Donghak Peasant War to the Righteous Army Movement must be overcome. The reality of the time was not simply the succession based on the developmental stage theory, nor was it a complete segmentation. It is necessary to accurately recognize the concrete reality of the time where some forces were intertwined, even though they were mostly opposed, and their boundaries were not fixed but variable. On this basis, we will be able to figure out the succession and historical position of the modern and contemporary social movements history in Korea more correctly.

Contest for Liberty: Military Leadership in the Continental Army, 1775–1783

Contest for Liberty: Military Leadership in the Continental Army, 1775–1783

A Study on the Balance Between Work and Family of Nepali Army Officers

This study tries to explore and examine the relationships of work-family balance among army officers of the Nepal Army.The objectives of the study is to discover the issues and consequences of the work family confl ict by examining and discussing the impact of time, stress and job satisfaction on work-family relation and to suggest some recommendations to maintain the balance between the two. This study is simply base on desk review of research papers and information on work-family relation of army officers. Unprecedented problems of work family conflict are a common phenomenon within modern organizations. Stress, low performance, absenteeism, quitting from the force and committing suicide are the consequences of the work-family conflict So, the organizations are compelled to manage all causes of conflict before escalating the adverse effects. The study has followed a step-by-step approach to undertake review of the research papers. The results of this study reveal that work-life conflict and stress have a significant positive relationship. The findings of the study will encourage the Nepal Army for further research on work family balance and the additional examination may provide better understanding of truth. It is also hope that the results and recommendations gleaned from this study may assist the Nepal Army in making policies and programs related to work family conflict in future. Should the Nepal Army leadership fail to work proactively to ensure this balance, this may provide ground for a new kind of conflict.