Lead Zirconate Titanate System Research Articles

Application of Sol-Gel Method for Synthesis of Nanostructured Piezoelectric Materials in Lead Zirconate-Titanate System (A Review). Part 2. Synthesis of Film and Rod Structures

Application of Sol-Gel Method for Synthesis of Nanostructured Piezoelectric Materials in Lead Zirconate-Titanate System (A Review). Part 2. Synthesis of Film and Rod Structures

Application of Sol-Gel Method for Synthesis of Nanostructured Piezoelectric Materials Based on Lead Zirconate-Titanate System — A Review. Part 1. Powders Synthesis

Application of Sol-Gel Method for Synthesis of Nanostructured Piezoelectric Materials Based on Lead Zirconate-Titanate System — A Review. Part 1. Powders Synthesis

Switching Processes and Ferroelectric Hysteresis in Dense and Porous Piezoceramics in the Lead Zirconate Titanate System

Switching Processes and Ferroelectric Hysteresis in Dense and Porous Piezoceramics in the Lead Zirconate Titanate System

Complex Electromechanical Parameters and Features of the Microstructure of Porous Piezoceramics of the Lead Zirconate Titanate System

Complex Electromechanical Parameters and Features of the Microstructure of Porous Piezoceramics of the Lead Zirconate Titanate System

The Influence of the Dopants on the Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate System

Abstract The doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 system with Nb5+ and Sr2+ were obtained by solid state reactions. The influence of nature of dopants on structural and microstructural properties were analyzed by XRD and SEM techniques and were also investigated the obtained dielectric and piezoelectric properties. The XRD analyzes and the SEM images highlighted the obtaining of homogeneous tetragonal structures, of the perovskite type. The physical (ρa), dielectric constant (ɛr) and piezoelectric (kp) properties of the doped PZT systems were investigated. The Nb5+ doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 system presented the ɛr = 488 and kp = 0,52. Sr2+ substitution for Nb5+ doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 reduced the Curie temperature (from 420°C to 360°C), increased the dielectric constant at 1180, and also decreasing the kp (0,39).

Modelling and Numerical Simulation of an Ultrasonic Piezo-Motor based on Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(1-x)Srx(Ti0,48Zr0,52)(1-y)NbyO3 Ceramics

Firstly, the paper presents a solid solution of piezoelectric ceramic that was synthesized according to the general formula Pb(1-x)Srx(Ti0.48Zr0.52)(1-y)NbyO3 with x = 0.05 and y = 0.02, using wet ceramic processing technology and using oxides as prime materials. The effects of dopants (Sr2+ and Nb5+) on phase constitution, on microstructure and on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties were determined. The Zr4+/Ti4+ ratio was chosen near the morphotropic phase boundary of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) system in studied composition. The XRD data revealed that the PZT doped composition had tetragonal perovskite structure. Secondly, based on piezoelectric properties of this ceramic, the paper presents the design of the ultrasonic piezo-motor based on a surface wave, which translates the linear extension of different piezoelectric segments of a piezoelectric cylinder into a rotational bending movement. This rotational bending of the piezoelectric cylinder is then transformed into a continuous rotation of the rotor through a calculated contact. A mathematical model and the numerical simulations of ultrasonic piezo-motor is presented. The numerical simulation has been performed in two different cases: an idle-case, where no external opposition torque was applied to the rotor, and a maximum torque case, where the rotor was blocked to calculate the maximum torque that the motor could produce.

Highly a-oriented growth and enhanced ferroelectric properties of Bi3TaTiO9 thin films

Ferroelectric perovskites are favored for integrated device applications due to their high dielectric constants and strong piezoelectric responses. However, the commonly used lead zirconate titanate system has disadvantages such as toxicity, current leakage, and fatigue. As an alternate lead-free material, this study examines the strain-induced ferroelectric properties of Bi3TaTiO9 (BTTO) thin films. BTTO thin films grown on single crystal Rh and Nb-doped SrTiO3 (Nb:STO) substrates via a pulsed laser deposition were compared. The Rh substrate has induced compressive stress in the BTTO thin film, whereas the Nb:STO substrate has induced tensile stress in the BTTO thin film. The BTTO thin film grown on the Rh substrate displayed a highly a-oriented crystallinity compared with the Nb:STO substrate. Significantly, the BTTO thin film on the Rh substrate exhibited improved ferroelectric properties, such as stronger hysteretic behavior, faster polarization switching, and higher piezoelectric coefficients. The surface morphologies and ferroelectric domains of the BTTO thin films were investigated via atomic force microscopy and piezoelectric force microscopy. Our findings provide insights into strain-engineered ferroelectric thin films and their potential device applications.

Effects of Ga content on the structure and electrical performances of 0.69BiFe1-xGaxO3-0.31BaTiO3 lead-free ceramics

Lead-free 0.69BiFe1-xGaxO3-0.31BaTiO3 (x, 0–0.06) piezoceramics were synthesized via traditional sintering techniques. The phase structure, dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric performances of the ceramics were studied systematically. The results revealed that all the samples locate near MPB of rhombohedral (R)-pseudocubic (pC) phase coexistence, and that Ga doping has distinct influences on the R/pC phase content ratio. An appropriate content of Ga doping favors densification and grains growth of the ceramics during sintering. With the increment of Ga content, the Curie temperature of the samples shifts towards lower temperature owing to increased tolerance factor t of the perovskites, and enhanced diffuse phase transition behavior was observed. In addition, both the piezoelectric and ferroelectric property are sensitive to the concentration of Ga doping. Significantly, the excellent piezoelectric coefficient d33 up to 206 pC/N along with strong remanent polarization Pr of 25 μC/cm2 are obtained in 0.69BiFe0.985Ga0.015O3-0.31BaTiO3 materials which would be a promising substitute for the conventional lead zirconate titanate system ceramics.

Hardening effect in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Ecologically sustainable development of piezoelectric ceramics has been the primary target of the community over the past 20 years. While the development of “soft” lead-free piezoelectric ceramics has been of high maturity, the understanding of “hard” lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is still far from satisfactory, leading to a limited chance for high-power applications. The review starts with an introduction of loss mechanisms and the hardening effect in piezoelectric ceramics, including three different models mainly developed based on the lead zirconate titanate system. Then, studies on the hardening behavior of BaTiO3-based, (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based, and (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are summarized with emphasis on the approaches to enhance mechanical quality factor. Meanwhile, three different characterization methods of high-power performances are introduced: the constant-voltage method, constant-current method, and transient (or burst) method. Finally, the state-of-the-art lead-free ultrasonic transducer applications are highlighted. This paper concludes with the remaining challenges for the development of “hard” lead-free piezoelectric ceramics for high-power piezoelectric applications.

Thermodynamic Prehistory in the Formation of the Internal Structure of Highly Stable Ferroelectric Materials

We investigated and presented our results for the dependence of the characteristics of the crystalline and grain structures of the PCR-13 material (based on the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) system), which was sintered in various ways, on the regulations for its preparation. The data from the microfluorescence analysis of the surface of ceramic materials were provided, which allowed us to state that micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (MICRO–XRF), supplemented by mathematical statistics, allows us to trace even small changes in the chemical composition of ceramic samples, reliably characterize the degree of surface homogeneity and provide strict mathematical conclusions related to the reproducibility of the properties of manufactured piezoelectric ceramic materials. Based on the obtained data, the optimal conditions for ceramics have been selected, which ensure homogeneity, high-density structure and reproducibility of the characteristics. This allows us to reliably use the material in frequency-selective equipment.

Millimeter-Scale Traveling Wave Rotary Ultrasonic Motors

Bidirectional rotary motion of a millimeter-scale traveling wave ultrasonic motor is demonstrated using solution-deposited thin-film lead zirconate titanate and wafer-scale microelectromechanical system fabrication techniques. Rotation speeds of a motor 3 mm in diameter have been characterized up to 2000 r/min as a function of voltage, phase, and frequency, with power consumption less than 4 mW. Frequency characterization shows no nonlinear behavior, while phase characterization shows that motion can be generated with a single source drive. Furthermore, imprint in the piezoelectric response was exploited to achieve higher speeds, starting voltages lower than 4 V, and demonstration of a 2-mm diameter motor up to 1730 r/min. Design and fabrication of the motors are also presented.

Study of samarium modified lead zirconate titanate and nickel zinc ferrite composite system

In the present work, composites of samarium substituted lead zirconate titanate and nickel zinc ferrite with compositional formula 0.95Pb 1−3 x /2 Sm x Zr 0.65 Ti 0.35 O 3 –0.05Ni 0.8 Zn 0.2 Fe 2 O 4 ( x =0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) were prepared by the conventional solid state route. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to confirm the coexistence of individual phases. Microstructural study was done by using scanning electron microscope . Dielectric constant and loss were studied as a function of temperature and frequency. To study ferroelectric and magnetic properties of the composite samples, corresponding P – E and M – H hysteresis loops were recorded. Change in magnetic properties of electrically poled composite sample ( x =0.02) was studied to confirm the magnetoelectric (ME) coupling. ME coefficient (d E /d H ) of the samples ( x =0 and 0.02) was measured as a function of DC magnetic field. • We are reporting the effect of Sm substitution on PZT–NiZn ferrite composites. • Observation of both P – E and M – H loops confirms ferroelectric and magnetic ordering. • With Sm substitution, significant improvement in properties was observed. • Increase in magnetization for electrically poled sample is evidence of ME coupling. • Electric polarization is generated by applying magnetic field.

A survey of the structural models proposed for PbZr1−x Ti x O3 using mode analysis

The numerous structures that have been reported for the different phases of the lead zirconate titanate system, PbZr1−x Ti x O3 (PZT), are analysed by means of a systematic symmetry-mode analysis. The distortion corresponding to the order parameter has been separated out and expressed in all phases in a comparable form. The fact that the physical origin of the PZT phases is an unstable threefold degenerate polar mode, plus in some cases an unstable octahedral tilting mode, produces structural correlations between the different phases. These correlations had remained unnoticed until now but are directly observable in a mode parameterization. They can be used both to characterize the evolution of the order parameters through the phase diagram and as a stringent test of the reported structural models. It is further shown that the activity of a single polar mode yields a specific feature in the mode decomposition of the monoclinic phases. This single-mode signature can be observed in the majority of the monoclinic structures proposed, making the others questionable. In fact, this internal constraint is satisfied by PZT to such a high degree that it drastically reduces the number of effective structural degrees of freedom. It is conjectured that this type of structural constraint beyond space-group symmetry can be a rather general property of low-symmetry distorted structures. As shown here, its existence can be detected and assessed by a symmetry-mode analysis, if considered in relation to the single underlying multidimensional order parameter.

An analysis of lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.915-(Bi0.5K0.5)0.05Ba0.02Sr0.015TiO3 ceramic for efficient refrigeration and thermal energy harvesting

This article demonstrates the colossal energy harvesting capability of a lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.915-(Bi0.5K0.5)0.05Ba0.02Sr0.015TiO3 ceramic using the Olsen cycle. The maximum harvestable energy density estimated for this system is found to be 1523 J/L (1523 kJ/m3) where the results are presented for extreme ambient conditions of 20–160 °C and electric fields of 0.1–4 MV/m. This estimated energy density is 1.7 times higher than the maximum reported to date for the lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (thin film) system. Moreover, this study introduces a generalized and effective solid state refrigeration cycle in contrast to the ferroelectric Ericson refrigeration cycle. The cycle is based on a temperature induced polarization change on application of an unipolar electric field to ferroelectric ceramics.

Lead-free piezoelectrics: Current status and perspectives

In the last few years, there has been tremendous effort to develop lead-free ferroelectric ceramics with high piezoelectric properties by various doping and alloying routes. Several material systems have been explored, however, no prominent alternative to the versatile lead zirconate titanate (PZT) system has been found yet. Despite the achieved improvement in piezoelectric properties, there are problems in the synthesis, processing and poling of the sintered ceramics. Various processing techniques including microwave, hydrothermal, sol–gel, Pechini and spark plasma sintering have been used to overcome the drawbacks related to synthesis issues. In this paper, an attempt is made to review recent developments on lead-free piezo materials emphasizing their preparation, structure–property relations, and consequent physical properties. In this context, both compositional and structural engineering approaches to achieve acceptable piezoelectric properties in lead-free materials are discussed. Piezoelectric properties of the most promising lead-free compositions/families including titanates, alkaline niobates and bismuth perovskites and their solid solutions, along with non-perovskites such as bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics are reviewed in detail. A brief coverage of the recent developments in the area of piezoelectric energy harvesting is also encompassed.

Phase formation and transitions in the lead nickel niobate–lead zirconate titanate system

Despite the many previous studies of the synthesis and characterization of several perovskite ferroelectric materials which have potential applications in electronic and medical diagnostic devices, the synthesis and phase formation of the whole series in the solid solution of (1 − x)Pb(Ni 1/3Nb 2/3)O 3– xPb(Zr 1/2Ti 1/2)O 3 (PNN–PZT) system has rarely been studied. In this work, the phase formation, morphology, particle size and chemical composition of perovskite powders in the (1 − x)PNN– xPZT system were investigated. Powders were prepared by a modified mixed-oxide synthesis route for various chemical compositions under different calcination temperatures. It is found that the perovskite phase undergoes a pseudo-cubic to tetragonal transition as composition changes. The degree of spherical shape and agglomeration were observed to increase with increasing PZT content.

Uniaxial pressure influence on dielectric properties of Pb(Zr0.99Ti0.01)O3 single crystals

The effect of uniaxial pressure (0–1000 bars) applied parallel to AC electric field on dielectric properties of Pb(Zr0.99Ti0.01)O3 single crystals has been investigated. It was found that uniaxial pressure significantly influences these properties. With increasing pressure: (i) peak ϵ(T) decreases, becomes diffuse and shifts to higher temperature, (ii) the thermal hysteresis is reduced, (iii) the hump in ϵ(T) profile connected with antiferroelectric–intermediate phase transition vanishes, and (iv) the local anomaly in ϵ(T) profile connected with polar microregions existence above Tm is protruded and slightly shifts towards higher temperature. It was concluded, that applied uniaxial pressure or increasing Ti-ions content in lead zirconate titanate system induces similar effects. The results were discussed in terms of domain switching under pressure.

Development of perovskite and phase transition in lead cobalt niobate modified lead zirconate titanate system

Abstract Ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate–lead cobalt niobate ceramics with the formula (1 − x )Pb(Zr 1/2 Ti 1/2 )O 3 – x Pb(Co 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 where x = 0.0–0.5 were fabricated using a high temperature solid-state reaction method. The formation process, the structure and homogeneity of the obtained powders have been investigated by X-ray diffraction method as well as the simultaneous thermal analysis of both differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). It was observed that for the binary system (1 − x )Pb(Zr 1/2 Ti 1/2 )O 3 – x Pb(Co 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 , the change in the calcination temperature is approximately linear with respect to the PCoN content in the range x = 0.0–0.5. In addition, X-ray diffraction indicated a phase transformation from a tetragonal to a pseudo-cubic phase when the fraction of PCoN was increased. The dielectric permittivity is remarkably increased by increasing PCoN concentration. The maximum value of remnant polarization P r (25.3 μC/cm 2 ) was obtained for the 0.5PZT–0.5PCoN ceramic.

Phase formation and transitions in the lead magnesium niobate–lead zirconate titanate system

Abstract The phase formation and transition mechanism of perovskite ceramics in the (1 − x )Pb(Mg 0.33 Nb 0.66 )O 3 – x Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 , (1 − x )PMN– x PZT system prepared by a modified mixed-oxide synthetic route have been investigated for various chemical compositions and firing temperatures. Lattice parameter changes were examined as a function of composition. It is seen that perovskite phases undergo the transitions (pseudo)cubic to tetragonal in the x value range 0.0–1.0. The degree of tetragonality and average lattice parameters were found to increase with PZT content across the whole solid solution range.

Controlled Crystallization in Lead Zirconate Titanate Glass-Ceramics Prepared by the Sol-Gel Process

Lead titanate and lead zirconate titanate grains were grown in situfrom lead-titanium-boron-silicon and lead-zirconium-titanium-boron-silicon gels prepared via the sol-gel method. The lead zirconate titanate grains were much smaller and more uniform than lead titanate grains grown from gels of similar composition. The crystallization mechanisms of the two systems were studied via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis. Crystallization had a tendency to begin near the surface or at defects in the lead titanate system, whereas it was controlled by the original precipitated nuclei of tetragonal zirconia particles in the lead zirconate titanate system. Controlled bulk crystallization may explain the finer structure of the resultant lead zirconate titanate glass-ceramic.