Leader Strategy Research Articles

Optimal private payoff manipulation against commitment in extensive-form games

Stackelberg equilibrium describes the optimal strategies of a player, when she (the leader) first credibly commits to a strategy. Her opponent (the follower) will best respond to her commitment. To compute the optimal commitment, a leader must learn enough follower's payoff information. The follower can then potentially provide fake information, to induce a different final game outcome that benefits him more than when he truthfully behaves.We study such follower's manipulation in extensive-form games. For all four settings considered, we characterize all the inducible game outcomes. We show the polynomial-time tractability of finding the optimal payoff function to misreport. We compare the follower's optimal attainable utilities among different settings, with the true game fixed. In particular, one comparison shows that the follower gets no less when the leader's strategy space expands from pure strategies to behavioral strategies. Our work completely resolves this follower's optimal manipulation problem on extensive-form game trees.

How parties impact the trajectories of federalism: India

ABSTRACT The article examines the interface between the party system and the trajectories of center-state interactions in independent India. It argues that the Constituent Assembly put in place a strong-center model of federalism, giving the center much greater leverage than the states. The structural features envisaged in the constitution implicitly give us the image of a rigid framework and do not account for the dynamic nature of federalism. The discussion in the article, however, shows that there have been periods when the central state has been able to achieve a greater level of vertical integration, overriding the existing institutional frameworks. This has occurred whenever a party, owing to a lack of federal political culture and being under a person-centered leadership, managed to achieve polity-wide legislative dominance. Whenever it happens, the constituent states are reduced to more like administrative units, accepting directives from the center, as the existing federal safeguard mechanism loses its efficacy. However, here again the degree of integration has varied depending on the ruling strategy of the party leader, the party’s internal structure, and the level of resistance put up by the state units, and the opposition parties. In sharp contrast, when, due to political and economic transitions, the state-based parties gained prominence at the national level, then they invariably pushed for greater decentralization, strengthening the existing federal institutional safeguards, and striving to make the constituent states more autonomous political and economic units.

Revitalizing Stroke Care: The LEADER Strategy for Sustainable Transformation in Health Care Delivery.

Revitalizing Stroke Care: The LEADER Strategy for Sustainable Transformation in Health Care Delivery.

Leader Strategy in Improving Public Services in Tonasa 1 Sub District, Pangkep Regency

Leader Strategy in Improving Public Services in Tonasa 1 Sub District, Pangkep Regency

Stackelberg–Cournot dynamic game and risk management of heterogeneous supply chain enterprises under government carbon emission policy

AbstractThis paper presents the development of a model incorporating two manufacturers in a competitive carbon emissions trading market with varying degrees of market competitiveness. Among them, the manufacturer is in a limited market leadership position, and the game process lies between the Stackelberg game and the Cournot game. Additionally, the Pareto solution sets at various model periods are investigated. In addition, the model examined the effect of dynamic government adjustments on carbon emission limitations. The paper conducts an analysis of the fundamental factors contributing to system instability and evaluates the influence of various factors on the model's stability. At the same time, we also discussed the influence of government adjustment strategy on retail decision‐making and stability. The results highlight that the instability of the system is mainly caused by the adjustment strategy of the market leader, whereby the system becomes increasingly unstable as the market leader's position becomes stronger. In addition, the government's implementation of carbon emission limits will promote market stability.

Black-winged kite algorithm: a nature-inspired meta-heuristic for solving benchmark functions and engineering problems

This paper innovatively proposes the Black Kite Algorithm (BKA), a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the migratory and predatory behavior of the black kite. The BKA integrates the Cauchy mutation strategy and the Leader strategy to enhance the global search capability and the convergence speed of the algorithm. This novel combination achieves a good balance between exploring global solutions and utilizing local information. Against the standard test function sets of CEC-2022 and CEC-2017, as well as other complex functions, BKA attained the best performance in 66.7, 72.4 and 77.8% of the cases, respectively. The effectiveness of the algorithm is validated through detailed convergence analysis and statistical comparisons. Moreover, its application in solving five practical engineering design problems demonstrates its practical potential in addressing constrained challenges in the real world and indicates that it has significant competitive strength in comparison with existing optimization techniques. In summary, the BKA has proven its practical value and advantages in solving a variety of complex optimization problems due to its excellent performance. The source code of BKA is publicly available at https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/161401-black-winged-kite-algorithm-bka.

Fear and Dreams: Understanding the Non-Institutional Sources of Leader Strategy

Fear and Dreams: Understanding the Non-Institutional Sources of Leader Strategy

VISI KEPEMIMPINAN DAN STRATEGI PEMIMPIN DALAM TEORI NAHWU

This article describes the relationship between leadership vision and leader strategy based on Nahwu theory, one of the 12 sciences of Arabic. Nahwu theory provides a deep understanding of the structure of the Arabic language, enabling Arabic speakers to convey messages correctly and providing proper understanding of the Quran and Hadith. Sayyidina Ali bin Abi Talib, an Islamic figure, ordered the compilation of Arabic grammar rules (the science of Nahwu) in response to errors in reading the Quran among Muslims. Nahwu, as the science of grammatical rules, focuses on isim and fiil. This article discusses the concepts of isim and fiil, where isim refers to the name of a thing or idea, while fiil describes an action or activity involving a specific actor and time. In addition, the article discusses the concepts of mu'rob and mabni, related to the final state of the kalimah, and the discussion of nakiroh and makrifah which only apply to the isim kalimah. Leaders who understand Nahwu can apply effective leadership strategies, such as proper word selection, formation of effective sentence structures, adjustment to the context of communication, language consistency, and application of grammar rules. The success of the leader in creating a clean, structured and effective leadership vision will be reflected in his ability to convey messages clearly and in accordance with the desired norms and values.

Modeling the Stackelberg game with a boundedly rational follower in deterioration supply chain-based interaction with the leader’s hybrid pricing strategy

In the conventional Stackelberg game, all players are perfect optimizers, able to choose the best responses to their competitors' decisions. In contrast, in the Stackelberg game with bounded rationality, players are unable to optimize their individual payoffs and face strategic uncertainty due to the performance of competitors. In real games, players are usually unaware of the performance of their competitors. Therefore, to survive in the competitive market, they are forced to make decisions under conditions of bounded rationality. Due to the importance of decision-making in this situation, in this study, the Stackelberg game of deteriorating inventory within a two-level supply chain was developed considering the concept of bounded rationality. The follower in the Stackelberg game (manufacturer) is poorly aware of the leader's performance in terms of order size. Therefore, she/he manufactures the products at rates with normal distribution. For the first time, an algorithm based on Bayesian conjugate pair was proposed to solve the Stackelberg game with bounded rationality for deteriorating products. In addition, a comparison was made between the above conditions and a mode in which the leader's strategy is fully observable to the follower. The approach used in the proposed algorithm to adjust the production rate was also compared with the adjustment based on the partial adjustment model, and the obtained results prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm.

Strategi Pemimpin Madrasah dalam Meningkatkan Minat Baca dengan Membangun Budaya Literasi

The role of the head is very necessary in managing an institution to be more developed, the role of the head is also very helpful in the progress of the program carried out by the institution where the head can manage and motivate all components of the school with the right strategy. This study aims to analyze and understand the strategy of a leader in increasing reading interest in students by implementing literacy culture in a school, namely MI Ihyauddiniyah, Duren Village, Gading District, Probolinggo Regency. The research method uses a qualitative approach from the type of case study, to get an overview of a leader's strategy in increasing reading interest in students by applying literacy culture, observation of researchers by mingling directly in the field then conducting interviews with several informants, namely principals and teachers at school. The results showed that a leader's strategy in increasing reading interest in students by implementing literacy culture by; Compulsory reading culture, strengthening human resources, and procuring infrastructure. With the strategy carried out by the leadership in building a literacy culture, it can have implications for fostering children's interest in reading, writing skills, language proficiency and work, especially at MI Ihyauddiniyah.

Firefly search algorithm based on leader strategy

In the firefly search algorithm, individuals will move toward a brighter direction according to the light intensity factor in the iteration, which has a high convergence speed. It faces the problem of unbalanced exploration and exploitation. At the same time, the diversity of the algorithm is insufficient. Especially when dealing with complex benchmark functions or engineering problems, it cannot show excellent performance. This paper proposes a firefly search algorithm based on the leader and follower population model and combines the Brownian motion strategy and Levy flight strategy (FA-BMLA). Using the different performances of the Brownian motion strategy and Levy flight strategy in exploration and exploitation, adding an adaptive parameter switching that the FA-BMLA can accord to different situations change its strategy. By testing 20 benchmark functions such as single-mode, multi-mode, and CEC2014, the results are compared with advanced algorithms such as the firefly search algorithm and its variants, whale optimization algorithm, and salp swarm algorithm, and the results are evaluated by the nonparametric test method. Numerical results and statistical experiments show that the FA-BMLA has better solution quality, convergence accuracy, and stability. The FA-BMLA is applied to solve the three engineering problems of pressure vessel, welding beam, and rolling bearing. The data results and experimental comparisons show that FA-BMLA can obtain an accurate solution to engineering problems.

Extended Kalman Filter Based Resilient Formation Tracking Control of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles via Game-Theoretical Reinforcement Learning

In this paper, we discuss the resilient formation tracking control problem of multiple unmanned vehicles (MUV). A dynamic leader-follower distributed control structure is utilized to optimize the performance of the formation tracking. For the follower of the MUV, the leader is a cooperative unmanned vehicle, and the target of formation tracking is a non-cooperative unmanned vehicle with a nonlinear trajectory. Therefore, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) observer is designed to estimate the state of the target. Then the leader of the MUV is adjusted dynamically according to the state of the target. In order to describe the interactions between the follower and dynamic leader, a Stackelberg game model is constructed to handle the hierarchical decision problems. At the lower layer, each follower responds by observing the leader's strategy, and the potential game is used to prove a Nash equilibrium among all followers. At the upper layer, the dynamic leader makes decisions depending on the response of all followers to reaching the Stackelberg equilibrium. Moreover, the Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium of the designed game theoretical model is proven. A novel reinforcement learning-based algorithm is designed to achieve the Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium of the game. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by a variety of formation tracking simulation experiments.

A multi-UAV deployment method for border patrolling based on Stackelberg game

To strengthen border patrol measures, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are gradually used in many countries to detect illegal entries on borders. However, how to efficiently deploy limited UAVs to patrol on borders of large areas remains challenging. In this paper, we first model the problem of deploying UAVs for border patrol as a Stackelberg game. Two players are considered in this game: The border patrol agency is the leader, who optimizes the patrol path of UAVs to detect the illegal immigrant. The illegal immigrant is the follower, who selects a certain area of the border to pass through at a certain time after observing the leader's strategy. Second, a compact linear programming problem is proposed to tackle the exponential growth of the number of leader's strategies. Third, a method is proposed to reduce the size of the strategy space of the follower. Then, we provide some theoretic results to present the effect of parameters of the model on leader's utilities. Experimental results demonstrate the positive effect of limited starting and ending areas of UAV's patrolling conditions and multiple patrolling altitudes on the leader's utility, and show that the proposed solution outperforms two conventional patrol strategies and has strong robustness.

Multi-Level Thresholding Image Segmentation Based on Improved Slime Mould Algorithm and Symmetric Cross-Entropy.

Multi-level thresholding image segmentation divides an image into multiple regions of interest and is a key step in image processing and image analysis. Aiming toward the problems of the low segmentation accuracy and slow convergence speed of traditional multi-level threshold image segmentation methods, in this paper, we present multi-level thresholding image segmentation based on an improved slime mould algorithm (ISMA) and symmetric cross-entropy for global optimization and image segmentation tasks. First, elite opposition-based learning (EOBL) was used to improve the quality and diversity of the initial population and accelerate the convergence speed. The adaptive probability threshold was used to adjust the selection probability of the slime mould to enhance the ability of the algorithm to jump out of the local optimum. The historical leader strategy, which selects the optimal historical information as the leader for the position update, was found to improve the convergence accuracy. Subsequently, 14 benchmark functions were used to evaluate the performance of ISMA, comparing it with other well-known algorithms in terms of the optimization accuracy, convergence speed, and significant differences. Subsequently, we tested the segmentation quality of the method proposed in this paper on eight grayscale images and compared it with other image segmentation criteria and well-known algorithms. The experimental metrics include the average fitness (mean), standard deviation (std), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structure similarity index (SSIM), and feature similarity index (FSIM), which we utilized to evaluate the quality of the segmentation. The experimental results demonstrated that the improved slime mould algorithm is superior to the other compared algorithms, and multi-level thresholding image segmentation based on the improved slime mould algorithm and symmetric cross-entropy can be effectively applied to the task of multi-level threshold image segmentation.

Leader–follower mean field LQ games: A direct method

AbstractThis paper investigates a linear quadratic mean field game with a leader and a large number of followers. The leader first gives its strategy, and then each follower optimizes its own cost. We first solve a mean field game problem, which gives the best response of followers to the leader's strategy. After applying the followers' strategies, the leader is faced to an optimal control problem driven by a high‐dimensional forward‐backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs). By decoupling the high‐dimensional Hamiltonian system with mean field approximations, we construct a set of decentralized strategies for all the players, which are further shown to be an ‐Stackelberg equilibrium. ‐

Dakwah dan Komunikasi Persuasif Tuan Guru di Lombok dalam Penyampaian Pesan Vaksinasi Covid-19

The government of Indonesia has taken some strategies to prevent the spread of Covid-19, one of them is vaccination. In the era of information abundance facilitated by digital media or social media, there is polarization of perceptions and attitudes in the community about the Covid-19 vaccination program policy. Hoaxes and disinformation make people rejection or doubtful about Covid-19 vaccinations. Religious leaders have a significant role in providing explanations and constructing counter-narratives about Covid-19 vaccination. This study aims to explain persuasive communication strategy of the religious leader (“Tuan Guru”) in Lombok with an Islamic da'wah approach. This study is a qualitative research. The method is discourse analysis. The data analyzed from books, scientific journals, news articles and interview transcripts. The results showed that the persuasive da'wah and communication strategy aims to change the beliefs, attitudes and behavior of people who are in latitude of non-commitment groups. This strategy can strengthen discourse or information (as education) for the community, subjective norms and counter-narrative hoaxes about vaccinations on social media. The persuasive da'wah and communication strategy of Tuan Guru in Lombok is carried out through two methods, namely the direct communication method at the recitation forums and creating positive narratives “Ayo Vaksin” in online media and social media.

Coordinating Followers to Reach Better Equilibria: End-to-End Gradient Descent for Stackelberg Games

A growing body of work in game theory extends the traditional Stackelberg game to settings with one leader and multiple followers who play a Nash equilibrium. Standard approaches for computing equilibria in these games reformulate the followers' best response as constraints in the leader's optimization problem. These reformulation approaches can sometimes be effective, but make limiting assumptions on the followers' objectives and the equilibrium reached by followers, e.g., uniqueness, optimism, or pessimism. To overcome these limitations, we run gradient descent to update the leader's strategy by differentiating through the equilibrium reached by followers. Our approach generalizes to any stochastic equilibrium selection procedure that chooses from multiple equilibria, where we compute the stochastic gradient by back-propagating through a sampled Nash equilibrium using the solution to a partial differential equation to establish the unbiasedness of the stochastic gradient. Using the unbiased gradient estimate, we implement the gradient-based approach to solve three Stackelberg problems with multiple followers. Our approach consistently outperforms existing baselines to achieve higher utility for the leader.

Improved salp swarm algorithm based on gravitational search and multi-leader search strategies

<abstract> <p>The salp swarm algorithm (SSA) will converge prematurely and fall into local optimum when solving complex high-dimensional multimodal optimization tasks. This paper proposes an improved SSA (GMLSSA) based on gravitational search and multi-swarm search strategies. In the gravitational search strategy, using multiple salp individuals to guide the location update of search agents can get rid of the limitation of individual guidance and improve the exploration ability of the algorithm. In the multi-swarm leader strategy, the original population is divided into several independent subgroups to increase population diversity and avoid falling into local optimization. In the experiment, 20 benchmark functions (including the well-known CEC 2014 function) were used to test the performance of the proposed GMLSSA in different dimensions, and the results were compared with the most advanced search algorithm and SSA variants. The experimental results are evaluated through four different analysis methods: numerical, stability, high-dimensional performance, and statistics. These results conclude that GMLSSA has better solution quality, convergence accuracy, and stability. In addition, GMLSSA is used to solve the tension/compression spring design problem (TCSD). The proposed GMLSSA is superior to other competitors in terms of solution quality, convergence accuracy, and stability.</p> </abstract>

The leader strategy in improving performance of navy human resources

Nowadays the Indonesian Navy is considered to have succeeded in strengthening its role in carrying out the development of a world-class marine defense force and has also received recognition from various countries in the world. However, there are still many problems regarding improving the performance of human resources in the Navy organization. This study aims to determine the strategy of the Navy Leaders in improving the quality of competent human resources in their fields. Furthermore, the research objectives can be detailed again and are more operational in nature, namely a). Formulating a strategy for the leader of the Navy to solve the problem of inequality in the number of personnel with existing positions, especially in the lieutenant colonel and colonel strata until 2024 and b). Determining the strategy of the leader of the Navy in solving problems has not created a synergy between the functions of education, use, and maintenance so that it hinders the development of personnel. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach based on direct observation analysis, expert interviews, and literature study. The qualitative approach assumes that human resources are active resources, therefore the qualitative approach aims to understand the object and make explorations. The strategy results obtained are the implementation of competency-based personnel development policies, empowerment of the Navy Personnel Assessment center, carrying out "Superior Job Performer" activities, conducting Competency Based Interview (CBI) training and developing "Integrated Personnel Information System", and implementing the second policy careers for personnel who are not elected to certain positions. Furthermore, synergize between the functions of education, use, and maintenance of personnel for continuous personnel development.

The leader strategy in improving performance of navy human resources

The leader strategy in improving performance of navy human resources