Solid Waste Leachate Research Articles

Erratum for Ogunyemi et al., "Draft genome sequence of Bacillus safensis strain WOIS2 KX774194, a nitrile-metabolizing bacterium isolated from solid waste leachates at Olusosun dumpsite, Ojota, Lagos State, Nigeria".

Erratum for Ogunyemi et al., "Draft genome sequence of Bacillus safensis strain WOIS2 KX774194, a nitrile-metabolizing bacterium isolated from solid waste leachates at Olusosun dumpsite, Ojota, Lagos State, Nigeria".

Developmental and heritable genetic defects induced in mice by municipal landfill leachate

Environmental pollution by solid waste leachate is a serious environmental and public health concern. Leachate contamination and pollution of environmental matrices have been reported, but no report of embryotoxic and developmental defects, and heritable transfer of leachate-induced toxicity in mice. We investigated the ability of Aba-Eku landfill leachate to induce embryonic malformations, developmental toxicity, and germline and somatic DNA damage in the F1 of exposed pregnant mice. Pregnant mice (n = 100) were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups of 20 animals/group and exposed to 0.2 mL of 5–75% concentrations of the leachate (v/v; Aba-Eku landfill leachate: distilled water) by daily gavage from gestational day (GD) zero to postnatal day (PND) 21. A similar treatment was given to pregnant female mice administered with distilled water (negative control). At GD 18, ten dams from the treatment and control groups were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after which the embryos were collected from the uterus for analyses of fetal morphometric and skeletal metamers respectively. We then monitored the developmental conditions of F1 mice from the remaining ten dams until they were weaned at PND 21 and sacrificed at PND 56 and PND 98 for bone marrow micronucleus and spermiogram analyses respectively. We also analyzed the leachate for inorganic and organic pollutants and calculated the Leachate Pollution Index (LPI). The leachate reduced maternal and fetal birth weight and increased fetal mortality and postnatal appearance of physiological markers in the F1 mice. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the frequency of fetal skeletal malformations, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and apparent decline of epididymal sperm parameters. The concentrations of the inorganic and organic pollutants, and the LPI exceeded standard limits. Exposure of pregnant female mice to Aba-Eku landfill leachate caused embryonic defects and heritable DNA damage in subsequent generations.

Draft genome sequence of Bacillus safensis strain WOIS2 KX774194, a nitrile-metabolizing bacterium isolated from solid waste leachates at Olusosun dumpsite, Ojota, Lagos State, Nigeria.

Bacillus safensis strain WOIS2, a nitrile-metabolizing bacterium, was isolated from solid waste leachates at the Olusosun dumpsite, Ojota, Lagos State, Nigeria. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of strain WOIS2. These data provide valuable information on the bioprospecting of B. safensis nitrilase and other intriguing genes of interest.

Long-term performance of HDPE extrusion welds aged at 85°C in synthetic leachate

The effect of ageing at 85°C of extrusion welds of 1.5 mm-thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, immersed in synthetic municipal solid waste leachate, is investigated with respect to its standard oxidative induction time (Std-OIT) and stress crack resistance (SCR). Results show that the heat-affected zones (HAZ) adjacent to the squeeze-out bead (flashing) may exhibit faster STD-OIT depletion than the sheet. Generally, individual weld SCR failure times were observed to be between that of the notched and unnotched sheet. Welds with high welding-induced geometric irregularities (WIGI), and overheated fusion and extrusion welds are shown to result in SCR failure times close to that of a notched sheet. The average time to nominal failure (taken to be when tNF = 250 h) of Cool and Good welding parameter combinations ranges between 3% and 15% shorter than the unnotched sheet. Differences in tNF were attributed to accelerated craze formation in welds with high WIGI from stress concentration. No significant difference was observed between the SCR values of fusion and extrusion welds during 40 months of immersion in MSW-L3. This paper shows that overgrind negatively impacts the SCR of welds and accelerates the degradation of SCR.

Feasibility of stabilizing Cd, Pb, and Ni in MSWI fly ash using leachate as an alternative stabilizer

For the synergistic disposal of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash and leachate, MSWI fly ash was stabilized using leachate, sodium sulfide (Na2S), and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) separately or simultaneously. Results show that the leaching concentration of Cd, Ni, and Pb can be reduced when leachate is used alone but exceeds the landfill admission contents. The leaching concentration of heavy metals were lower than the threshold of the pollution control standard of Chinese garbage landfill (GB 16889-2008) after curing for 14d when DDTC was beyond 1.5%, and Na2S more than 10% except for Pb. The results of orthogonal experiment showed that the lowest leaching concentration was got at 5-fold dilution of leachate, 3% Na2S and 0.8% DDTC, and DDTC was the most influential factor. The leachate can be utilized as a partial stabilizer for stabilization of fly ash. After chemical stabilization, the crystal structure of fly ash changed little, and the surface was densified. The analysis of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results showed that the different order between the major function groups of fly ash and stabilizers was got, may be related to chelation, chemical reactions, and precipitation.

Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-polymer geosynthetic clay liners to aggressive solid waste leachates

Hydraulic conductivity of conventional mock sodium bentonite (Na–B) and bentonite-polymer (B–P) geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) were evaluated with three synthetic leachates that are chemically representative of aggressive leachates from coal combustion product (CCR) (I = 3179 mM), mining waste (MW) (I = 2127 mM, pH = 2.0), and municipal solid waste incineration ash landfill (MSWI) (I = 2590 mM). The mock B–P GCLs were created by dry mixing bentonite with branched, linear, or crosslinked polymer. The polymer loading of mock B–P GCLs ranged from 3 to 15%. Comparative tests were also conducted with Na–B GCLs. The mock Na–B GCLs cannot maintain low hydraulic conductivity to aggressive CCR, MW, and MSWI leachates. Mock B–P GCLs with 10% branched polymer had low hydraulic conductivity (< 1.0 × 10−10 m/s) to synthetic MW and MSWI leachates at 20 kPa effective confining stress, whereas the hydraulic conductivity of mock B–P GCLs with 10% linear or crosslinked polymer ranged from 1.5 × 10−9 to 1.4 × 10−7 m/s. As the effective stress increased, the B–P GCLs branched polymer showed a faster decreasing trend than that of Na–B and B–P GCLs with linear or crosslinked polymer.

Enhancing biomethanation performance through co-digestion of diverse organic wastes: a comprehensive study on substrate optimization, inoculum selection, and microbial community analysis.

A blend of organic municipal solid waste, slaughterhouse waste, fecal sludge, and landfill leachate was selected in different mixing ratios to formulate the best substrate mixture for biomethanation. Individual substrates were characterized, and the mixing ratio was optimized with the help of a response surface methodology tool to a value of 1:1:1:1 (with a C/N ratio of 28±0.769 and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of 2500±10.53 mg/L) to improve the overall biomethanation. The optimized blend (C/N ratio: 28.6, VFA: 2538 mg/L) was characterized for physicochemical, biological, and microbial properties and subjected to anaerobic digestion in lab-scale reactors of 1000 mL capacity with and without the addition of inoculum. The biogas yield of individual substrates and blends was ascertained separately. The observed cumulative biogas yield over 21 days from the non-inoculated substrates varied between 142±1.95 mL (24.6±0.3 ml/gVS) and 1974.5±21.72 mL (270.4±3.1 ml/gVS). In comparison, the addition of external inoculation at a 5% rate (w/w) of the substrate uplifted the minimum and maximum cumulative gas yield values to 203±9.9 mL (35.0±1.6 mL/gVS) and 3394±13.4 mL (315.3±1.2 mL/gVS), respectively. The inoculum procured from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was screened in advance, considering factors such as maximizing VFA production and consumption rate, biogas yield, and digestate quality. A similar outcome regarding biogas yield and digestate quality was observed for the equivalent blend. The cumulative gas yield increased from 2673±14.5 mL (373.7±2.2 mL/gVS) to 4284±111.02 mL (391.47±20.02 mL/gVS) over 21 days post-application of a similar dosage of DRDO inoculum. The 16S rRNA genomic analysis revealed that the predominant bacterial population belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, with the majority falling within the orders Clostridiales and Lactobacillales. Ultimately, the study advocates the potential of the blend mentioned above for biomethanation and concomitant enrichment of both biogas yield and digestate quality.

Can on-site leachate treatment facilities effectively address the issue of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in leachate?

In recent decades, the presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in municipal solid waste leachate has emerged as a growing concern. Research has focused on PFAA release and occurrence characteristics in landfill and waste-to-energy leachate, highlighting their significant impact when released into wastewater treatment plants. Given the extremely high loading rate faced by current on-site leachate treatment plants (LTPs), the objective of this study is to assess whether the current “anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) + membrane bioreactor (MBR) + nanofiltration (NF) + reverse osmosis (RO)” configuration is effective in PFAAs removal. Concentrations of raw and treated leachate in 10 on-site LTPs with same treatment configuration and varying landfill ages were measured, and a comprehensive mass flow analysis of each treatment process was conducted. The results indicate that A/O treatment has limited capacity for PFAA removal, while NF and RO processes reached 77.44 % and 94.30 % removal rates of ∑PFAAs concentration, respectively. Short-chain PFAAs (> 80 % detected frequency) primarily influenced the distribution and variations of PFAAs in leachate and tend to disperse in the water phase. Correlation analysis revealed the current on-site LTPs exhibit a more efficient removal capacity for long-chain PFAAs.

Utjecaj tipova tla i geomembrana na ponašanje sučelja i posmičnu čvrstoću

The interface shear behaviour between the geomembranes and soils was studied. Sand/bentonite (80/20), crushed sand, river sand, crushed gravel, and river gravel were used in this study. Polyvinyl chlorides were cured in the 0.5 molar saltwater and high-density polyethylene was cured in municipal solid waste leachate for eight months. Direct shear experiments were performed using cured GMs. This study recommends the use of crushed gravel in projects that use polyvinyl chloride and high-density polyethylene. The interface friction angles, which were exposed to the effects of saltwater and municipal solid waste leachate, decreased even after eight months, and this reduction effect should be considered in future projects. When designing projects involving GMs exposed to MSW leachate, particularly in landfills, potential damage over time should be considered, and appropriate design parameters should be selected. Failure to do so can lead to disasters that cause the loss of life and property.

Enhancing municipal solid waste leachate treatment efficiency: AI-based prediction of electrocoagulation/flocculation recovery using iron electrodes

ABSTRACT This study addresses a gap in municipal leachate (MUPL) treatment by introducing a pioneering application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the electrocoagulation/electroflocculation (EC/EF) process utilizing iron electrodes. The overarching aim is to demonstrate the efficacy of AI, particularly a multi-layer perceptron (MLP)-based feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) incorporating the Levenberg-Marquardt (LMb) algorithm, in predicting and optimizing EC/EF outcomes for turbidity (TDY) removal. The research methodology involved experimentation and robust ANN data modeling. The significance of this work emerges from the successful integration of AI, showcasing its potential in advancing wastewater, demonstrated through a strong positive correlation (0.994) between the ANN model predictions and experimental outcomes. The study achieves a remarkable 99.4% TDY removal at an electrolysis time of 10 min and contributes valuable insights into the critical parameters influencing the EC/EF process. Results from the ANN modeling exhibit high predictive accuracy, supported by elevated R-squared values and minimal mean square error. Statistical analyses underscore the significance of key process parameters, highlighting the influential roles of current intensity and settling time. The study emphasized the favourable impact of maintaining an acidic pH range, as it reduced electrostatic repulsion between particles, facilitating pollutant agglomeration, and identified electrolysis time as a key factor in enhancing treatment efficiency, supported by a strong positive correlation between electrolysis time and TDY reduction. Energy cost savings were realized by not requiring temperature elevation. Achieving a 99.4% TDY removal translates to substantial reductions in other pollutants present in the MUPL, thereby elevating water quality and ensuring compliance.

Long-term Performance of Textured HDPE Geomembranes in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

The effect of texturing (co-extrusion using a blowing agent) on the long-term performance of geomembranes immersed in synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate is examined over an approximately 8-year period. Antioxidant depletion of the textured part is shown to be much faster than that of the smooth edge. Likewise, the degradation in the tensile break properties at 85°C is faster for the textured part than for the smooth edge portion and smooth equivalent. The updated estimates for antioxidant depletion time based on data at four different temperatures (40, 55, 75, and 85°C) over 98 months of data collection are compared with predictions based on 34 months of data and the implications are discussed. Nominal failure was reached at 75°C, and this combined with data at 85°C allows prediction of the time between depletion of Std-OIT and nominal failure at lower temperatures. The effect of salt concentration in incubation fluid on the time to degradation is examined. Finally, the paper comments on the uses of textured versus smooth geomembrane.&#x0D;

Global perspective of municipal solid waste and landfill leachate: generation, composition, eco-toxicity, and sustainable management strategies.

Globally, more than 2 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated each year, with that amount anticipated to reach around 3.5 billion tonnes by 2050. On a worldwide scale, food and green waste contribute the major proportion of MSW, which accounts for 44% of global waste, followed by recycling waste (38%), which includes plastic, glass, cardboard, and paper, and 18% of other materials. Population growth, urbanization, and industrial expansion are the principal drivers of the ever-increasing production of MSW across the world. Among the different practices employed for the management of waste, landfill disposal has been the most popular and easiest method across the world. Waste management practices differ significantly depending on the income level. In high-income nations, only 2% of waste is dumped, whereas in low-income nations, approximately 93% of waste is burned or dumped. However, the unscientific disposal of waste in landfills causes the generation of gases, heat, and leachate and results in a variety of ecotoxicological problems, including global warming, water pollution, fire hazards, and health effects that are hazardous to both the environment and public health. Therefore, sustainable management of MSW and landfill leachate is critical, necessitating the use of more advanced techniques to lessen waste production and maximize recycling to assure environmental sustainability. The present review provides an updated overview of the global perspective of municipal waste generation, composition, landfill heat and leachate formation, and ecotoxicological effects, and also discusses integrated-waste management approaches for the sustainable management of municipal waste and landfill leachate.

Identification of microplastics in raw and treated municipal solid waste landfill leachates in Hong Kong, China

Plastics are indispensable in modern society but also pose a persistent threat to the environment. In particular, microplastics (MPs) have a substantial environmental impact on ecosystems. Municipal solid waste landfill leachates are a source of MPs, but leakage of MPs from leachates has only been reported in a few studies. As a modern city, Hong Kong has a remarkably high population density and a massive plastic waste generation. However, it depends on conventional landfilling for plastic waste management and traditional thermal ammonia stripping for leachate treatment. Yet, the MP leakage from landfill leachates in Hong Kong has not been disclosed. This is the first study that aimed to identify, quantify, and characterise MPs in raw and treated leachates, respectively, from major landfill sites in Hong Kong. The concentrations of MPs varied from 49.0 ± 24.3 to 507.6 ± 37.3 items/L among the raw leachate samples, and a potential correlation was found between the concentration of MPs in the raw leachate sample from a given landfill site and the annual leachate generation of the site. Most MPs were 100–500 μm fragments or filaments and were transparent or yellow. Regarding the polymeric materials among the identified MPs, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyethylene were the most abundant types, comprising 45.30% and 21.37% of MPs, respectively. Interestingly, leachates treated by ammonia stripping contained higher concentrations of MPs than raw leachate samples, which demonstrated that the traditional treatment process may not be sufficient regarding the removal of emerging pollutants, such as MPs. Overall, our findings provide a more comprehensive picture of the pollution of MPs in landfill leachates in Hong Kong and highlight the urgent need for adopting the consideration of MPs into the conventional mindset of waste management systems in Hong Kong.

Hydraulic conductivity of two geosynthetic clay liners with different bentonite granule sizes

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity of two commercially available geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) with similar properties but different bentonite granule sizes (D50=1.0 mm or 0.3 mm). A synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate prepared in the laboratory and four actual coal combustion product (CCP) leachates collected from the field were used as permeant solutions to represent different permeant chemical conditions for waste containment applications. The two GCLs had comparable hydraulic conductivity to dilute or moderate ionic strength (I) leachates (&lt; 0.1 M). With more concentrated leachates (I &gt; 0.1 M), hydraulic conductivity of the GCL containing finer bentonite granules (FG) was 10 to 500 times lower than the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL containing coarser bentonite granules (CG) under the same equilibrium conditions. These results suggest that GCLs containing finer bentonite granules may be less vulnerable to permeant chemistry.

Elucidating the potential of nitrifying bacteria in mitigating nitrogen pollution and its industrial application

Nitrifying bacteria are specialized microorganisms that actively participate in the nitrification process, which involves the conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2-) and subsequently into nitrate (NO3-). Extensive human activities such as agriculture, thermal power generation, and automobile exhaust have led to an increase in the amounts of greenhouse gases and nitrogen pollution in soil and water. This comprehensive review highlights the importance of nitrogen-related processes for environmental sustainability and the role of nitrifying bacteria in combating nitrogen pollution. The focus of the current work is a detailed exploration of the diverse classes of nitrifying bacteria and their respective roles in environmental processes. Furthermore, the study explores practical applications of different classes of nitrifying bacteria, extending beyond the nitrification process. This review explored the potential of nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment, biodegradation of micropollutants, and the treatment of municipal solid waste leachate, showcasing the versatility of these bacteria in addressing broader environmental challenges.

Eco-friendly cultivation of microalgae using a horizontal twin layer system for treatment of real solid waste leachate

Solid waste leachate (SWL) requires dilution with water to offset the negative effects of high nutrient concentration and organic compounds for its microalgae-based treatment. Among attached cultivation systems, twin layer is a technology in which limited information is available on treatment of high strength wastewater using microalgae. Moreover, widespread application of twin layer technology is limited due to cost of substrate and source layer used. In the present study, potential of Scenedesmus sp. for the treatment of SWL was assessed on horizontal twin layer system (HTLS). Novel and cost-effective substrate layers were tested as attachment material. Wetland treated municipal wastewater (WMW) was used to prepare SWL dilutions viz, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% SWL. Recycled printing paper showed maximum biomass productivity of 5.19 g m−2 d−1. Among all the SWL dilutions, Scenedesmus sp. achieved maximum growth of 103.05 g m−2 in 5% SWL which was 16% higher than WMW alone. The maximum removal rate of NH4+ –N, TKN, and PO43− P was obtained in 20% SWL which was 1371, 1588 and 153 mg m−2 d−1 respectively. Varying concentrations of nutrients in different SWL dilutions significantly affected lipid biosynthesis, with enhanced productivity of 2.28 g m−2 d−1 achieved in 5% SWL compared to 0.97 g m−2 d−1 in 20% SWL. Hence, it can be concluded that 5% SWL dilution was good for biomass and lipid production, while the highest nutrient removal rates were obtained at 20% SWL mainly attributed to biotic and abiotic processes. Based on these results HTLS can be a promising technology for pilot scale to explore industrialized application of wastewater treatment and algal production.

Comparison of the PFAS and physical-chemical parameter fluctuations between an ash landfill and a MSW landfill

Studies of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) fluctuations at landfills have focused on municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate. Few studies exist that evaluate fluctuations (defined by the coefficient of variation, CV) in MSW incinerator ash (MSWA) landfill leachate and that evaluate PFAS fluctuations in stormwater, groundwater, and treated liquids on-site. In this study, aqueous landfill samples (leachate, treated leachate, stormwater, gas condensate, ambient groundwater, and effluent from a groundwater remediation system) were collected from a MSW and an MSWA landfill geographically located within close proximity (less than 40 km). The objective of this study was to compare the leachate compositions between these two landfill types and to evaluate temporal variations. Results indicated that the CV of total detected PFAS concentrations in leachate was higher for the MSW landfill (CV = 43 %) compared to the MSWA landfill (CV = 16 %). The total detected PFAS concentration in MSW leachate samples (mean: 9641 ng/L) was higher than in MSWA leachate samples (mean: 2621 ng/L) (p < 0.05). Within a landfill, PFAS concentrations were correlated (rs > 0.6, p < 0.05) with alkalinity, total organic carbon (TOC), and ammonia. Results from the on-site leachate treatment system at the MSW landfill indicated reductions in COD, TOC, and ammonia; however, the ∑26PFAS concentration increased 3 % after the treatment. Overall, results demonstrated that differences between landfill types and fluctuations in PFAS within landfills should be considered when designing landfill leachate collection and treatment systems to remove PFAS. The comparative analysis in this study can provide insights into optimizing leachate management for MSW and MSWA landfills.

TREATMENT OF LEACHATE FROM ERBIL LANDFILL SITE BY ELECTRO- AND CHEM-ICAL COAGULATION METHODS

Landfill leachate is commonly heavily contaminated wastewater. and consists of a high number of organic compounds, inorganic salts, toxic gases and heavy metals that exert a serious threat to the environment and public health. Thus, it requires treatments before direct release into receiving waters. This paper presents the results of electrocoagulation (EC) and chemical coagulation (CC) treatment of leachate from the Erbil landfill site. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate (PO43-), total suspended solids (TSS), total organic compound (TOC), and color of leachate was studied using iron and aluminum electrodes. The removal percentages were also compared to those produced by electrochemically generated Fe2+ and Al3+ dosages. The effect of different pH values on the removal efficiency of these parameters was evaluated at optimal conditions. The removal percentages for chemically added coagulants were lower than those for electrochemically generated Fe2+ and Al3+. In EC, the highest COD removal efficiency of 92% and 87% was achieved at the original concentration (C1) for iron and aluminum electrodes, respectively. The iron and aluminum electrodes also showed a maximum color removal of 90% and 95%, respectively, for the original undiluted leachate solution. Both Fe and Al electrocoagulation methods were not effective in removing TOC from the leachate of municipal solid waste. The highest removal efficiency of 78% was achieved at a 1:4 diluted solution (C2) using the Al-electrocoagulation method. The maximum removal percentage for PO43- was 94% at C1 using the Fe-electrocoagulation system. However, both systems were not very effective in removing TSS.

Sustainable in situ ammonia recovery from municipal solid waste leachate in a single-stream microbial desalination cell

Municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate is one of the most hazardous waste streams leading to great potential risk to environment, and a renewable resource with high concentrations of organic contaminant and ammonia. High energy consumption and chemical input are still the challenges for ammonia recovery from MSW leachate. Here, a single-stream microbial desalination cell (SMDC) was successfully developed for simultaneous energy extraction from organic contaminant and in-situ energy utilization for ammonia recovery. 70% of the organic contaminant from the actual MSW leachate was removed, and 24.9% of the total ammonia was recovered as high-purity (NH4)2SO4. The additional desalination chamber introduced into the SMDC can potentially enhance the NH4+ migration that was determined by the NH4+ concentration gradient and electric field. More than 30% of the total nitrogen was lost, as revealed by nitrogen mass balance analysis, probably resulting from the anodic denitrification process driven by denitrifying microorganisms, e.g., Thauera, which thrived in the anode chamber. Concomitantly, the chemical input for ammonia stripping can be reduced by up to 68% due to the relatively low buffer capacity of the catholyte and the OH− production from the cathode reaction. This SMDC can be an effective and environmentally sustainable solution for MSW leachate treatment and resource recovery.

Evaluation of combined efficiency of conventional coagulation-flocculation process with advanced oxidation process (sulfate-hydroxyl radical) in leachate treatment

This study evaluated a novel municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) treatment system called the Batch flow leachate treatment system (BFLTS). This process uses a combination of coagulation/flocculation (C-F), advanced oxidation (sulfate-hydroxyl radical), and extended aeration of activated sludge (EAAS) to treat MSWL. The results indicated that the primary treatment phase using coagulation/flocculation with 0.8 g L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; FeCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; at pH 6 achieved 67% turbidity and 63% chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. The secondary treatment phase with the presence of both K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; peroxides was more efficient than single peroxide processes. While PS-based or H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-based single peroxide processes are less effective (UV-PS 65.7%, UV-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 43.2%, Heat-PS 58.6%, Heat-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 34.5%, and Heat-PS/H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 74.8%). The UV-PS/H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; system achieved the highest COD removal rate of 89.4%. In the third treatment phase, the efficient removal of COD and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) under optimal operating conditions was 87.3% and 94.7% respectively. Overall, the BFLTS treatment system has demonstrated high efficiency in removing COD, BOD, TSS, Turbidity, TKN, and Heavy metals by 99%, 98%, 97%, 89%, 86%, and 98%, respectively. This hybrid process has potential for reducing organic load in MSWL and can be used for various leachates.