LCR Circuit Research Articles

Investigating degradation efficiency in plasma reactors through driving frequency optimization

Abstract Plasma-assisted degradation (PAD) methods have shown promise in water treatment applications, leveraging electrical energy to break down organic contaminants. Here we report our investigation of the driving frequency dependent nature of PAD using a falling-film plasma reactor for the degradation of brilliant blue dye in aqueous solutions. The degradation kinetics of the dye were analyzed and correlated with the energy efficiency, power consumption, and driving frequency of the reactor. Experimental trials revealed that tuning the driving frequency to align with the reactor’s natural resonance significantly enhanced degradation efficiency, achieving an electrical energy per order (E EO) of nearly 100 kW m−3 at an optimal frequency of 9 kHz. Results indicate a nonlinear relationship between power consumption and frequency, confirming harmonic resonance within the plasma reactor and underscoring the importance of optimizing electrical parameters for cost-effective treatment. An LCR circuit model was used to explain the differences in power consumption across the examined frequency range. This research highlights the potential of driving frequency tuning to optimize the generation of reactive chemical species in PAD methods for organic contaminant degradation. By highlighting how harmonic frequency tuning maximizes reactive species generation, this study provides a foundation for future improvements in PAD systems, offering a pathway to scalable, energy-efficient water treatment technologies.

Realizing Multi-Parameter Measurement Using PT-Symmetric LC Sensors.

With the rapid development in sensor network technology, the complexity and diversity of application scenarios have put forward more and more new requirements for inductor-capacitor (LC) sensors, for instance, multi-parameter simultaneous monitoring. Here, the parity-time (PT) symmetry concept in quantum mechanics is applied to LC passive wireless sensing. Two or even three parameters can be monitored simultaneously by observing the frequency response of the reflection coefficient at the end of the readout circuit. In particular, for three-parameter detection, a novel detection method is studied to extract the three resonant frequencies of the system through the phase-frequency characteristics of the reflection coefficient, which has never appeared in the previous literature on PT symmetry. The changes in three resonant frequencies are in response to changes in the three parameters in the environment. We show theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that the PT-symmetric LC sensor can realize multi-parameter measurement using a series LCR circuit as the sensor and a symmetric adjustable LCR circuit as the readout circuit. Our work paves the way for applying PT symmetry in multi-parameter detection.

Feedback and PT symmetry in a class of active LCR circuits

SummarySystems with non‐Hermitian Hamiltonians, especially those exhibiting parity‐time ( ) symmetry, are of particular interest as they can describe physical open systems with balanced loss into and gain from the environment. In this context, the study of eigenvalue locations and the corresponding phase transitions as a function of the degree of non‐Hermiticity are accomplished hereby using feedback theory. This approach provides insight about the behavior of these systems and allows generalization of the results for higher‐order ones. The proposed ideas are analyzed in detail for a class of coupled resonant circuit chains.

Role of Mn2+ ion in the optimization of the structural and dielectric properties of Co–Zn ferrite

Mn-substituted Co–Zn ferrite nanomaterials with the general form Co0.8−x Mnx Zn0.2 Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were prepared using the coprecipitation method. Based on X-ray diffraction, it can be confirmed that all samples have a single-phase cubic structure with an average crystallite size ranging from 23.46 to 32.66 nm. In addition, the lattice parameter increased from 8.32 to 8.37 Å. In this study, the theoretical density was calculated, and the Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the prepared samples were investigated. Further, the cation distribution of the system was estimated. The proposed cation distribution was confirmed by calculating the theoretical lattice parameter and comparing it with the experimental lattice parameter. We conducted transmission electron microscopy to confirm the obtained particle size. At room temperature, the electrical measurements of the prepared samples were performed using the LCR circuit as a function of frequency up to 5 MHz. In this study, we obtained enhanced dielectric properties by substituting Mn ions in the Co–Zn ferrite. As the Mn concentration increases, the AC resistivity of the samples increases. Consequently, the dielectric loss decreases, and its minimum value can be observed at x = 0.2, making the Co–Mn–Zn ferrite suitable for applications in the microwave frequency range. The results show that all dielectric properties exhibit a normal behavior with frequency. We obtained an improvement in the dielectric properties of the prepared samples, making them suitable for use in high-frequency applications due to the substitution by Mn ions.

Surface plasmon resonance in metal nanospheres explained with LCR circuits.

The manuscript details various simple LCR circuits to explain the experimentally observed surface plasmon resonance behavior of spherical metal nanoparticles. The results of the circuit's performance simulated using standard software like "QUCS" show similarity with SPR results in the literature, thus successfully explaining the size-effect, the influence of the surrounding dielectric medium and the proximity effect of densely packed metal nanoparticles. The study also explains these material dependent observations in terms of circuital parameters. This opens an avenue to detail the exact role of the material parameters in the influence of the surrounding dielectric medium and the proximity effect.

Numerical higher-order Runge-Kutta methods in transient and damping analysis

Transient analysis of an RLC circuit (or LCR circuit) comprising of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor are analyzed. Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws were used to generate equations for voltages and currents across the elements in an RLC circuit. From Kirchhoff’s law, the resulting first-order and second-order differential equations, The different higher-order Runge-Kutta methods are applied with MATLAB simulations to check how changes in resistance affect transient which is transitory bursts of energy induced upon power, data, or communication lines; characterized by extremely high voltages that drive tremendous amounts of current into an electrical circuit for a few millionths, up to a few thousandths, of a second, and are very sensitive as well important their critical and careful analysis is also very important. The Runge-Kutta 5th and Runge-Kutta 8th order methods are applied to get nearer exact solutions and the numerical results are presented to illustrate the robustness and competency of the different higher-order Runge-Kutta methods in terms of accuracy.

Structural identifiability of series-parallel LCR systems

We consider the identifiability problem for the parameters of series-parallel LCR circuit networks. We prove that for networks with only two classes of components (inductor-capacitor (LC), inductor-resistor (LR), and capacitor-resistor (RC)), the parameters are identifiable if and only if the number of non-monic coefficients of the constitutive equations equals the number of parameters. The notion of the “type” of the constitutive equations plays a key role in the identifiability of LC, LR, and RC networks. We also investigate the general series-parallel LCR circuits (with all three classes of components), and classify the types of constitutive equations that can arise, showing that there are 22 different types. However, we produce an example that shows that the basic notion of type that works to classify identifiability of two class networks is not sufficient to classify the identifiability of general series-parallel LCR circuits.

Optimizing the degradation of dichlorvos in aqueous solution using nZVI DTPA+H2O2 and its detection using ac conductivity measurement with the help of response surface methodology

Degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater is a common subject of discussion under advanced oxidation process. To detect the degradation of colourless organic pollutants conventional analytical techniques are available but their sophistication makes it difficult to pursue in all form of chemical laboratories. In the present study it was found that during degradation of Dichlorvos using diethylene triamine pent acetic acid (DTPA) stabilized nano zero valent iron (nZVI), COD removal and ac conductivity change has been done simultaneously. In this degradation study the heterogeneous Fenton type oxidation method was employed and an LCR circuit (which contains inductor, capacitor and resistor) was used to measure the ac conductivity. This study aims to find out a correlation between ac conductivity and COD removal using simple response surface methodology (RSM) so that the degradation of colourless pollutants can be estimated easily and also to identify the best processing parameters to optimise Dichlorvos degradation. It was found that COD removal in most of all cases, was more than 60% when the change in final ac conductivity more than 600% with respect to initial value. All of the experimental results were in good accord with the projected outcome.

Analysis of the Possibility of Plastic Deformation Characterisation in X2CrNi18-9 Steel Using Measurements of Electromagnetic Parameters.

An analysis was conducted on the possibility of making an assessment of the degree of plastic deformation ε in X2CrNi18-9 steel by measuring three electromagnetic diagnostic signals: the Barkhausen noise features, the impedance components in in-series LCR circuits, and the residual magnetic field components. The impact of ε on a series of different extracted features of diagnostic signals was investigated. The occurrence of two regions of sensitivity was found for all the features of the analysed signals. The two regions were separated by the following critical deformation value: ε ~ 10% for the components of the residual magnetic field and ε ~ 15% for the normalised components of impedance. As for the Barkhausen noise signal, the values were as follows: ε ~ 20% for the mean value, ε ~ 20% for the peak value of the signal envelope, and ε ~ 5% for the total number of the signal events. Metallographic tests were performed, which revealed essential changes in the microstructure of the tested material for the established critical values. The martensite transformation occurring during the plastic deformation process of X2CrNi18-9 austenitic steel process generated a magnetic phase. This magnetic phase was strong enough to relate the strain state to the values of diagnostic signals. The changes in the material electromagnetic properties due to martensitic transformation (γ → α’) began much earlier than indicated by the metallographic testing results.

Anapole moment of localized spoof plasmon polaritons based on a hybrid coupling mechanism.

In the past several years, the anapole mode has received increasing interest and has been used in numerous applications. However, little relevant work exists on localized spoof plasmon polaritons (LSSPs), which are limited by the excitation of the electric dipole in a symmetrical structure. The lack of an electric dipole makes the excitation of the anapole moment difficult. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that compact planar metadisks can exhibit a radiationless anapole mode of LSSPs at microwave frequencies. By integrating large and small split-ring resonators, the strong interaction between conductive and inductive coupling is shown to excite the electric dipole. The necessary condition for excitation of the electric dipole using the hybrid coupling mechanism is derived by analyzing equivalent LCR circuits. The proposed structure exhibits nearly equal magnitudes of the toroidal and electric dipoles. Moreover, analytical and numerical approaches are developed to explain the physics of the hybrid coupling mechanism accurately. Further experimental measurements confirm the theoretical predictions.

The effect of glass network structure on interfacial polarization in Na2O–K2O–Nb2O5–SiO2–BaO glass-ceramics

ABSTRACT: Na2O–K2O–Nb2O5–SiO2–BaO initial glass were synthesized by traditional melts method and treated to fabricate glass-ceramics by controllable crystallization. The effect of glass network structure was studied on interfacial polarization, energy storage density and charge-discharge performances. NaNbO3 was precipitated as major phase and maintained similar degree of crystallinity for all samples. A high degree of polymerization (DOP) glass network structure was obtained because of the addition of BaO. Charge localization caused by interfacial polarization weakened because carriers were trapped uniformly in glass network structure, so breakdown strength (BDS) reached to 590 kV/cm when x = 5 because of the low value of Ea of 0.98eV. When x = 3, the maximum value of discharge energy density and the power density reached to 0.21J/cm3 and 16MW/cc respectively at 240 kV/cm by LCR circuit.

Experimental and numerical fitting of model parameters versus the gas pressure using six phase radiative Lee model in AECS PF‐1, 2 and INTI PF for nitrogen, argon, and neon gases

AbstractAtomic energy commission of syria (AECS) PF‐1, 2 devices were operated in N2 and Ar gases at pressures varied between 0.1–1 mbar and applied voltage of 15 kV on the capacitors bank with capacitance of 25 μF. The voltage, current, and current derivative curves were digitally recorded by Ohmic voltage divider and two Rogowskii coils; one with a big number of turns for current and the other one with a low number of turns for the current derivative. Also, the current curve for the discharge as LCR circuit was recorded to calibrate the current measurement. By integrating the current derivative in time and using the curve of calibrated current, the current curve free of noise has been established. By inserting the geometrical and electrical parameters of two AECS PF‐1, 2 devices, the working gas pressure and the kind of the gas into six phase model which describes the instability in the plasma, and adding the anomalous resistance as a term in the current and voltage equations in the model; the computed curves for voltage and current were found and compared with the obtained experimental curves at the same conditions taking into account the readjustment of model parameters fm, fc, fmr, and fcr until getting a good fitting between the measured and computed currents. This fitting has proved the validity of six phase Lee model and its ability to give a description of plasma focus in the radial phase stage (which consists now of four subradial phases: radial inward shock, radial reflected shock, the pinch phase, and after that the instability phase), which is followed by the expanded phase of plasma focus. In parallel to our work, similar efforts were made on the INTI PF device in Ne; the validity of six phase Lee model was proved by getting a proper fitting between the measured and computed currents under the operational conditions. Moreover, the equivalent resistances and time scales of the anomalous resistance phases were obtained by this method; also, the ratios for PF device classification into two types according to the static inductance of the PF system were determined for N2 and Ar as working gases in AECS‐PF1, 2.

Dynamics of the forced negative conductance series LCR circuit

SummaryIn this paper, we make a revisit of a simple LCR circuit introduced earlier in 2005 by Thamilmaran et. al., and present the circuit simulation studies of its dynamics using the PSpice circuit simulator package. This is a simple sinusoidally forced series LCR circuit, employing an ordinary single PN junction diode in conjunction with a negative conductance as its nonlinearity. In circuit theoretic terms, this circuit is a modified form of the forced van der Pol type oscillator and is interesting because it exhibits a dual nature, namely, a forced van der Pol type circuit behaviour and an MLC circuit type behaviour for different parametric ranges. In addition, statistical studies have shown the circuit to possess strong chaoticity. Subsequent works on this circuit have shown the birth of strange nonchaos through four different routes, namely, the Heagy‐Hammel route, gradual fractalization route, intermittency route, and Bubbling route. In lieu of these, we look at the circuit afresh and study its dynamics in an exhaustive manner. These studies reveal many new bifurcations and routes to chaos. These results have been verified using hardware experiments in addition to numerical computations.

Numerical Analysis of Amplitude Reduction Using Electromagnetic Shunt Damper with an LCR Parallel Circuit in a Superconducting Magnetic Levitation System

An electromagnetic shunt damper is a type of a dynamic vibration absorber; however, the subsystem consists of an LCR series circuit instead of a supporting mass. When this is utilized to a superconductive levitation system, the optimal value of the resistance within the circuit is quite small. The value is difficult to be precise in practice, hence there are chances that the damper will be ineffective. However, there are possibilities that the restriction due to the optimal resistance value can be eased by using an LCR circuit where the resistance and the capacitance is parallel. In this study, the authors studied the vibration characteristics of a levitating magnet with an electromagnetic damper. The theoretical frequency responses of the amplitude were derived for both conditions: the system with a series circuit and a parallel circuit. Numerical calculations were also performed to confirm the effectiveness of the damper.

Multi-port cavity model and low-level RF systems design for VHF gun

Very high frequency (VHF) photocathode guns have excellent performance and are being increasingly selected as electron sources for high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers. As a highly loaded quality factor cavity, the VHF gun requires high stability in the amplitude and phase of the cavity field. However, the gun is microwave powered by two solid-state power sources through two separate power couplers. The input difference between the two power couplers will influence the stability of the cavity field. To systematically study this influence and obtain measurement formulae, a multi-port VHF gun LCR circuit model is built and analyzed. During the warm-up condition, the cavity structure will be deformed due to the large-scale change in the cavity temperature. Then, the deformation will result in cavity resonant frequency changes. To prevent the mechanic tuner from suffering damages due to the frequent and long-distance movement for correcting the cavity resonant frequency, a self-excited loop (SEL) control system is considered for changing the loop phase and make the loop frequency follow the resonant frequency. In this study, a steady-state model of the VHF gun cavity is built for obtaining the optimal input coupler coefficient and the stability requirement of the forward voltage. Then, the generator-driven resonator and SEL control system, which combine with the VHF multi-port modeling, are modeled and simulated. The simulated results show that the SEL system can perfectly operate in the process of condition and warm-up.

Technique for Measuring Magnitudes and Phases of Voltage and Current in the Band-Selective Parallel LCR Circuit

The current in the parallel LCR (inductor, capacitor and resistor) circuit depends not only on the magnitude of the applied electromotive force (emf) but also on its frequency. The circuit current in the parallel LCR circuit becomes very small in the resonating region, but at the same time, the potential difference across the LC tank becomes very large. These results are justified if there is a large induced current in the LC tank in such a way that the inductive and capacitive branch currents are nearly out of phase so that the vector sum of the currents be minimal. This theory can be verified by inserting a small series resistor in each branch. Finally, calculated magnitudes and phases of the potential differences across the newly connected resistors which are directly related to the magnitudes and phases of corresponding branch currents verify the theory.

Magnetic methods of characterization of active stresses in steel elements

An analysis is conducted of the possibility of making an assessment of active stresses in steel elements of civil engineering structures by measuring three electromagnetic diagnostic signals: the Barkhausen noise (BN), impedance components in in-series LCR circuits and the residual magnetic field (RMF) components. The issues under consideration belong to what is referred to as inverse problems of non-destructive testing. In this case, they consist in using electromagnetic properties for the active stress assessment. In order to develop the relevant correlation, experiments are needed that enable metrologically appropriate measurements, extraction of the diagnostic signal features and analysis of correlations between the features and active stress. The testing takes account of the impact of the element geometry and loading history. Impact factors are determined that need to be taken into consideration while developing quantitative diagnostic correlations.

Analysis of the use of the LCR circuit model for evaluating the resonant response of thin rectangular nanoantennas

We demonstrate the possibility of estimating in a simple way the expected frequency of the resonant response to an external electromagnetic field in a thin golden nanoantenna having a rectangular cross section. The paper considers nanoantennas with a thickness smaller than the thickness of the skin layer or comparable with it. Analytical expressions for estimating the resonance response are presented, and full-wave simulation is performed. The algorithm for obtaining such estimates is important, in particular, for planning experiments without using full-wave simulation, which is often rather resource consuming. To obtain analytical expressions, a refined LCR circuit model is used. The analytical estimates obtained for the characteristics of the resonant response are in good agreement with the results of the full-wave simulation.

Excellent energy storage and charge-discharge performances in sodium-barium-niobium based glass ceramics

Abstract The 21.25BaO–1PbO-12.75Na2O–34Nb2O5–32SiO2 glass ceramics and their singer layer capacitors were successfully prepared by the melt-quenching method and the high temperature crystallization technique. The study found that as the crystallization temperature increases, the relative permittivity increases gradually because of the precipitation of the phases with high relative permittivity, while the breakdown strength of the glass ceramics first increases and then decreases due to the effect of interfacial polarization. The theoretical energy storage density reaches up to a maximum value of 18.29 J/cm3 at the crystallization temperature of 950 °C. And the corresponding single layer capacitor can release the energy density of 0.79 J/cm3 within an ultrashort time (50 ns), the power density can reach to 131.12 MW/cm3 simultaneously in a LCR circuit. These results showed that this kind of glass ceramic is promising candidates for pulse power capacitor applications.

Control of the Magnon-Photon Level Attraction in a Planar Cavity

A resistive coupling circuit is used to model the recently discovered dissipative coupling in a hybridized cavity photon-magnon system. With this model as a basis we have designed a planar cavity in which a controllable transition between level attraction and level repulsion can be achieved. This behaviour can be quantitatively understood using an LCR circuit model with a complex coupling strength. Our work therefore develops and verifies a circuit method to model level repulsion and level attraction and confirms the universality of dissipative coupling in the cavity photon-magnon system. The realization of both coherent and dissipative couplings in a planar cavity may provide new avenues for the design and adaptation of dissipatively coupled systems for practical applications in information processing.