LCD Glass Research Articles

Properties of a Low-Carbon Binder-Based Mortar Made with Waste LCD Glass and Waste Rope (Nylon) Fibers

Carbon dioxide emissions are one of the problems that arouses the interest of scientists because of their harmful effects on the environment and climate. The construction sector, particularly the cement industry, is a significant source of CO2. On the other hand, solid waste constitutes a major problem facing governments due to the difficulty of decomposing it and the fact that it requires large areas for landfill. Among these wastes are LCD waste glass (WG) and used rope waste. Therefore, reusing these wastes, for example, in concrete technology, is a promising solution to reduce their environmental impact. Limited studies have dealt with the simultaneous utilization of glass waste as a substitute for cement and rope waste (nylon) fiber (WRF). Therefore, this study aimed to partially replace cement with WG with the addition of rope waste as fibers. Thirteen mixtures were poured: a reference mixture (without replacement or addition) and three other groups containing WG and WRF in proportions of 5, 15 and 25% by cement weight and 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% by mortar weight, respectively. Flow rate, compression strength, flexural strength, dry density, water absorption, dynamic modulus of elasticity, ultrasonic pulse velocity and electrical resistivity were tested. The results indicate that the best ratio for replacing cement with WG without fibers was 5% of the weight of cement. However, using WRF increased the amount of glass replacement to 25%, with an improvement in strength and durability characteristics.

Beneficiation and classification of ITO concentrate from waste LCD panel for industrial-scale indium extraction.

Currently, more than 55% of global indium production is consumed for indium tin oxide (ITO) production because of its excellent display properties mainly driven by demand for flat panel displays (FPDs) or LCDs. At the end of life, the waste LCD flows to the e-waste stream, accounts for 12.5% of the global e-waste, and is forecasted to be increasing progressively. These waste LCDs are potential wealth for indium that poses a threat to the environment. The volume of waste LCD generation is a global as well as national concern from a waste management perspective. Techno-economical recycling of this waste can be a panacea to the challenges associated with the lack of commercial technology and extensive research. Hence, a mass production capable of beneficiation and classification of ITO concentrate from waste LCD panels has been investigated. The mechanical beneficiation process for waste LCDs consists of five steps of operation, i.e., (i) size reduction by shredding by jaw milling, (ii) further size reduction to feed for ball milling, (iii) ball milling, (iv) classification to enrich ITO concentrate, and (v) characterization ITO concentrate and confirmation. The bench-scale process developed is intended to integrate with our indigenously developed dismantling plant (which can handle 5000 tons per annum) to handle separated waste LCD glass for indium recovery. Once scaled up, it can be integrated for continuous operation synchronized with the LCD dismantling plant.

Machine vision-based cutting process for LCD glass defect detection system

In this research, the automatic optical detection system is developed for detecting the sectional profile and the surface of the thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels after being treated through the cutting process. Traditional image processing inspection relying on pre-determined thresholding cannot achieve ideal results in slight defects in glass substrates. The proposed image pre-processing process was integrated with the deep learning technique to further enhance the detection process of inconspicuous defects in glass substrates. In addition, the photoelastic reflection lighting technique was used to highlight subtle defects in low-contrast surface images of glass substrates. When tested with the sectional profile photodetector, uniformed lighting effect is achieved by combining the concentrated light source of the inner coaxial lens with the line light source in order to test the surface coarseness-related characteristics of the glass sectional profile so as to indicate the defect while intensifying the contrast effect of the sectional profile background. When detecting the sectional profile features, it is conducted by separating the rib mark features through the U-Net network model developed for the deep learning; in result, 100% accuracy can be achieved. When detecting the sectional profile defect, Auto Encoder network model of the deep learning is used to learn the background picture retrieved from the original picture through the linear regression process. As a next step, the model is used again to predict the result by subtracting the background picture from the original picture, and then the defect position is highlighted; as a result, 98% accuracy is achieved. When detecting the model acceleration, it is conducted by revising the model weighting data format. In terms of U-Net Model, the reading time has been shortened for 4.28 s; in individual picture, the prediction time has been shortened for 0.29 s; in Auto Encoder, the model reading time has been shortened for 19.23 s; and the individual picture prediction time has been shortened for 0.94 s. As for the surface detection, the circular polariscope is developed. During the detection, the photoelastic reflection theory is employed by projecting the circularly polarized light vertically onto the panel surface in order to produce the interfering halo at the deformed area surrounding the denting defect, and the resulting features are referenced to identify the denting defect. By screening the mean luminance value of the sliding window and the discrete value, 90% detection accuracy can be achieved. In the meantime, it can also be used to pinpoint the denting defect that is over 3° in average angle change as seen on the normal line surrounding the defect.

Experimental Evaluation of Properties of Concrete Made of a Combination of Regular Waste Glass and LCD Glass

Experimental Evaluation of Properties of Concrete Made of a Combination of Regular Waste Glass and LCD Glass

Up-Cycling of LCD Glass by Additive Manufacturing of Porous Translucent Glass Scaffolds

Up-Cycling of LCD Glass by Additive Manufacturing of Porous Translucent Glass Scaffolds

Partial replacement of Ordinary Portland cement by LCD glass powder in concrete

This paper represents the properties of concrete with partial replacement of cement by LCD glass powder derived from discarded gadgets. This end of life LCD glass powder was obtained from electronic glass scrap and is used in this work after grinding to a particle size of 45 µm or less. X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) test indicates SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and MgO as the major oxides in the LCD glass powder. The fresh state, hardened state and durability properties of concrete show significant improvement with inclusion of waste LCD glass powder in concrete. 5% replacement of cement by waste LCD glass powder is considered as the optimal replacement level with respect to the strength studies. The compressive strength of 5% replacement is obtained as 20%, 28% and 36% higher than control specimen after 7 days, 28 days and 56 days respectively with regard to chloride ion penetration and sorptivity of concrete, 5% substitution of cement shows optimal results while 20% of partial replacement with LCD glass powder gives the better results on sulphate resistance and acid attack. In concrete, replacement of cement with pozzolanic materials such as waste LCD glass powder may be a viable option in mitigating environmental pollution through a reduction in cement consumption as well as by accommodating solid waste.

P‐46: Fabrication and characterization of thick Cu films deposited on G8.5 LCD glass substrates for 8k and large TV panels

The deposition of thick Cu films on large glass substrates, for instance G8.5 and G10.5 is challenging but essential for large size and 8k TV sets. The inevitable temperature rising during metal deposition results in a series of severe issues such as film oxidation and glass bending, which have been seldom investigated. In the paper, the process issues leading by thick Cu film deposition have been disclosed and solutions have been discussed. Film properties as surface roughness, grain size and electrical resistivity have been characterized and the results will help improve the performance of thick Cu wires.

Leaching indium from discarded LCD glass: A rapid and environmentally friendly process

LCD screens are part of our daily life for entertainment, communications and networking. One of the key materials within an LCD screen is indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO). Although the ITO layer in LCDs is nano-meter thick, the volume of such screens produced is very large and thus accessing the required amounts of indium is important. Therefore recovering indium from discarded LCD screens is a potential opportunity to sustain future indium requirements. Efforts are being made by researchers to recover indium from LCD screens using conventional hydrometallurgical techniques where acids are used to leach indium. Very few studies reported non-conventional hydrometallurgical techniques such as use of sonication. In this study a comparison of conventional and non-conventional techniques is studied. Also the influence of the glass morphology on indium leaching was studied: as-leached LCD glass and ground LCD glass powder. It is found that, upon filtering, the ground LCD powder can concentrate indium in fine particle fraction and leave bulk of the glass ready for recycling. The sonication method was found to accelerate the indium leaching thus allowing for low volume acid usage. These studies also provided valuable results regarding the possibilities to vary acid concentration.

Seamless ultrathin rear projection display

AbstractA new architecture for a thin (2‐cm depth) rear projection display is described. In order to achieve this small depth, a very high density of rear projectors is used. Three prototype displays using rear projectors on both 5‐ and 2‐cm pitch arrays are described. The displays can achieve an effective screen pixel pitch of as small as 0.5 mm, which makes this technology competitive in terms of resolution with fine pitch LED displays; however, orders of magnitude fewer LEDs are required: Each rear projector requires only one white LED and a color liquid crystal light modulator. In the three prototypes, the projector light modulators utilize 101‐cm (40 in.), 80‐cm (31.5 in.), and 60‐cm (24 in.) diagonal liquid crystal display glass. To minimize cost, no lenses are utilized for the rear projectors. An RGB LED array may augment the projector array, which provides a low resolution component of the image onto which the high resolution component is superimposed by the projector array. Edge gaps between active areas on adjacent LCD glass units are completely eliminated by the rear projection approach enabling low profile wall‐size seamless displays. Display contrast depends on rear projection screen design.

Optimization of Electrochemical Performance of Waste LCD Glass-Derived Silicon As Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Silicon has been widely studied as a promising alternative that can replace graphitic anodes owing to its high theoretical specific capacity of 3580 mA h g-1 and appropriate working voltage (~0.1 V vs. Li/Li+) for lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes [1]. Recently, the industrial wastes such as windshields, glass bottles, and rice husks have been utilized as a low cost and eco-friendly Si source [2,3,4]. Waste LCD glass-derived silicon is one of the attractive candidate and this materialization technique also can be a future green technology for resolving an immense LCD waste and insufficient recycling process [5]. In this study, high purity Si were fabricated as LIB anode materials using waste LCD glasses via magnesiothermic reduction. Firstly, we eliminated containing inert impurities (Al2O3, CaO, B2O3, In2O3 etc.) by ball-milling and acid leaching. Then, pre-treated waste LCD glasses were reduced to Si particles at 650 °C for 6 hours in Ar through magnesiothermic reduction and subsequent acid treatment. As the crystallographic analyses, waste LCD glasses were successfully reduced to highly crystalline and pure Si. Waste LCD glass derived Si electrodes exhibited the high initial discharge capacity of 4290 mA h g-1. However, the capacity decreased rapidly, indicating that the electrode underwent rapid pulverization due to drastic volume expansion/fracture upon cycling [6]. To overcome this problem, diverse strategies have been proposed including nanostructuring, incorporating with carbon mediums, and post-processing of the electrode [2,7]. Herein, we elevate the electrochemical performance of waste LCD derived Si through carbon coating and electrode post-processing, that called maturation [7]. Firstly, obtained Si materials were coated by carbon using sucrose at 800 °C in Ar. Then, the electrode was matured by storing it in chamber at ~99% relative humidity for 2 days. The prepared Si electrodes exhibit much better cycling stability than untreated electrodes. This improvement originated from coated carbon and maturation process, which strengthens the cohesion of active materials and the adhesion of active material/current collector, thus less pulverization of the electrode.

Pre-Treatment Characteristics for LCD Glass Recycling: Dismantling, Crushing, and Separation

Pre-Treatment Characteristics for LCD Glass Recycling: Dismantling, Crushing, and Separation

基于ANSYS液晶玻璃基板的应力分析

基于ANSYS液晶玻璃基板的应力分析

Valuable Recycling of waste glass generated from the liquid crystal display panel industry

Due to the drastic growth of the liquid crystal display (hereafter LCD) industry in the last decade, lots of waste glass is being produced. There are three types of waste glass derived from LCD glass manufacturers, LCD panel manufacturers and end-of-life LCD devices. Among them cullet from Lber glass (hereafter E-glass). However, the recycling of waste glass from LCD panel (LPWGCD glass is being recycled into a raw material for commercial electric continuous fi) and end waste glass is limited due to various reasons such as contaminants, toxic components and inhomogeneous glass compositions etc. Despite use of LPWG in the cement industry, it is not an effective form of recycling, considering the characteristics of LCD glass. In this work, to examine the possibility of recycling LPWG in the E-glass industry, several glass batches containing LPWG were prepared. First, some optical properties of the prepared and commercial E-glass were examined. Then, the viscosity and liquidus temperature (TL) were determined. The effect of LPWG was negligible in the transmission and color of the resultant glasses, considering that commercial bulk E-glass has an emerald-green color due to refractory corrosion. With an increase in the LPWG content, the isoviscosity and liquidus temperatures showed opposite behaviors; the temperature (TW) corresponding to the fiber forming viscosity (103 dPas) decreased, whereas the TL increased. Based on TW-TL, the replacement of 50 wt% of the original E-glass with LPWG was recommended. Additionally, economic and environmental effects were discussed.

P‐65: Application of Large Curvature LCDs and Glass Fracture Analysis

Capability of enduring bending stress is an initial premise of great curvature LCD application. Fracture strength and reliable lifetime of great curvature LCD glass are invested in the paper. Choosing thinner LCD glass substrates or improving grinding quality of LCD glass can decrease the probability of breaking caused by bending stress.

Direct observation of crack propagation in a liquid crystal display glass substrate during wheel scribing

AbstractIn‐situ observation of crack propagation in an LCD glass substrate was performed during wheel scribing. It was found that a median crack initiated just beneath the wheel and stopped once, and that the crack re‐propagated after passing through the wheel. In this study, the first pop‐in median crack is defined as the first crack, and the re‐grown median crack is defined as the second crack. From in‐situ photoelastic measurements during a static indentation of the wheel, the maximum tensile stress was observed just beneath the wheel. The tensile stress beneath the wheel was also confirmed from FE analysis. It is considered that this tensile stress is the origin of the first crack nucleation. On the other hand, from post‐observation of the cross‐section of a scribing groove after scribing, it was found that the median crack was closed in the plastic zone. It is considered that this closure results from compressive stress in the plastic zone beneath the scribing groove, and that this compressive stress causes the first crack to be arrested.

Material Behavior and Strength Character of 150 MPa Ultra High Strength Concrete Using LCD Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate

Material Behavior and Strength Character of 150 MPa Ultra High Strength Concrete Using LCD Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate

A study of the fresh properties of Recycled ready-mixed soil materials (RRMSM)

Climate anomalies in recent years, numerous natural disasters caused by landslides and a large amount of entrained sands and stones in Taiwan have created significant disasters and greater difficulties in subsequent reconstruction. How to respond to these problems efficaciously is an important issue. In this study, the sands and stones were doped with recycled materials (waste LCD glass sand, slag powder), and material was mixed for recycled ready-mixed soil. The study is based on security and economic principles, using flowability test to determine the water-binder ratio (W/B=2.4, 2.6, and 2.8), a fixed soil: sand ratio of 6:4 and a soil: sand: glass ratio of 6:2:2 as fine aggregate. Slag (at concentrations of 0%, 20%, and 40%) replaced the cement. The following tests were conducted: flowability, initial setting time, unit weight, dropweight and compressive strength. The results show that the slump values are 220 -290 mm, the slump flow values are 460 -1030 mm, and the tube flow values are 240-590 mm, all conforming to the objectives of the design. The initial setting times are 945-1695 min. The unit weight deviations are 0.1-0.6%. The three groups of mixtures conform to the specification, being below 7.6 cm in the drop-weight test. In the compressive strength test, the water-binder ratios for 2.4 are optimal (13.78-17.84 kgf/cm2). The results show that Recycled ready-mixed soil materials (RRMSM) possesses excellent flowability. The other properties, applied to backfill engineering, can effectively save costs and are conducive to environmental protection.

A study of the engineering properties of alkali-activated waste glass material (AAWGM)

This study used industrial by-product slag as the base material and applied different liquid–solid ratios (0.50, 0.55, 0.60), different alkaline solutions (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%) and waste LCD glass sand to replace the slag (0%, 10%, 20%) to produce mortar. The workability was analyzed. When the specimen was hardened, the engineering properties were tested at 3, 7 and 28days.The results showed that the slump increases with the liquid–solid ratio and alkaline solution. The slump was 100mm when the alkaline solution was 1% and the liquid–solid ratio was 0.50, which was higher than the slump when the liquid–solid ratio was 0.60 by 22mm. When the alkaline solution was 0.75% and the liquid–solid ratio was 0.5, the slump flow increased 1.26–1.67 times as the replacement of glass sand increased. The slump flow increased with the replacement of glass sand. When the liquid–solid ratio was 0.55 and the alkaline solution increased from 0.5% to 1%, the initial setting and final setting time were shortened by 45min and 100min. The compressive strength decreased as the liquid–solid ratio increased, but the compressive strength increased with the alkaline solution and glass sand replacement. The ultrasonic pulse velocity decreased as the liquid–solid ratio increased but increased with the alkaline solution and glass sand replacement. The weight loss significantly increased in the first two cycle tests for sulfate attack, but the weight loss decreased in the third cycle due to the saturation of the internal porous crystal.

Optimization and reliability evaluation of COG bonding process

In order to assemble a driver IC onto a LCD glass panel, Chip on glass (COG) bonding technology using Anisotropic conductive film (ACF) has been widely implemented. The key process parameters in the technology are the temperature, pressure and time during the thermo-compression bonding. These factors mainly affect the quality of the assembled ACF joint being represented by the contact resistance and adhesion strength. This study purposes to obtain the optimal process conditions for high reliability of the ACF joint. In order to determine the optimal condition, the experiments based on the response surface methodology were designed. Based on the experiments and statistical analysis, the empirical model of second-order polynomials approximating the relationships between the process conditions and the response variables of contact resistance and adhesion strength were obtained. The optimal process condition to lead lower contact resistance and higher adhesion strength of the ACF joint was also calculated from the relationships. The optimization was verified through the bonding experiments conducted under the derived optimal process condition. In addition, the reliability of the ACF joints according to the variation of the process conditions was evaluated in high temperature and humidity environment (85°C/85%RH). Consequently, it was shown that the reliability of ACF joints assembled under the optimal process conditions was superior to others after the 85°C/85%RH tests.

Characterization of ceramic tiles containing LCD waste glass

In the present work, the application of LCD waste glass as a flux material substituting for the traditional feldspar in ceramic tiles was studied. The viscosity of LCD glass at the sintering temperature of the ceramic tile was found to be optimal for the dense solid that is obtained from the sintering of the glass powder. The sintered body containing LCD waste glass showed a dense microstructure due to the rich liquid. Even for full replacement of feldspar, neither pyroplastic deformation nor liquid exudation was observed. Overall, properties such as water absorption and the thermal expansion coefficient were positively affected by LCD waste glass substitution. Moreover, the mullite content in the sintered body was almost unchanged. These results were discussed in terms of the apparent viscosity and glass composition.