Le Modele Research Articles

A novel TIR-derived three-source energy balance model for estimating daily latent heat flux in mainland China using an all-weather land surface temperature product

A reliable thermal-derived method for spatially and temporally continuous latent heat flux (LE) estimates is vital for agricultural water resource management. In this study, we proposed a novel three-source LE model (TSLEM) derived by all-weather thermal infrared (TIR) land surface temperature (LST) to generate all-sky daily LE in mainland China. In this approach, LE was partitioned into the energy fluxes from canopy transpiration, soil evaporation, and interception water evaporation, respectively. Importantly, a new strategy was used to decompose radiational temperature into soil temperature (Ts), canopy temperature (Tc) and interception water temperature (Ti). Then soil evaporation was estimated by Penman-Monteith (PM) equation that parameterizes a soil resistance as a function of the normalized difference temperature index (NDTI) derived from Ts. A simplified MOD16 algorithm framework was used to estimate canopy transpiration and a Priestley-Taylor (PT) model to estimate interception evaporation. The proposed method was validated using 26 eddy covariance (EC) tower sites in mainland China across various vegetation types and applied to generate spatial continuous daily LE in mainland China. The results show that TSLEM accurately yielded daily LE with an average coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.53 (p<0.01) and root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 27.37 W/m2, indicating TSLEM is a promising method for generating daily LE using all-weather LST at the regional scale.

Les plateformes : assureurs du XXI e siècle ?

Alors que l’assurance a d’abord constitué un enjeu important pour les plateformes en raison de la confiance qu’elle insuffle aux utilisateurs, la multiplication des plateformes a ensuite obligé les assureurs à entreprendre, en collaboration avec des acteurs spécialisés, leur transformation digitale, afin de maintenir leur compétitivité. Le modèle économique des plateformes numériques et les écosystèmes qui s’y construisent présentent encore d’indéniables avantages pour les assureurs en termes de croissance et de création de valeur, mais la stratégie big data de ces plateformes peut aussi laisser craindre qu’elles deviennent les assureurs de demain.

Evaluation of a satellite-derived model parameterized by three soil moisture constraints to estimate terrestrial latent heat flux in the Heihe River basin of Northwest China

Satellite-derived terrestrial latent heat flux (LE) models are useful tools to understand regional surface energy and water cycle processes for terrestrial ecosystems in the Heihe River basin (HRB) of Northwest China. This study developed a satellite-derived hybrid LE model parameterized by three soil moisture (SM) constraints: SM, relative humidity (RH), and diurnal air temperature range (DT); and assessed model performance and sensitivity. We used MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and eddy covariance (EC) data from 12 EC flux tower sites across the HRB. The hybrid model was trained using observed LE over 2012/2013–2014, and validated using observed LE for 2015 and leave-one-out cross-validation. The results show that the three SM constraints schemes exhibited some modeling differences at the flux tower site scale. LE estimation using SM achieved the highest correlation (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.01) and lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 20.1 W/m2) compared to schemes using RH or DT schemes. We then produced regional daily LE maps at 1 km × 1 km across the HRB for 2013–2015. Regional analysis shows that our LE estimates from all three constraint models exhibited large spatial variability and strong seasonal and annual variations, attributed to differences in parameterizing the model water constraints. This study provides data and model based evidence to improve satellite-derived hybrid LE models with regard to water constraints.

Organic Matter Removal on Oxide Determination in Oxisols Via Portable X-ray Fluorescence

ABSTRACTMany factors can influence the results obtained by portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (pXRF). The effect of soil organic matter on pXRF results is not satisfactory understood. Thus, we conducted this study to verify the effect of organic matter removal on oxide determination by pXRF in Oxisols. To obtain soil material with different organic matter contents and maintaining the same elemental composition from soil minerals, six contrasting Oxisols were heated in a muffle furnace for 30 min at the following temperatures (°C): 100; 200; 300; 400; 500 and 600. After heating, the soil samples were scanned using a pXRF Bruker® S1 Titan LE model (Dual Soil mode) for 60 s and the contents of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, and MnO were recorded. The soil organic matter presence underestimated the pXRF results for lightest oxides (Si and Al) compared to heaviest oxides (Fe, Ti, and Mn). These oxides are important for tropical soils classification and for many soil-related studies and pXRF technology has been a useful tool for soil chemical characterization. Our findings contribute to more suitable use of pXRF highlighting the possible effect of organic matter.

Pharmacokinetic Monitoring of Vancomycin in Cystic Fibrosis

A correlation between vancomycin (VAN) trough concentrations (VTC) and area under the curve (AUC) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio (AUC/MIC) has not been established in children/adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). The primary objective of this study was to determine the correlation between measured VTCs and AUC/MIC using population-based pharmacokinetics. A retrospective cohort study of children/adolescents diagnosed with CF, 6 to <18 years of age, treated with VAN for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection was conducted. The relationship between final VTCs and calculated AUC/MIC was assessed using Pearson and Spearman correlations. All tests were 2-tailed with alpha set at 0.05. Thirty children/adolescents, 7 to 17 years of age (median age 15 year; interquartile range: 9-17 years), were included. The mean final VAN dose was 58.03 ± 18.58 mg/kg/d, and the median final VTC was 12.6 (11-13.6) mg/L. The mean AUC/MIC was 355.34 ± 138.46 (Le model) versus 426.79 ± 178.92 (Stockmann model; P = 0.089). No correlation existed between VTCs and AUC/MIC using either the model by Le (r = 0.140; P = 0.461) or Stockmann (r = 0.115; P = 0.564). Using the Stockmann model, VAN dose (mg/kg/dose) was found to have a strong positive correlation with AUC (r = 0.8874; P < 0.0001) and AUC/MIC (r = 0.7877; P < 0.0001). VTCs did not correlate with AUC or AUC/MIC. Further research is needed to determine which estimate of VAN treatment efficacy is most appropriate for children and adolescents with CF infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Evaluating the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in rodent models of oxidative retinopathies.

To determine the neuroprotective effect of estrogen on the structure and function of the retina exposed to an oxidative stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to either hyperoxia (O2E: from P8 to P14) or bright light (LE: from P14 to P28) with or without 17 β-estradiol (βE2) treatment. Retinal structure (histology) and function (ERG) were assessed at selected time points. In the O2E model, βE2 injections caused a significant reduction of the ERG and a significantly thinner OPL compared to untreated oxygen-exposed group (O2-exposed) rats. In contrast, in the LE model βE2, treatment was beneficial to the retinal structure (thicker ONL) and function (better preserved ERG amplitudes) compared to untreated light-exposed group (light-exposed rats). Our results show that in conditions where the primary target of the oxidative stress is the outer retina (i.e., the photoreceptors) estrogen can protect the retina, while in situations where the inner retina (or retinal vasculature) is the main site of oxidative damage, estrogen may potentiate the detrimental effect of oxidative stress on the retina.

Long-term spatial distributions and trends of the latent heat fluxes over the global cropland ecosystem using multiple satellite-based models.

Estimating cropland latent heat flux (LE) from continental to global scales is vital to modeling crop production and managing water resources. Over the past several decades, numerous LE models were developed, such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer LE (MOD16) algorithm, revised remote sensing-based Penman–Monteith LE algorithm (RRS), the Priestley–Taylor LE algorithm of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) and the modified satellite-based Priestley-Taylor LE algorithm (MS-PT). However, these LE models have not been directly compared over the global cropland ecosystem using various algorithms. In this study, we evaluated the performances of these four LE models using 34 eddy covariance (EC) sites. The results showed that mean annual LE for cropland varied from 33.49 to 58.97 W/m2 among the four models. The interannual LE slightly increased during 1982–2009 across the global cropland ecosystem. All models had acceptable performances with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of approximately 35 W/m2. MS-PT had good overall performance across the cropland ecosystem with the highest R2, lowest RMSE and a relatively low bias. The reduced performances of MOD16 and RRS, with R2 ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 and RMSEs from 30 to 39 W/m2, might be attributed to empirical parameters in the structure algorithms and calibrated coefficients.

Estimation of latent heat flux over savannah vegetation across the North Australian Tropical Transect from multiple sensors and global meteorological data

Latent heat flux (LE) and corresponding water loss in non-moisture-limited ecosystems are well correlated to radiation and temperature. By contrast, in savannahs and arid and semi-arid lands LE is mostly driven by available water and the vegetation exerts a strong control over the rate of transpiration. Therefore, LE models that use optical vegetation indices (VIs) to represent the vegetation component (transpiration as a function of surface conductance, Gs) generally overestimate water fluxes in water-limited ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated and compared optical and passive microwave index based retrievals of Gs and LE derived using the Penman-Monteith (PM) formulation over the North Australian Tropical Transect (NATT). The methodology was evaluated at six eddy covariance (EC) sites from the OzFlux network. To parameterize the PM equation for retrievals of LE (PM-Gs), a subset of Gs values was derived from meteorological and EC flux observations and regressed against individual and combined satellite indices, from (1) MODIS AQUA: the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI); and from (2) AMSR-E passive microwave: frequency index (FI), polarization index (PI), vegetation optical depth (VOD) and soil moisture (SM) products. Similarly, we combined optical and passive microwave indices (multi-sensor model) to estimate weekly Gs values, and evaluated their spatial and temporal synergies. The multi-sensor approach explained 40–80% of LE variance at some sites, with root mean square errors (RMSE) lower than 20W/m2 and demonstrated better performance to other satellite-based estimates of LE. The optical indices represented potential Gs associated with the phenological status of the vegetation (e.g. leaf area index, chlorophyll content) at finer spatial resolution. The microwave indices provided information about water availability and moisture stress (e.g. water content in leaves and shallow soil depths, atmospheric demand) at a high temporal resolution, thereby providing a scaling factor for potential Gs. We applied the newly proposed Gs model to estimate LE at regional scale using global meteorological data. Our derivation could be extended to continental scales providing equally robust estimates of LE in arid and semi-arid biomes. A more accurate estimation of Gs and LE across different savannah classes will improve the analysis of water use efficiency under drought conditions, which is of importance to climate change studies of water, carbon and energy cycling.

Validity of Five Satellite-Based Latent Heat Flux Algorithms for Semi-arid Ecosystems

Accurate estimation of latent heat flux (LE) is critical in characterizing semiarid ecosystems. Many LE algorithms have been developed during the past few decades. However, the algorithms have not been directly compared, particularly over global semiarid ecosystems. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of five LE models over semiarid ecosystems such as grassland, shrub, and savanna using the Fluxnet dataset of 68 eddy covariance (EC) sites during the period 2000–2009. We also used a modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA) dataset, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) products; the leaf area index (LAI) from the global land surface satellite (GLASS) products; and the digital elevation model (DEM) from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM30) dataset to generate LE at region scale during the period 2003–2006. The models were the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer LE (MOD16) algorithm, revised remote sensing based Penman–Monteith LE algorithm (RRS), the Priestley–Taylor LE algorithm of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL), the modified satellite-based Priestley–Taylor LE algorithm (MS-PT), and the semi-empirical Penman LE algorithm (UMD). Direct comparison with ground measured LE showed the PT-JPL and MS-PT algorithms had relative high performance over semiarid ecosystems with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of approximately 20 W/m2. Empirical parameters in the structure algorithms of MOD16 and RRS, and calibrated coefficients of the UMD algorithm may be the cause of the reduced performance of these LE algorithms with R2 ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 and RMSE ranging from 20 to 35 W/m2 for MOD16, RRS and UMD. Sensitivity analysis showed that radiation and vegetation terms were the dominating variables affecting LE Fluxes in global semiarid ecosystem.

The role of maternal executive function.

AbstractChildhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk of psychopathology, cognitive dysfunction, and impaired relationships, including parenting difficulties. In addition, according to recent studies, the consequences of childhood maltreatment may extend to the next generation. Difficulties with executive function have been linked to both child maltreatment and parenting, but rarely to both simultaneously. The purpose of this review is to propose a model examining executive function as a likely candidate for linking the distal factors of child maltreatment to parenting and subsequent child outcomes and to highlight relevant data for components of the model. This work may suggest new opportunities for targeting executive function as a viable target for interventions in the prevention of the transmission of risk.Keywords: maternal history of childhood maltreatment, executive function, empathy, theory of mind and child outcomesResumeLa maltraitance durant l'enfance est associee a un risque accru de psychopathologie, de dysfonction cognitive et de problemes relationnels, y compris dans le role de parent. De plus, selon des etudes recentes, les consequences de la maltraitance pendant l'enfance peuvent s'etendre a la prochaine generation. Les problemes sur le plan des fonctions executives ont ete associes a la fois aux mauvais traitements pendant l'enfance et aux fonctions parentales, mais rarement aux deux simultanement. Le but de cette revue est de proposer un modele pour examiner les fonctions executives a titre d'element probable liant les facteurs distaux de la maltraitance durant l'enfance au parentage et aux consequences subsequentes sur l'enfant, et de mettre en relief les donnees pertinentes pour les composants du modele. Ce travail pourrait susciter de nouvelles occasions de cibler les fonctions executives comme cible viable d'interventions de prevention de la transmission du risque.Mots-cles : antecedents de maltraitance durant l'enfance de la mere, fonctions executives, empathie, theorie de l'esprit, developpement de l'enfant.Incidence and Prevalence of Child Maltreatment in CanadaChild maltreatment is a significant and costly public health problem. Prevalence data from the 2012 cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health Supplement indicates that maltreatment is a common experience (Afifi et al., 2014). Overall, 30% of females retrospectively reported experiencing physical or sexual abuse (SA) or exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during childhood. Therefore, almost one third of adult women may have experienced some form of maltreatment over the course of their childhood. Prevalence rates for emotional abuse and neglect do not currently exist in Canada. If all maltreatment types were considered, the reported prevalence rates would likely be much greater. Taken together, these figures indicate that family violence is a pervasive problem.Impact of Child MaltreatmentChildhood maltreatment constitutes a major risk factor for impairment across various domains, such as emotional, behavioural, biological, and cognitive dysfunction (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Gilbert et al., 2009; Gonzalez, 2013). Adults who have experienced maltreatment in childhood are at an increased risk for exposure to later traumatic life events, developing psychiatric disorders, chronic physical diseases, and their comorbidity (Afifi et al., 2014; Collishaw et al., 2007; Gonzalez et al., 2012). In addition, maltreated children experience difficulties in forming secure attachment relationships with a primary caregiver, which potentiates continued difficulties in interpersonal relationships throughout development (Carlson, Cicchetti, Barnett, & Braunwald, 1989; Stronach et al., 2011). Women exposed to childhood abuse may experience problematic relationships later in life, including increased likelihood of divorce and increased rates of interpersonal aggression (Cannon, Bonomi, Anderson, Rivara, & Thompson, 2010; White & Widom, 2003), including aggression toward their offspring and parenting difficulties (Gonzalez, Jenkins, Steiner, & Fleming, 2012; Pereira, Vickers, Atkinson, Wekerle, & Levitan, 2012; Roberts, O'Connor, Dunn, Golding, & the ALSPAC Study Team, 2004). …

Mediated risks: the Roşia Montană displacement and a new perspective on the IRR model

The impoverishment risks and reconstruction (IRR) model is widely used in research on involuntary population displacements. This article endorses an expansion of the model to better account for how impoverishment risks are mediated through economic circumstances and through actors outside and within the displacement process. The case of the proposed Roşia Montană mining project in Romania reveals that some impoverishment risks originate beyond displacement itself, and are harder to counter, while others are mitigated through local resistance and the strategic deployment of material and cultural assets. The Roşia Montană displacement also shows that mediation reduces the predictability of IRR risks.Résumé Le modèle IRR (Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction) est largement utilisé dans la recherche sur les déplacements involontaires de populations. Cet article propose une extension de ce modèle pour mieux tenir compte du rôle que joue la situation économique locale et celui des acteurs qui participent, de l'intérieur comme de l'extérieur, au processus de déplacement. Le projet minier Roşia Montană en Roumanie montre que certains risques d'appauvrissement, plus difficiles à contrer, ne proviennent pas du déplacement lui-même. D'autres risques sont atténués grâce à la résistance locale et au déploiement stratégique, par les collectivités touchées, de leurs ressources matérielles et culturelles. Dans le cas étudié, ces facteurs de médiation limitent la puissance prédictive du modèle IRR.

A new accurate quadratic equation model for isothermal gas chromatography and its comparison with the linear model

The gas holdup time (tM) is a dominant parameter in gas chromatographic retention models. The difference equation (DE) model proposed by Wu et al. (J. Chromatogr. A 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.077) excluded tM. In the present paper, we propose that the relationship between the adjusted retention time t′RZ and carbon number z of n-alkanes follows a quadratic equation (QE) when an accurate tM is obtained. This QE model is the same as or better than the DE model for an accurate expression of the retention behavior of n-alkanes and model applications. The QE model covers a larger range of n-alkanes with better curve fittings than the linear model. The accuracy of the QE model was approximately 2–6 times better than the DE model and 18–540 times better than the LE model. Standard deviations of the QE model were approximately 2–3 times smaller than those of the DE model.

Comparison of nonideal sorption formulations in modeling the transport of phthalate esters through packed soil columns

Sorption of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dipropyl phthalate (DPP) to two soil materials that vary in organic matter content was investigated using miscible displacement experiments under saturated flow conditions. Generated breakthrough curves (BTCs) were inversely simulated using linear, equilibrium sorption (LE), nonlinear, equilibrium sorption (NL), linear, first-order nonequilibrium sorption (LFO), linear, radial diffusion (LRD), and nonlinear, first-order nonequilibrium sorption (NFO) models. The Akaike information criterion was utilized to determine the preferred model. The LE model could not adequately describe phthalate ester (PE) BTCs in higher organic matter soil or for more hydrophobic PEs. The LFO and LRD models adequately described the BTCs but a slight improvement in curve-fitting was gained in some cases when the NFO model was used. However, none of the models could properly describe the desorptive tail of DPP for the high organic matter soil. Transport of DPP through this soil was adequately predicted when degradation or sorption hysteresis was considered. Using the optimized parameter values along with values reported by others it was shown that the organic carbon distribution coefficient ( K oc ) of PEs correlates well with the octanol/water partition coefficient ( K ow ). Also, a strong relationship was found between the first-order sorption rate coefficient normalized to injection pulse size and compound residence time. A similar trend of timescale dependence was found for the rate parameter in the radial diffusion model. Results also revealed that the fraction of instantaneous sorption sites is dependent on K ow and appears to decrease with the increase in the sorption rate parameter.

Intelligent Modelling of a Fluidised Bed Granulator used in Production of Pharmaceuticals

The aim of dynamic modelling and simulation is to improve the control of the fluidised bed granulator. Modelling and simulation was done on the basis of data collected from several test campaigns. Several modelling methodologies have been compared in MatlabSimulink environment. A solution based on dynamic linguistic equation models was chosen. The main input variables are humidity difference between incoming and outgoing air, temperature difference between inflowing air and granule and the rate of inflowing air. The final output is the estimated granule size but the overall models contains also dynamic models for temperature and humidity. The simulator combines several models which are specific to the operating conditions. According to the results, the spraying and drying processes included short-duration periods. Extension to fuzzy LE models provides useful information about uncertainties of the forecasted granulation results. The complexity of the models is increased only slightly with the new system based on the extension principle and fuzzy interval analysis.

Modeling and Analysis of the Nonrectangular Gate Effect for Postlithography Circuit Simulation

For nanoscale CMOS devices, gate roughness has severe impact on the device <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> characteristics, particularly in the subthreshold region. In particular, the nonrectangular gate (NRG) geometries are caused by subwavelength lithography and have relatively low spatial frequency. In this paper, we present an analytical approach to model NRG effects on <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> characteristics. To predict the change of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> characteristics due to the NRG effect, the proposed model converts the postlithography gate profile into an equivalent gate length ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Le</i> ) , which is a function of the gate bias voltage but independent of the drain bias voltage. We demonstrate the accuracy of this approach by comparing it to TCAD simulation results for 65-nm technology. The new <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Le</i> model is readily integrated into standard transistor models in traditional circuit simulation tools, such as SPICE, for both dc and transient analyses. We further develop a generic procedure to systematically extract the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Le</i> value from the postlithography gate profile. The interaction with the narrow-width effect is also efficiently incorporated into the proposed algorithm. TCAD verification demonstrates that the proposed <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Le</i> model is simple for implementation, scalable with both transistor geometries and bias conditions, and also continuous across all the operation regions.

A new method for determining coupled heat and mass transfer coefficients between air and liquid desiccant

This paper presented the characteristic of liquid desiccant dehumidification based on NTU– Le model. The results showed that the Lewis number Le had little effect on air outlet humidity ratio during desiccant solution dehumidification process. A new method called h D– Le separative evaluation method was developed for determining coupled heat and mass transfer coefficients between air and liquid desiccant, through which the heat and mass transfer coefficients between air and liquid desiccant were calculated to obtain from experimental inlet and outlet parameters of air and desiccant solution. The effects of the air volume flow rate, temperature, humidity ratio and the solution concentration, temperature on the Lewis number, heat and mass transfer coefficient were analyzed according to experimental data and the h D– Le separative evaluation method. Based on the computation results, it was concluded that the Lewis number greatly depended on the operation parameters and conditions of the air and desiccant. In addition, the correlations of the heat and mass transfer coefficients were developed. The additional 74 groups of experiments validated the developed correlations by comparison of air/solution parameters change with the calculation data.

Discussion of “Single Piles in Lateral Spreads: Field Bending Moment Evaluation” by Ricardo Dobry, Tarek Abdoun, Thomas D. O’Rourke, and S.H. Goh

Discussion of “Single Piles in Lateral Spreads: Field Bending Moment Evaluation” by Ricardo Dobry, Tarek Abdoun, Thomas D. O’Rourke, and S.H. Goh

翼前縁モデルにおける剥離 : 後流干渉のRANS/LES解析(GS-9乱流3)

翼前縁モデルにおける剥離 : 後流干渉のRANS/LES解析(GS-9乱流3)

La ‘Varietas’à la Renaissance : Actes de la journée d’étude organisée par l’École nationale des Chartes (Paris, 27 avril 2000) ed. by Dominique de Courcelles (review)

MLR, 97.4, 2002 959 La 'Varietas'd la Renaissance: Actes de lajournee d'etude organiseepar I'Ecole nationale des Chartes (Paris, 27 avril 2000). Ed. by Dominique de Courcelles. (Etudes et rencontres de I'Ecole des Chartes, 9) Paris: Ecole des Chartes. 2001. 267 pp. 124.50 F; ?19. Of the ten essays in this volume, four are specifically concerned with texts in Latin (Raphaele Mouren on 'La varietas des philologues au xvie siecle: Entre varia lecta et variae lectiones', Jean-Marc Mandosio on Poliziano, Isabelle Diu and Alexandre Vanautgaerden on Erasmus's Adagia, Marie-Dominique Couzinet on Cardano and Bodin), three with Italian and/or Spanish writings (Giuseppe Grilli on Poggio and the Lazarillo, Paola Vassali on Equicola and Villalon, Dominique de Courcelles on John ofthe Cross's Cdntico espiritual), just one with French literature (Ulrich Langer on the (Euvres morales of Jean des Caurres, 1575), the other two being devoted to matters architectural (Yves Pauwels on ' Varietas et ordo en architecture: Lecture de l'antique et rhetorique de la creation') or musical (Frank Dobbins on 'La variete dans la musique de la Renaissance'). Although the collection suffers from defects common in this type of volume (no bibliography and no index), it manifestly reflects, by its very disparate nature, the theme that it develops: 'la notion de varietas apparait comme un principe majeur des formes de pensee, d'ecriture et de vie qui prevaudront jusqu'a l'age classique, comme l'ordonnateur de toute la culture humaniste' (p. 3). The concept is especially familiar to us through its relationship with the notions oivariatio, imitatio, and copia and other forms of creative transformation (as recently described, forexample, by Michel Jeanneret in his Perpetuum mobile: Metamorphoses des corps et des oeuvresde Vinci a Montaigne (Paris: Macula, 1997; see MLR, 94 (1999), 529-30), and carries within itsimilar tensions. The pursuit of'variety' is certainly an attempt to imitate nature and successful imitation therefore reflectsan overarching (but hidden) order, but this is achieved through processes of disorder at work both in formal expression and in the individualpursuing it('et lejugeant et le juge sont en continuelle mutation et branle', as Montaigne tells us). One ofthe most stimulating and suggestive items is that of Mouren (pp. 5-31) on the philologists' varietas as variant reading and their collections of variae lectiones (called thus by Muret, for example, but also annotationes, miscellanea, and later adversaria) which in themselves lead nowhere, but can ultimately serve as repositories to be exploited by others. For his part, Langer signals the prevalence of the notion of variety in later sixteenth-century moral works (Horace's famous bee image crops up most appositely here) before discussing the 'banquet de savoir heterogene' (p. 129) to which we are invited by Des Caurres. Specialists in the differentdisciplines we associate with 'Renaissance studies', 'qui ca, qui la, voletans a leur aise', will all find something of interest in this volume. University of Wales, Lampeter T. Peach Poetique de la Renaissance: Le Modele italien, le monde franco-bourguignon et leur heritage enFrance au XVle siecle. Ed. by Perrine Galand-Hallyn and Fernand Hallyn. Preface by Terence Cave. (Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 348) Geneve: Droz. 2001. xvii +786 pp. 120 SwF. This is a work conceived on the grand scale, with the aim of throwing light on the evolution over two centuries of French Renaissance poetic theory from its classical, ltalian, and medieval French origins. It proceeds by studyingprimarily the successive formulations of theorists with differingperspectives, and secondarily ideas on poet? ics expressed in poetry itself. The editors have assembled an international team of fifteenscholars, from America as well as Europe, whose combined expertise enables ...

A THURSTONE‐COOMBS MODEL OF CONCURRENT RATINGS WITH SENSORY AND LIKING DIMENSIONS

ABSTRACTA popular product testing procedure is to obtain sensory intensity and liking ratings from the same consumers. Consumers are instructed to attend to the sensory attribute, such as sweetness, when generating their liking response. We propose a new model of this concurrent ratings task that conjoins a unidimensional Thurstonian model of the ratings on the sensory dimension with a probabilistic version of Coombs’ (1964) unfolding model for the liking dimension. The model assumes that the sensory characteristic of the product has a normal distribution over consumers. An individual consumer selects a sensory rating by comparing the perceived value on the sensory dimension to a set of criteria that partitions the axis into intervals. Each value on the rating scale is associated with a unique interval. To rate liking, the consumer imagines an ideal product, then computes the discrepancy or distance between the product as perceived by the consumer and this imagined ideal. A set of criteria are constructed on this discrepancy dimension that partition the axis into intervals. Each interval is associated with a unique liking rating. The ideal product is assumed to have a univariate normal distribution over consumers on the sensory attribute evaluated. The model is shown to account for 94.2% of the variance in a set of sample data and to fit this data significantly better than a bivariate normal model of the data (concurrent ratings, Thurstonian scaling, Coombs’ unfolding model, sensory and liking ratings).