LC-MS Profiling Research Articles

Integrative LC-MS and GC-MS metabolic profiling unveils dynamic changes during barley malting

Malting involves complex biochemical transformations affecting sensory and quality attributes. Despite extensive research on storage carbohydrates and proteins in malting, the lack of a detailed metabolic understanding of this process limits our ability to assess and enhance malt quality. This study employed untargeted GC-MS and LC-MS metabolite profiling across six malting timepoints to identify 4980 known metabolites, 82 % of which exhibited significant changes during the malting process. Here we identified stage-dependent metabolic shifts and dynamic chemical classes and pathways between each studied stage. These results can guide the fine-tuning of malting conditions to improve malt quality for beer production and other malt-based applications. Additionally, metabolites with antimicrobial properties were identified, underscoring the interplay between barley and microbial metabolic processes during malting. Further research into these microbial metabolites and cognate microbes may lead to novel malting assessment traits for high-quality and safe malted barley.

Characterization of host cell proteins in the downstream process of plant-Based biologics using LC-MS profiling

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities found in biopharmaceutical products that can impair their safety and efficacy. While ELISA has traditionally been employed to quantify HCPs, LC-MS emerges as a powerful alternative for precise identification of individual HCPs. In this study, we used LC-MS for profiling HCPs from Nicotiana benthamiana-derived biopharmaceuticals. Our approach involved rigorous false discovery rate control to ensure data integrity and reliability. Comprehensive analysis revealed a systematic reduction of HCPs following purification, demonstrating the efficiency of purification processes in removing non-essential proteins. Furthermore, LC-MS enabled the identification of potential contaminants, refining purification strategies and improving product purity and integrity. Our findings highlight the potential of LC-MS as an analytical tool for HCPs analysis in biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing. By providing detailed insights into HCPs profiles and contaminants, LC-MS facilitates informed decision-making in downstream processing steps, benefiting product quality, patient safety, and the biopharmaceutical sector.

LC-MS simultaneous profiling of acyl-CoA and acyl-carnitine in dynamic metabolic status

LC-MS simultaneous profiling of acyl-CoA and acyl-carnitine in dynamic metabolic status

P10-17 Metabolomic Insights: LC-MS profiling of human placental tissue from SSRI-exposed pregnancies

P10-17 Metabolomic Insights: LC-MS profiling of human placental tissue from SSRI-exposed pregnancies

Six-compound combo remedy ameliorates corticosterone-induced depressive behaviors in mice via targeting HTR1A signaling.

Dysregulation of brain innate immunity involving microglia is implicated in the pathology of neurological disorders including depression. Depression is a prominent medical challenge to global public health systems. Synthetic antidepressant drugs are limited by severe side-effects. The present study aimed to identify the active compounds from the well-documented herbal medicine formula Banxia-Houpo decoction (BHD) and discover the underlying mechanisms for tuning microglia. We initially employed LC-MS profiling and network pharmacology analysis to predict the active compound-target interaction networks. We subsequently validated the potential active compounds and targets in a mouse model of corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression and post-synaptic microglia BV2 cells. As results, 64 compounds were identified in the ethanolic BHD extract and predicted to target 25 depression-related genes. Interestingly, the serotonergic synapse pathway received the highest enrichment score while 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A) was targeted by six compounds (i.e., baicalein, luteolin, N-nornuciferine, roemerine, scutellarin, 6-shogaol). In parallel assays, a six-compound combo (SCC) and BHD markedly ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors in CORT-lesioned mice and well protected highly differentiated (HD) PC12 cells against CORT challenge. Moreover, SCC and BHD effectively induced HTR1A expression in mice and post-synaptic microglia BV2 cells. HTR1A antagonist WAY-100635 at 1mg/kg/d via intraperitoneal injection attenuated the effects of SCC and BHD on the depressive behaviors in mice. These results suggest that SCC might be a potential remedy against depression and other neurological disorders via targeting HTR1A in microglia.

LCMS and FTIR profiling of microalga Chlorella sp. for cosmetics and skin care applications

People are exposed to extreme levels of UV radiation from the sun which gives a harmful effect on the skin. A prevention step should be taken such as applying a protective layer that able to protect the skin from UV rays. Hence, the protective layer should contain the antioxidant components that are able to prevent the formation of free radicals. Microalgae and the bioactive components that can be derived from them are thought to be viable raw material replacements in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, carotenoid compounds with antioxidant characteristics such as neoxanthin and cryptoxanthin were successfully identified in Chlorella sp. by LC‑QTOF and the compounds have been reported to give a shield from skin aging. Meanwhile, the phenolic compounds were successfully identified through LC‑QTOF in Chlorella sp. that also been reported to be an active compound in sunscreen products. Besides, the identification of polysaccharide compounds was done by FTIR analysis, and the presence of the functional group was successfully identified. Polysaccharides have been reported to be an excellent anti-wrinkles characteristic. The alginate compound was analyses from the identification of a functional group based on the peaks formed. The alginate compound has been an excellent free radical scavenging. Therefore, Chlorella sp. can be applicable for cosmetics and skincare products as the antioxidant compounds such as phenolics compound, carotenoids, and polysaccharides have been identified.

Metabolomic and lipidomic fingerprints in inflammatory skin diseases – Systemic illumination of atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa and plaque psoriasis

Auto-inflammatory skin diseases place considerable symptomatic and emotional burden on the affected and put pressure on healthcare expenditures. Although most apparent symptoms manifest on the skin, the systemic inflammation merits a deeper analysis beyond the surface. We set out to identify systemic commonalities, as well as differences in the metabolome and lipidome when comparing between diseases and healthy controls. Lipidomic and metabolomic LC-MS profiling was applied, using plasma samples collected from patients suffering from atopic dermatitis, plaque-type psoriasis or hidradenitis suppurativa or healthy controls. Plasma profiles revealed a notable shift in the non-enzymatic anti-oxidant defense in all three inflammatory disorders, placing cysteine metabolism at the center of potential dysregulation. Lipid network enrichment additionally indicated the disease-specific provision of lipid mediators associated with key roles in inflammation signaling. These findings will help to disentangle the systemic components of autoimmune dermatological diseases, paving the way to individualized therapy and improved prognosis.

Molecular and Phytochemical Characteristics of Flower Color and Scent Compounds in Dog Rose (Rosa canina L.).

This study delves into the chemical and genetic determinants of petal color and fragrance in Rosa canina L., a wild rose species prized for its pharmacological and cosmetic uses. Comparative analysis of white and dark pink R. canina flowers revealed that the former harbors significantly higher levels of total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC), while the latter is distinguished by elevated total anthocyanins (TAC). Essential oils in the petals were predominantly composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons, with phenolic content chiefly constituted by flavonols and anthocyanins. Notably, gene expression analysis showed an upregulation in most genes associated with petal color and scent biosynthesis in white buds compared to dark pink open flowers. However, anthocyanin synthase (ANS) and its regulatory gene RhMYB1 exhibited comparable expression levels across both flower hues. LC-MS profiling identified Rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and their derivatives as key flavonoid constituents, alongside cyanidin and delphinidin as the primary anthocyanin compounds. The findings suggest a potential feedback inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis in white flowers. These insights pave the way for the targeted enhancement of R. canina floral traits through metabolic and genetic engineering strategies.

Plasma and Kidney Proteome Profiling Combined with Laser Capture Microdissection Reveal Large Increases in Immunoglobulins with Age.

One of the main hallmarks of aging is aging-associated inflammation, also known as inflammaging. In this study, by comparing plasma and kidney proteome profiling of young and old mice using LC-MS profiling, we discovered that immunoglobulins are the proteins that exhibit the highest increase with age. This observation seems to have been disregarded because conventional proteome profiling experiments typically overlook the expression of high-abundance proteins or employ depletion methods to remove them before LC-MS analysis. We show that proteome profiling of immunoglobulins will likely be a useful biomarker of aging. Spatial profiling using immunofluorescence staining of kidney sections indicates that the main increases in immunoglobulins with age are localized in the glomeruli of the kidney. Using laser capture microdissection coupled with LC-MS, we show an increase in multiple immune-related proteins in glomeruli from aged mice. Increased deposition of immunoglobulins, immune complexes, and complement proteins in the kidney glomeruli may be a factor leading to reduced filtering capacity of the kidney with age. Therapeutic strategies to reduce the deposition of immunoglobulins in the kidney may be an attractive strategy for healthy aging.

Glycerol Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Thanaka (Hesperethusa crenulata) Bark through LCMS Profiling and Their Antioxidant Properties.

Organic solvents are hazardous to human and environmental health. The emergence of interest in finding greener solvents to replace organic solvents has sparked a series of studies in the use of glycerol for extracting bioactive compounds from natural products. In this study, we will first identify the bioactive compounds of glycerol- and nonglycerol-based Thanaka (Hesperethusa crenulata) bark extracts using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiles; then, we will determine their antioxidant capacity, free radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Thanaka bark powder was extracted using solvents, namely, ethanol (TKE), water (TKW), glycerol (TKG), glycerol/water (1:1, v/v) (TKGW), and glycerol/ethanol (1:1, v/v) (TKGE). Among the five extracts, the extract of TKG has the highest number of bioactive compounds, as well as the highest total flavonoid content. TKGE possessed the highest total phenolic content and highest antioxidant activity shown in azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays among the five extracts. Overall, glycerol has better efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from Thanaka bark as compared to ethanol and water. Hence, from the phytochemical content and antioxidant properties of Thanaka extracts, we conclude that glycerol is a good green solvent alternative to replace organic solvents.

Identification of novel AKT1 inhibitors from Sapria himalayana bioactive compounds using structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations

Through the experimental and computational analyses, the present study sought to elucidate the chemical composition and anticancer potential of Sapria himalayana plant extract (SHPE). An in vitro analysis of the plant extract was carried out to determine the anticancer potential. Further, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation were employed to evaluate the potential phytochemical compounds for cervical cancer (CC) drug formulations. The SHPE exhibited anti-cancerous potential through inhibition properties against cancer cell lines. The LC-MS profiling showed the presence of 14 compounds in SHPE. Using network pharmacology analysis, AKT1 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1) is identified as the possible potential target, and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) is identified as the possible key signal pathway. The major targets were determined to be AKT1, EGFR by topological analysis and molecular docking. An in silico interaction of phytoconstituents employing molecular docking demonstrated a high binding inclination of ergoloid mesylate and Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3.beta.,22E)- with binding affinities of -15.5 kcal/mol, and -11.3 kcal/mol respectively. Further, MD simulation and PCA analyses showed that the phytochemicals possessed significant binding efficacy with CC protein. These results point the way for more investigation into SHPE compound’s potential as CC treatment.Graphical

New ring-A modified cycloartane triterpenoids from Dysoxylum malabaricum bark: Isolation, structure elucidation and their cytotoxicity

The Genus Dysoxylum (Meliaceae) consists of approximately 80 species that are abundant in structurally diverse triterpenoids. The present study focused on isolating new triterpenoids from the bark of Dysoxylum malabaricum, one of the predominant species of Dysoxylum present in India. The methanol-dichloromethane bark extract was subjected to LCMS profiling followed by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC analysis to target new compounds. Two new ring A-modified cycloartane-type triterpenoids (1 and 2) were isolated from the bark extract. Spectroscopic methods like NMR, HRESIMS data, and electronic circular dichroism calculations elucidated the structuresandabsolute configurations of the isolated compounds. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic potential against breast cancer cells and displayed notable cytotoxicity. Compound 1 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against the MDA-MB-231 cells and induced apoptotic cell death. Also, it was able to inhibit glucose uptake and increase nitric oxide production in breast cancer cells.

Inhibition of protein kinase C increases Prdm14 level to promote self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through reducing Suv39h-induced H3K9 methylation

Inhibition of protein Kinase C (PKC) efficiently promoted the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, information about the function of PKC inhibition remains lacking. Here, RNA- sequencing showed that the addition of Go6983 significantly inhibited the expression of de novo methyltransferases (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) and their regulator Dnmt3l, resulting in global hypomethylation of DNA in mouse ESCs. Mechanistically, PR domain-containing 14 (Prdm14), a site-specific transcriptional activator, partially contributed to Go6983-mediated repression of Dnmt3 genes. Administration of Go6983 increased Prdm14 expression mainly through the inhibition of PKCδ. High constitutive expression of Prdm14 phenocopied the ability of Go6983 to maintain` mouse ESC stemness in the absence of self-renewal-promoting cytokines. In contrast, the knockdown of Prdm14 eliminated the response to PKC inhibition and substantially impaired the Go6983-induced resistance of mouse ESCs to differentiation. Furthermore, LC‒MS profiling and Western blotting revealed low levels of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 in Go6983-treated mouse ESCs. Suv39h enzymes are histone methyltransferases that recognize di- and trimethylated histone H3K9 specifically and usually function as transcriptional repressors. Consistently, the inhibition of Suv39h1 by RNA interference or the addition of the selective inhibitor chaetocin increased Prdm14 expression. Moreover, ChIP assays showed that Go6983 treatment led to decreased enrichment of di- and trimethylation of H3K9 at the Prdm14 promoter but increased RNA polymerase Ⅱ binding affinity. Together, our results provide novel insights into the pivotal association between PKC inhibition-mediated self-renewal and epigenetic changes, which will help us better understand the regulatory network of stem cell pluripotency.

Characterization by LC-MS/MS and Antioxidant Activity of Extract and its Different Fractions of Calotropis procera Young Leaves

Objective: Plants are extremely useful as a source of medication. Calotropis procera is a plant that is used to treat a variety of illnesses in traditional medical and folklore systems. In this work, bioassay guided liquid-liquid fractionation, phytochemical and molecular spectroscopic analysis and the antioxidant activity of young leaves of Calotropis procera were evaluated. Methods: Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out on the basis of polarity of solvents and UV, FTIR, LCMS profiling were conducted by using the standard methods. The DPPH scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: The extractive value for the ethyl acetate fraction was 9.14 % w/w. The Total phenolic content was highest in the water fraction 83.63±0.0788 GAE/g of dry weight of extract. UV spectroscopy was used to standardize the fractions. The Presence of various functional groups in the extract/fraction was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Based on LCMS, fifty compounds were identified in the hydro-ethanolic extract/fractions. Among all the fractions, the chloroform fraction showed the greatest antioxidant properties (IC50 values=8.03 mg/mL). Conclusion: On the basis of the result of the study it can be concluded that Calotropis procera have the potential to become a promising herb for the treatment of various ailments.

LC–MS profiling, in vitro and in silico C-ABL kinase inhibitory approach to identify potential anticancer agents from Dalbergia sissoo leaves

Belonging to the Fabaceae family, Dalbergia sissoo, a versatile plant, has gained prominence for its potent medicinal attributes, especially antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties, as well as the use of its leaf juice in cancer treatment. Despite these recognized applications by natives and tribals, comprehensive insight into its biological activities and chemical composition remains limited. This study aimed to explore the cytotoxic potential of sequentially extracted leaf extracts from Dalbergia sissoo using various solvents, aiming to unveil the array of phytochemicals through LC–MS profiling. Among the extracts evaluated, the extract employing methanol:water extracting media (HN-2) appeared with the most remarkable results in both phytochemical diversity and biological activity. Furthermore, in vitro results of HN-2's in vitro anticancer efficacy were confirmed through in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. These analyses demonstrated its ability to inhibit C-ABL kinase within leukemia K562 cells, directing that Dalbergia sissoo leaves serve as a bioactive agent reservoir. Consequently, this suggests that the Dalbergia sissoo plant is a potential source of bioactive compounds that can be used as a precursor for developing new cancer inhibitors, mainly targeting leukemia.

Unveiling the chemical components variation of Sishen formula induced by different prescription ratios by the advanced liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approaches

Compatibility with the varying prescription ratios is a unique feature in the Chinese medicine practice. Sishen formula (SSF; containing Psoraleae Fructus-PF, Myristicae Semen-MyS, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus-SCF, and Euodiae Fructus-EF) with different proportions has been used to treat the irritable bowel syndrome, however, the underlying chemical difference needs to be clarified, particularly the influence on extracting those known toxic components. To tackle this issue, an integrated strategy was developed: 1) systematic multicomponent characterization by an off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography/ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IM-QTOF-MS) approach with the HDMSE-HDDDA hybrid scan; 2) discovery of potential markers associated with SSF proportion variation by untargeted metabolomics; and 3) quantitative assays of representative markers by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to unveil the effects on the dissolution of toxic components. Consequently, orthogonal separation, high sensitivity of detection, and intelligent data interpretation, enabled the characterization of 233 compounds from the SSF decoction. Totally 50 differential components were discovered from SSF with 16 different ratios by high-definition LC-MS profiling and multivariate statistical analysis. An MRM approach was validated offering the absolute content alternation of 18 compounds in SSF. Increasing of SCF, MyS, and EF moderately could reduce the dissolution of the main toxic coumarins of PF, while increasing of SCF promoted dissolution of the main toxic alkaloids of EF, which could be restrained by increasing MyS. Conclusively, the in-depth multicomponent characterization of SSF was achieved, and the disparities in the compatibility of various SSF proportions were exposed, which may bridge to the functions/toxicity variations of SSF in clinic.

Anti-Culex pipiens activity of different pomegranate cultivars and determination of their bioactive compounds using LC-MS profiling.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels are rich in various bioactive compounds. Characterization of these compounds is crucial for the utilization of peel waste in industrial processing. The study aimed (1) to establish and compare the metabolic profiles of the peel of seven pomegranate cultivars and (2) to identify bioactive compounds contributing to the larvicidal activity against the third instar larvae of Culex pipiens. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was utilized to analyze peel methanol extracts of different pomegranate cultivars. The larvicidal activity was determined by calculating the larval mortality among the third instar larvae of C. pipiens. Multivariate data analysis was conducted to identify the metabolites that exhibited a larvicidal effect. A total of 24 metabolites, including hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, were tentatively identified in both negative and positive ionization modes. The extract of cultivar 'Black' exhibited the most potent larvicidal effect with LC50 values of 185.15, 156.84, and 138.12ppm/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment, respectively. By applying chemometric techniques, the larvicidal activity could be directly correlated to the bioactive compounds punicalagin, quercetin-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-O-pentoside, and galloyl-HHDP-glucose. The present study implemented UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and chemometric techniques as potential tools for metabolomics analysis and differentiation between peels of different pomegranate cultivars. In addition, cultivar 'Black' extract could be a promising natural insecticide against mosquitoes since it is rich in bioactive compounds with larvicidal activity.

Coumarins of Ferulopsis hystrix: LC–MS Profiling and Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Skimmin and Peucenidin

Ferulopsis hystrix is a perennial plant of the Apiaceae family. In Buryat and Mongolian medicine, it is used as a substitute for Costus speciosus roots (ru rta), and in Tibetan medicine, it is used to cure digestive system diseases and used as a wound-healing agent. However, its metabolites and their bioactivities are still poorly understood. High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass-spectrometric detection (HPLC–PDA–ESI–tQ–MS/MS) were used to identify approximately 42 phenolic compounds in F. hystrix, and 30 coumarins were characterized and quantified. The major compounds in F. hystrix roots were skimmin (umbelliferone 7-O-glucoside) and peucenidin (vaginidiol 3′-O-acetyl-4′-O-senecioyl ester), of which, gastroprotective and antioxidant effects were found for the first time. The abovementioned compounds exhibit a gastroprotective effect against indomethacin and steroid gastropathy by reducing the amount of damage (point, large, and strip-like erosions) in the gastric mucosa and lowering the corresponding Paul’s index. The most pronounced gastroprotective effect was exhibited by skimmin at a dose of 1 mg/kg and by peucenidin at doses of 16 and 48 mg/kg; these compounds help to limit the development of pronounced erosive–necrotic processes in the gastric mucosa. In pathological conditions, these compounds reduce malondialdehyde, increase the activity of catalase, and increase the content of reduced glutathione in the blood. Thus, this study demonstrates that F. hystrix roots are a good source of bioactive coumarins with gastroprotective potential, which supports earlier ethnopharmacological studies.

Hydrogel formulation based on galactomannan from residual spent coffee ground confers bioactivities and viscosifying properties in milkshake

The defatted residual spent coffee (RSC) was used for optimal recovery of 67.11% galactomannans by extraction using 1:10 w/v RSC:water at 80 °C/180 min followed by precipitation using 90% v/w ethanol. The obtained galactomannans (RSCGa) (MW- 274.67 kDa) showed antioxidant and prebiotic activity. A 3:5 ratio of RSCGa and kappa-carrageenan (кC) was used to prepare hydrogels (RSCGa-кC*) with CaCl2 (0.02 M) at 75 °C/pH 7.2. RSCGa improved the dynamic moduli of RSCGa-кC* (G′, 8300 Pa and G″, 7800 Pa) compared to кC hydrogel. RSCGa-кC* showed DPPH, ABTS•+ and FRAP activities of 553.23 μg AAE/mg sample, 615.30 μg AAE/mg sample, and 13.98 μM FeSO4/mg sample, respectively, and prebiotic score of 30.89. The LCMS profiling of RSCGa-кC*, alike RSCGa, showed abundant phenolics. Adding 7.5% w/v of RSCGa-кC* in milkshake showed a desirable viscosity and good overall acceptability apart from the antioxidant and prebiotic activities. The present study outlines a sustainable approach for valorising RSC by developing a hydrogel that had dual functionality of technological and nutraceutical advantages which enhanced the quality of milkshake.

LC-MS metabolomics profiling of Salvia aegyptiaca L. and S. lanigera Poir. with the antimicrobial properties of their extracts

BackgroundSalvia L. (Lamiaceae) found in almost all countries in temperate and tropical regions. Both S. aegyptiaca L. and S. lanigera Poir. have a rather wide distribution in Egypt (Mediterranean region, Gebel Elba and nearly the whole Sinai). Salvia species showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against several groups of food microorganisms and pathogens, so they are considered as a natural foods preservatives.AimInvestigate the phytochemical profiles of S. aegyptiaca & S. lanigera collected from their natural habitats in Egypt and test the antimicrobial activities of both species against some bacteria and fungi pathogenic strains.MethodologyIn the present study, S. aegyptiaca and S. lanigera were collected from their natural habitat. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were measured for aerial parts of both Salvia spp.. The separation and identification of the pure active materials of both Salvia sp. by using LC-MS system (UHPLC-TSQ Quantum Mass Spectrometer). The antimicrobial activities of the ethanol, water and benzene extracts of the two species were tested against different pathogenic strains and compared with the standard antimicrobial drug (Gentamycin). Antimicrobial activity was determined by using agar disk diffusion method.ResultsThe phenolics content in S. lanigera 132.61±6.23 mg/g and S. aegyptiaca 125.19±4.97 mg/g, while the flavonoids content was 35.68±1.84 and 40.63±2.11 mg/g, respectively. Through LC-MS analysis, two compounds were detected in both species; heptadecanoyl coenzyme A, that the highest percentage (13.5%) in S. aegyptiaca and (11.5 %) in S. lanigera. Oenin, in a peak area of 3.1% in S. aegyptiaca and 1.2 % in S. lanigera. Ethanol extract of the two species had the most inhibitory effect against all tested microorganisms that exceeded the effect of the standard, except for Mucor reinelloids which was more sensitive to the water extract. Moreover, S. lanigera ethanol extract showed larger inhibition zone than S. aegyptiaca in all tested microorganisms except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.ConclusionThis study shows the important phytochemicals that improve the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Salvia aegyptiaca and S. lanigera.