Lead-based Perovskites Research Articles

Highly Sensitive H2S Gas Sensor Based on a Lead-Free CsCu2I3 Perovskite Film at Room Temperature.

Recently, there have been reports of lead halide perovskite-based sensors demonstrating their potential for gas sensing applications. However, the toxicity of lead and the instability of lead-based perovskites have limited their applications. This study addressed this issue by developing a H2S gas sensor based on a lead-free CsCu2I3 film prepared using a one-step CVD method. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensing properties, including a high response and selectivity toward H2S, even at low concentrations (0.2 ppm) at room temperature. Furthermore, a reasonable sensing mechanism was proposed. It is suggested that the sensing mechanism sheds light on the role of defects in perovskite materials, the impact of H2S as an electron donor, and the occurrence of reversible chemical reactions. These findings suggest that lead-free CsCu2I3 has great potential in the field of H2S gas sensing.

Enhancement of orange emission in terbium-doped lead-free halide perovskite for flexible functional fibers and light-emitting diodes

In recent years, all-inorganic perovskites have attracted considerable research attention. However, the advancement of lead-based perovskites has encountered substantial challenges, redirecting current research efforts toward lead-free alternatives. In this study, we synthesized novel Cs4MnBi2Cl12 perovskite crystals at 80 °C. Furthermore, Tb3+ ions were introduced to enhance the fluorescence properties and stability of the as-prepared perovskite crystals (PCs). The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of Tb3+-doped PCs was 25.45 % (∼598 nm), making a two-fold increase compared with the original PCs. In the PCs, [BiCl6]3− octahedrons serve as energy collectors, generating excitons, while [MnCl6]4− octahedrons function as luminescence centers of the receptor. Owing to their entirely inorganic composition, the PCs exhibited exceptional stability under sunlight and across a wide range of temperatures. Finally, we applied the PCs to fiber composite paper and an light-emitting diode (LED) device, which retained their specific stability after the modification. The findings of this study offer nover insight for incorporating perovskites into fiber applications and optoelectronic devices.

Amine Gas-Induced Reversible Optical Bleaching of Bismuth-Based Lead-Free Perovskite Thin Films.

Reversible optical property changes in lead-free perovskites have recently received great interest due to their potential applications in smart windows, sensors, data encryption, and various on-demand devices. However, it is challenging to achieve remarkable color changes in their thin films. Here, methylamine gas (CH3 NH2 , MA0 ) induced switchable optical bleaching of bismuth (Bi)-based perovskite films is demonstrated for the first time. By exposure to an MA0 atmosphere, the color of Cs2 AgBiBr6 (CABB) films changes from yellow to transparent, and the color of Cs3 Bi2 I9 (CBI) films changes from dark red to transparent. More interestingly, the underlying reason is found to be the interactions between MA0 and Bi3+ with the formation of an amorphous liquefied transparent intermediate phase, which is different from that of lead-based perovskite systems. Moreover, the generality of this approach is demonstrated with other amine gases, including ethylamine (C2 H5 NH2 , EA0 ) and butylamine (CH3 (CH2 )3 NH2 , BA0 ), and another compound, Cs3 Sb2 I9 , by observing a similar reversible optical bleaching phenomenon. The potential for the application of CABB and CBI films in switchable smart windows is investigated. This study provides valuable insights into the interactions between amine gases and lead-free perovskites, opening up new possibilities for high-efficiency optoelectronic and stimuli-responsive applications of these emerging Bi-based materials.

Optimization of lead-free materials-based perovskite solar cell using SCAPS-1D simulation

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the foremost transition in photovoltaics approaching commercialization. The tin-based perovskites take off the toxic lead-based perovskites in the solar cells. The parameters of each layer in the device play a significant role in the device performance graph. The main aim of this simulation is to design a highly efficient and environment-friendly PSC. The influence of parameters such as device temperature, total defect density, work function, thickness, and electron affinity plays a vital role in the photovoltaic response. Here, the active layer is explored in this study. After the SCAPS-1D simulation of FTO (fluorine-dopped oxide)/SnO2/FASnI3/CuI/Au based device, the impact of optimization of the device temperature and active layer, the performance parametric of the device is analyzed, which led to the breakthrough by a surprising rise in PCE of 30.33 %, VOC = 1.28 V, JSC = 27.72 mA/cm2 and FF = 85.33 % with active layer thickness of 450 nm, Nt = 1 × 1013 cm−3 and at the device operating temperature at 300K providing a valuable vision for tin-based perovskite applications.

Study of [Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3]-(SiO2-B2O3) by sol-gel technique

The well-known lead-based complex-double perovskite [A(BIBII)O3] material is lead iron niobate, or Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3. The effect of the liquid phase of borosilicate glass SiO2-B2O3 (BS) on the sinterability and dielectric behaviors of PFN is comprehensively explored in the current study. The PFN-BS-glass powder was synthesized by sol-gel. XRD is used to validate the crystalline structure of PFN as it is synthesized, PFN-BS-glass, and the amorphous nature of BS-glass. The SEM was used to analyses microstructure. PFN and PFN-BS green pellets were sintered under various sintering circumstances. The shape, compactness, dielectric properties, and magnetic behavior of PFN are discovered to be significantly influenced by the liquid phase sintering by BS-glass in PFN for the application high electrical resistivity material having low dissipation and low sintering temperature in multilayer ceramic capacitor.

Observation on structural and optical features of new nanostructured lead-free methylammonium zinc or cobalt iodide perovskites for solar cells applications

The toxicity of lead-based halide perovskites has become a significant drawback to be employed in optoelectronic devices. Therefore, developing other environmentally friendly candidates with tunable optoelectronic properties for highly efficient solar cells is indispensable. Lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising to have a crucial role in large-scale commercial non-toxic photovoltaic devices. Here, the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of 2D halide perovskites without pb (CH3NH3)2BI4 (where B = Zn or Co) have been investigated for use in solar cells. The synthesized samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, FESEM, and TEM. The variation in the optical and photoluminescence (PL) is recognized. The results indicate that (CH3NH3)2ZnI4 and (CH3NH3)2CoI4 crystals demonstrate a wide band gap of about 2.42 and 1.87 eV, respectively. A comparative study is presented for the optical properties of Zn- versus Co-based perovskites. It is noticed that Co is a better candidate than Zn to be a good replacement choice for Pb as Co-containing compounds have lower optical bandgap than Zn-containing compounds. PCBM is employed as a hole transport material, and PEDOT:PSS as an electron transport layer. The p-i-n PSCs are fabricated, and the electrical parameters are measured, obtaining power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 0.73 and 2.45% for (CH3NH3)2ZnI4 and (CH3NH3)2CoI4, respectively. This work opens the door for further investigations to increase the PCE of both devices.

First principle insight on optoelectronic and transport characteristics of lead-free inorganic double perovskites Rb2KTlX6 (X = Cl, Br) for solar cell applications

The toxicity and instability of lead-based perovskites have been replaced with newly investigated stable lead-free inorganic perovskites. The current study included the comprehensive analysis of electronic behavior, elastic, optical, and transport characteristics of lead-free inorganic double perovskites (DPs) Rb2KTlX6 (X = Cl, Br) halides for possible uses. These physical characteristics were revealed using density functional theory (DFT) based Wien2k code. Using the energy optimization process, we have computed structural parameters comparable to existing data using generalized gradient approximation (PBEsol-GGA). In addition, the elastic parameters, formation energy (−1.94 eV and −1.39 eV), and tolerance factor (0.98 and 0.97) endorsed the cubic stability of both halides. Further, we employed modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) potential to an accurate value of direct bandgaps of both halides reveal that changing the anions from Cl to Br leads to significant adjustment in the band gap, transitioning from the visible to the IR spectrum, with energy levels ranging from 2.08 to 1.2 eV. Our calculated results of optical parameters indicate that both halides with remarkable optoelectronic working due to low reflectivity, high optical absorption, and conductivity. The study reveals that electronic transport factors are associated with temperature due to small bandgap of the materials. The observed figure of merit near unity indicates the semiconducting behavior of these materials that can be useful in thermoelectric tools.

Highly efficient, self-powered UV photodiodes based on leadfree perovskite nanocrystals through interfacial engineering

Double perovskite crystals are promising alternatives for lead-based perovskites that has potential to address toxicity and instability issues. In this study, Cs2AgBiCl6 nanocrystals (NCs) with high absorption coefficients were synthesized by hot-injection method. The bandgap engineering was realized by tuning the halide composition in Cs2AgBiCl6 to Cs2AgBiBr6. Both NCs were used as light-absorbing layers in lead-free perovskite photodiodes that exhibit wavelength-selectivity for UV–visible light operatable even at a bias voltage of 0 V. Cs2AgBiBr6-based photodiode exhibits a characteristic detection peak at 340 nm with a responsivity of 3.21 mA W−1, a specific detectivity up to 8.91 × 1010 Jones and a fast response speed with a rise/fall time of 30/35 ms. The excellent performance of self-driven photodiodes lights up the prospect of lead-free perovskite NCs in highly efficient optoelectronic devices.

A novel, highly-efficient, eco-friendly, and relatively stable Cs2AgFeCl6 photocatalyst for degradation of organic dyes

Lead-based halide perovskite is considered to be a potential visible-light-activated photocatalyst owing to its excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the toxicity of lead and the instability of the material restrict its wide application in the field of photocatalysis. A double perovskite structure is thought to be a solution to this problem. The authors prepared a series of samples, including Cs2AgInCl6, Cs2AgIn1−xFexCl6, and Cs2AgFeCl6 through co-precipitation in acidic solutions. The effects of Fe3+ doping on the crystal structure and morphology of Cs2AgInCl6 were characterized by XRD and SEM. Based on density functional theory, VB-XPS and UV-Vis absorption characterizations, the band structure of Cs2AgInCl6 and Cs2AgFeCl6 were determined, showing that the bandgap of Cs2AgIn1−xFexCl6 was reduced linearly by Fe3+ doping. And Sudan Red III can be photocatalytically degraded by all samples under concentrated xenon lamp irradiation of 175 W, with Cs2AgFeCl6 degrading 96% of Sudan Red III in 45 min. In addition, the Cs2AgFeCl6 sample exhibits good cyclic stability and does not demonstrate any significant changes after two months in storage, showing that Cs2AgFeCl6 may serve as an effective and relatively stable Xenon lamp-activated photocatalyst in degradation of organic dyes.

Investigation of optical and electronic characteristics of Bʹ site arranged Cs2NaB′Cl5 (B′= Ni, Mn, Fe) double perovskite: A theoretical and experimental study

This study delves into the exploration of B′ site arranged Cs2NaB′Cl5 perovskites (B′ = Ni, Mn, Fe) as prospective alternatives to lead-based perovskites, given the environmental concerns associated with lead toxicity and material instability. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction revealed a stable tetragonal crystal structure with the P4/mmm space group. Electronic properties, assessed via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, identified these materials as p-type semiconductors with tunable band gaps, and this finding supported by optical experimental data. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated decomposition temperatures up to 750 °C, with Cs2NaMnCl5 exhibiting superior thermal stability. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) unveiled distinct morphologies influenced by the transition metal in the B′ site, while elemental analysis confirmed material purity. The optical analysis revealed strong light absorption in the visible spectrum, highlighting the potential of these materials for sustainable energy conversion applications. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the environmental-friendly potential of B′ site arranged Cs2NaB′Cl5 perovskites in photoelectrochemical and solar cell application.

Higher Efficiency and Stability in Planar Homojunction Hybrid Antimony (MA3Sb2I9)- Based Perovskite Solar Cells

A strong candidate for photovoltaic technology, perovskite-based solar cells with a planar structure offers a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE). In the meantime, the strive for lead-free perovskites solar cells (PSCs) is also enhanced owing to the extremely hazardous and carcinogenic nature of lead. Due to their advantageous physical, chemical, optoelectronic, and stability properties, hybrid antimony-based materials have been proposed as an alternative and potential replacement for hazardous lead-based perovskite with the aim of obtaining harmful lead-free PSCs. Recombination in the perovskite layers reduces the performance of hetero-junction-based devices. The homojunction is suited for further PCE improvement because of the electric field that is already there; this will increase the transmission of photo-generated charge carriers while reducing recombination losses. The present work is a comprehensive analysis of planar homojunction perovskite photovoltaic devices based on MA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sub> . Our study reports that the reported PSCs have PCE of 19.84% for the AM1.5 solar spectrum. Additionally, pn-homojunction has been added, which increases the efficiency of the reported device to 21.16%. Thus, this study indicates that the lead-free PSCs are extremely promising and they can be designed for a wide range of photovoltaic applications.

Exploring and optimizing the performance of inorganic Cs2TiBr6 halide perovskite solar cell with Cu2ZnSnS4 as hole transport layer by device simulation

To seek appropriate substitutes for lead-based perovskite, a perovskite solar cell (PSC) model using Cu2ZnSnS4 as the hole transport layer (HTL) and Cs2TiBr6 as the absorber layer is proposed in this study. The focus of this study is to discuss the drift and diffusion ability of charge carriers in the n-i-p structure formed by ZnO/Cs2TiBr6/Cu2ZnSnS4 under the action of the built-in electric field and concentration gradient. And based on the data simulated by SCAPS-1D, the effects of bandgap structure and device structure on carrier mobility, carrier lifetime, carrier diffusion length, improvement of device performance of the device were further explored. In addition, the effects of HTL types, thickness of HTL, absorber, and ETL, and defect density of absorber on device structure and behavior were analyzed through simulation by SCAPS-1D. The theoretical calculation results obtained by optimizing the structural parameters include 29.24% power conversion efficiency (PCE), 1.22 V open circuit voltage (V oc ), 26.79 mA cm−2 short circuit current (J sc ) and 89.78% fill factor (FF). The conclusion that the n-i-p structure formed by ZnO/Cs2TiBr6/Cu2ZnSnS4 is conducive to carrier migration is vindicated in this study, which enables devices to possess better performance. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of Cu2ZnSnS4 in inorganic halide-based PSCs.

Bluish-white Light-emitting 2D Sheets of Lead-free Perovskite Cesium Titanium Bromide (CsTiBr3) by a Two-stage Deposition Technique.

Bluish-white light-emitting materials are commonly used in LED lighting because they produce natural-looking light. Here we report the photoluminescent emission (PL) of novel, two-dimensional lead-free CsTiBr3 perovskite prepared via a two-stage deposition process. The formation of two-dimensional nanosheets of CsTiBr3 perovskite is confirmed by XRD, EDAX, and FESEM analysis. The height of the cesium bromide thin film substrate from the titanium bromide vapor source plays an important role in the formation of two-dimensional CsTiBr3. The CsTiBr3 perovskite nanosheets exhibit unique exciton- luminescence at 440nm and self-trapped exciton emission at 595nm which are the characteristics of two-dimensional halide structure, along with the band-to-band emission at 400nm at an excitation wavelength of 340nm. The resulting bluish-white light PL emission makes two-dimensional CsTiBr3 perovskite an alternative material to the traditional lead-based perovskite in LEDs, display technology, solid-state lighting, and various optoelectronic devices, addressing environmental concerns.

Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Light-Emitting Diodes.

Lead-based halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) have demonstrated remarkable potential for use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This is because of their high photoluminescence quantum yield, defect tolerance, tunable emission wavelength, color purity, and high device efficiency. However, the environmental toxicity of Pb has impeded their commercial viability owing to the restriction of hazardous substances directive. Therefore, Pb-free PeNCs have emerged as a promising solution for the development of eco-friendly LEDs. This review article presents a detailed analysis of the various compositions of Pb-free PeNCs, including tin-, bismuth-, antimony-, and copper-based perovskites and double perovskites, focusing on their stability, optoelectronic properties, and device performance in LEDs. Furthermore, we address the challenges encountered in using Pb-free PeNC-LEDs and discuss the prospects and potential of these Pb-free PeNCs as sustainable alternatives to lead-based PeLEDs. In this review, we aim to shed light on the current state of Pb-free PeNC LEDs and highlight their significance in driving the development of eco-friendly LED technologies.

Enhanced Photoluminescence Quantum Yield of Metal Halide Perovskite Microcrystals for Multiple Optoelectronic Applications.

Recently, metal 1halide perovskites have shown compelling optoelectronic properties for both light-emitting devices and scintillation of ionizing radiation. However, conventional lead-based metal halide perovskites are still suffering from poor material stability and relatively low X-ray light yield. This work reports cadmium-based all-inorganic metal halides and systematically investigates the influence of the metal ion incorporation on the optoelectronic properties. This work introduces the bi-metal ion incorporation strategy and successfully enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield (98.9%), improves thermal stability, and extends the photoluminescence spectra, which show great potential for white light emission. In addition, the photoluminescent decay is also modulated with single metal ion incorporation, the charge carrier lifetime is successfully reduced to less than 1 µs, and the high luminescent efficiency and X-ray light yield (41000 photons MeV-1 ) are maintained. Then, these fast scintillators are demonstrated for high-speed light communication and sensitive X-ray detection and imaging.

Direct band-gap iodide double perovskite solar cell materials by doping strategy: First-principles predictions

As alternatives to lead-based halide perovskite materials, the lead-free halide double-perovskite materials have many advantages but often show wide indirect band gaps and exceed the optimum band-gap range of 0.9–1.6 eV. Based on first-principles calculations, we scan a serial of halide double-perovskites Cs2B′B''X6 (B′ = Li, Na, K; B'' = In, Bi; X = Cl, Br, I) and find that most of Cs2B′B''X6 double-perovskite materials have direct band gaps but larger than 1.6 eV, while the direct band gaps of Cs2LiInI6 and Cs2NaInI6 are smaller than 0.9 eV. We modulate the electronic structure of Cs2B′InI6 (B′ = Li, Na, K) by an ionic doping strategy through substituting partial In ions with Bi ions and discover more halide double-perovskite solar cell materials with suitable band gap. By exploring the stability, electronic structures and optical properties of the doped double-perovskite Cs2B′In1-xBixI6 (B′ = Li, Na, K, x = 0.25 and 0.75), we discover the Cs2B′In0.75Bi0.25I6 (B′ = Li, Na and K) DP materials show direct band gaps within the optimal band-gap range of 0.90 − 1.60 eV for promising solar-cell materials. Meanwhile, the doped Cs2B′In1-xBixI6 DP materials show good carrier mobility as high as 103 cm2S−1V−1. Moreover, the predicted new materials exhibit excellent light absorption coefficients of 106 cm−1 in the visible light range. These new lead-free inorganic DP materials may offer great promise as candidates for highly efficient solar absorber materials for photovoltaic applications.

Performance and stability optimization of CsPbCl3-yIy (y = 0, 1, 2, and 3) lead-based perovskites solar cells using SCAPS-1D

Recently, lead-based halide perovskites have aroused a great deal of interest as a promising material for optoelectronic applications because of their low cost and excellent energy conversion efficiency. In this study, we optimized the performance and stability of solar cells based on lead halide perovskites CsPbCl3-yIy (y = 0, 1, 2, and 3) by examining various parameters, such as the defect density and thickness of the absorbing layers, the work function of the back contact, the series and shunt resistances and the operating temperature. We performed a comparative study using the SCAPS simulation software. Our optimization of the solar cell parameters resulted in a power conversion efficiency of 26.29% for FTO/TiO2/CsPbI3/MoO3/Au, 17.47% for FTO/TiO2/CsPbI2Cl/MoO3/Au, 14.75% for FTO/SnO2/CsPbCl2I/Cu2O/Au, and 14.20% for FTO/SnO2/CsPbCl3/Cu2O/Au. These results indicate that perovskite solar cells based on CsPbI3 show better performance, but they are still very sensitive to high temperatures. In contrast, perovskite solar cells based on CsPbCl3 and CsPbCl2I show a more modest performance but are more stable. Replacing iodine with chlorine is an optimal solution for enhancing stability. Our simulation results provide a key starting point for further studies on solar cells based on lead halide perovskites CsPbCl3-yIy (y = 0, 1, 2, and 3).

AB-INITIO study of electronic, mechanical, optical and thermoelectric properties of KGeCl3 for photovoltaic application

In this theoretical study, the potential of KGeCl3 was investigated as a lead-free perovskite active layer for perovskite solar cells. Calculations of the structural, electronic, elastic, optic, and thermoelectric properties of KGeCl3 in its cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic phases were performed using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) within the wien2k package. The findings demonstrated that the tetragonal crystalline structure of KGeCl3 exhibited the least energy content, rendering it the most thermodynamically stable phase. It was found that the electronic band structure of KGeCl3 exhibited a direct band gap of 0.92 eV, thus positioning it as a material with promise for utilization as a photovoltaic absorber. Furthermore, the elastic properties of KGeCl3 were calculated, indicating the presence of suitable mechanical stability for practical applications. Additionally, the optical properties and thermoelectric performance of KGeCl3 were examined, thereby highlighting its potential for incorporation into thermoelectric devices. In summary, our research showcases how KGeCl3 holds significant promise as a viable substitute for lead-based perovskite materials in applications such as solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.

Heavy pnictogens-based perovskite-inspired materials: Sustainable light-harvesters for indoor photovoltaics

The need for self-powered electronics is progressively growing in parallel with the flourishing of the Internet of Things (IoT). Although batteries are dominating as powering devices, other small systems, such as piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic systems, are attracting attention. These last ones can be adapted from their classical outdoor configuration to work preferentially under indoor illumination, i.e., by harvesting the spectrum emitted by LEDs and/or fluorescent lamps. However, crystalline silicon, the classical photovoltaic material for solar panels, has a bandgap not suitable for ensuring good efficiency with such spectra. With wider bandgaps, other semiconductors can come into play for this task. Still, the materials of choice, having to be integrated within households, should also satisfy the criterion of non-toxicity and maintain low-cost production. While lead-based halide perovskites cannot represent a valuable solution for this scope, due to the strong environmental and health concerns associated with the presence of Pb, analogous compounds based on the heaviest pnictogens, i.e., bismuth and antimony, could work as sustainable light-harvesters for indoor photovoltaic devices. In this Review, we focus on reporting the most recent developments of three compounds of this class: The double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is first chosen as a model system for the other two, which are emerging perovskite-inspired materials, namely, Cs3Sb2I9−xClx and bismuth oxyiodide. We show the potential of these semiconductors to play a crucial role in the future market of self-powering IoT devices, which will become a large class of devices in the electronics industry in the upcoming years.

Design of a low-cost, environment friendly perovskite solar cell with synergic effect of graphene oxide-based HTL and CH3NH3GeI3 as ETL

This research explores a novel, environment friendly perovskite solar cell (PSC) featuring a lead-free CH3NH3SnI3 absorber layer, capitalizing on tin’s analogous electronic configuration and chemical properties to lead. Tin-based perovskite exhibits similar optoelectronic features to lead-based perovskite, such as high absorption coefficient and long carrier diffusion length and tin’s higher abundance than lead renders it a cost-effective and promising alternative for PSCs. The proposed PSC employs an FTO/CH3NH3GeI3/CH3NH3SnI3/GO/C structure, incorporating graphene oxide (GO) as the hole transport layer (HTL) and CH3NH3GeI3 as the electron transport layer (ETL). Graphene oxide, renowned for its exceptional electrical conductivity and low processing costs, enables efficient hole transfer, while the use of CH3NH3GeI3 as ETL not only ensures seamless electron transfer due to its compatible crystallographic structure with CH3NH3SnI3 but also mitigates interface defects, making it a critical aspect of the design. Carbon is used as the back contact, providing a cost-effective option to increase sustainability. The absorber layer parameters, such as the thickness of the absorber layer and acceptor density, are optimized. The effects of defect density, interface defects of HTL/absorber and ETL/absorber, as well as series and shunt resistance, are also analyzed. By optimizing absorber layer parameters, the solar cell attains a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.11% and a fill factor exceeding 85% within the visible light spectrum range, showcasing the potential for a high-performance, environment friendly, and cost-effective solar cell substitute. Device simulations were performed using the SCAPS-1D tool.