Lazy Eye Research Articles

Gauging Public Interest in Pediatric Ophthalmology Conditions Using Google Trends.

Google Trends data were analyzed to assess search trends for pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus terms from 2010 to 2022. The highest average search volumes were "lazy eye," "strabismus," and "vision therapy." "Amblyopia" had the lowest search volume. These data highlight the importance of understanding the utilization of online resources in health care and patient education. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(4):e39-e42.].

Clinical Characteristics of Children with Refrative Amblyopia at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital

Amblyopia, commonly referred to as 'lazy eye’, manifests as a reduction in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the absence of detectable ocular structural abnormalities. Refractive amblyopia specifically denotes a subtype of amblyopia arising from uncorrected refractive errors. A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted on medical records of all pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia at the Department of Ophthalmology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia in 2018 to 2022. A total of 391 eyes of 224 patients were included. Median age was 8 (5-18) years, with majority being older than 7 years of age (58.7%). Leading method of treatment was with spectacles alone (80.4%). Overall amblyopia improvement was mostly observed after six months of treatment. In conclusion, refractive amblyopia at our hospital was highly prevalent among children. Thus, early detection and treatment of refractive errors in children is essential to prevent refractive amblyopia.

Design and evaluation of a web-based electronic health record for amblyopia.

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a type of visual impairment in which the eyesight is not complete, even with the use of glasses. For the treatment of this disease, accurate and continuous examinations are needed. Nowadays, patient-centered care, by relying on web-based electronic records for amblyopia, has the potential to reduce treatment costs, increase the quality of care, and improve the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design and evaluate an Electronic Health Record (EHR) for patients with amblyopia. The present study is applied developmental research. Using a Morgan table as a sampling tool, a straightforward random sampling technique selected 150 records from 1,500 records that were free of flaws. The design of the electronic version proceeded in a cascading manner so that after the design of each part, it was presented to the amblyopia experts, and if approved, the next part was designed. To design this EHR, the C# programming language and MySQL database were used. A system evaluation was performed by entering and recording patient information. For this purpose, the standard Questionnaire of User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS), consisting of 18 questions, was used. According to the amblyopia EHR data elements, the data of physician and patient, examinations, website members, and members' roles were determined. After defining the fields and classes that explain the tables, the EHR was designed. The usability evaluation of the system showed that the mean selection of very good and good options by the users of EHRs was over 90%, indicating the patients' acceptance of web-based EHRs. The design of an EHR for amblyopia is an effective step toward integrating and improving the information management of these patients. It will also enable the storage and retrieval of patients' information to reduce and facilitate the control of amblyopia complications.

Unleashing the power of Virtual Reality to manage LAZY EYE-A silent public health problem: A case study from India

Amblyopia, also known as "lazy eye," is a childhood vision disorder characterized by impaired coordination between the brain and the eye, resulting in decreased vision in one eye. It is not caused by any structural abnormalities in the eye but rather by a lack of effective coordination between the eye and brain during the crucial period of visual development in early childhood.(1) Amblyopia is a significant global public health issue, with an estimated prevalence of 1-5% of the global population according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Developing countries face a higher burden of amblyopia due to limited access to early diagnosis and treatment. If left untreated, amblyopia can result in permanent vision loss and impairment, negatively impacting an individual's quality of life, educational achievements, and career prospects.(1) A 2017 study explored the prevalence and impact of amblyopia and strabismus in Indian children. The study found a prevalence rate of 1.67% for amblyopia among children aged 5-15 years, with a higher occurrence in rural areas compared to urban areas.(2) In another study conducted by Gupta et al. found the percentage of amblyopia was 8.6% (n=31) among 5-15 years children in uttrakhand.(3) Another study conducted by Ganekal et al. revealed the prevalence of amblyopia was 1.1% (n?=?44) among 5-15 years of students.(4) The research emphasized the importance of enhanced awareness, early detection, and improved access to suitable treatment options to alleviate the burden of amblyopia in India. Furthermore, the All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS) conducted a study in 2019 titled "AIOS Guidelines for Amblyopia Management." This study aimed to provide evidence-based guidelines for managing amblyopia in India. It highlighted the lack of awareness and limited availability of eye care services in certain regions, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia. The guidelines emphasized the significance of early screening, timely intervention, and appropriate treatment approaches to prevent long-term visual impairment in children.(5)

Патогенез и описания амблиопии. Часть 2. Анализ определений

This article describes the definitions of amblyopia appearing in the literature and discusses how exacly they reflect modern ideas about the disease. Based on the results of the analysis, it is recommended not to use the widespread expression “lazy eye” as a synonym for amblyopia, since it distorts the essence of this disease. Two alternative ways of searching for a modern correct definition of amblyopia are proposed. Key words: correct definition of amblyopia, concept of amblyopic component, lazy eye syndrome

Pediatric Ophthalmology: Amblyopia (Lazy Eye), Strabismus, and Pediatric Eye Examinations

The preset study was conducted to review updates of the literature regarding clinical problems related to pediatric ophthalmology including amblyopia (lazy Eye), strabismus, and pediatric eye examinations. The field of pediatric ophthalmology is responsible for the discovery and treatment of vision abnormalities in children, both of which are extremely important obligations that fall under its purview. This subspecialty of pediatrics focuses on the treatment of ocular disorders in children. Both amblyopia and strabismus are prevalent disorders that, if left untreated, can have long- term negative repercussions on a person's vision. Amblyopia is more common than strabismus. The condition known as amblyopia is defined by a lack of eye movement, whereas strabismus is characterized by eyes that are turned inward. It is only via the delivery of routine eye examinations to juvenile patients that it is possible to detect these diseases as well as other abnormalities of the eye at an early stage. This not only paves the way for fast treatment but also provides the best visual outcomes that are achievable. Eye exams should be a priority for both parents and healthcare providers so that children can reach their full potential in terms of their visual development. This will allow children to attain their full potential as adults. Because of this, the child's eyes will be able to grow and develop to their full potential.

Effective Detection of Amblyopia Risk Factor Using Smart Phone Eye Testing Application

Amblyopia also called as lazy eye. In this disease there is week communication between human eyes with human brain. Due to this reason one of the eye is not working properly compare to other eye. Amblyopia starts in early childhood, and most of the children are loss his vision. In the world 3 to 4 child’s are affected of amblyopia risk factors out of 100 children. If we give the early treatment on affected eye may be prevents long-term vision problems. This problem is focus in mind and author is doing study to accurately identify children at risk for amblyopia by using existing application from smartphone platforms. This study is not replace the advice of doctors on any condition.
 Keywords: Amblyopia Risk Factor, Visual Acuity Test,

Temporal synchronization elicits enhancement of binocular vision functions

Integration of information over the CNS is an important neural process that affects our ability to perceive and react to the environment. The visual system is required to continuously integrate information arriving from two different sources (the eyes) to create a coherent percept with high spatiotemporal precision. Although this neural integration of information is assumed to be critical for visual performance, it can be impaired under some pathological or developmental conditions. Here we took advantage of a unique developmental condition, amblyopia ("lazy eye"), which is characterized by an impaired temporal synchronization between the two eyes, to meticulously study the effect of synchronization on the integration of binocular visual information. We measured the eyes' asynchrony and compensated for it (with millisecond temporal resolution) by providing time-shifted stimuli to the eyes. We found that the re-synchronization of the ocular input elicited a significant improvement in visual functions, and binocular functions, such as binocular summation and stereopsis, were regained. This phenomenon was also evident in neurophysiological measures. Our results can shed light on other neural processing aspects and might also have translational relevance for the field of training, rehabilitation, and perceptual learning.

Отдаленные (10-летние) клинико-функциональные результаты ФемтоЛАЗИК у ребенка с гиперметропией, гиперметропической анизометропией и амблиопией

Purpose. Evaluation of 10-year clinical and functional results of femtolaser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FemtoLASIK) in a child with high hyperopia, hyperopic anisometropia and amblyopia. Patient Ch., 8 years old after an ineffective two-year conservative treatment, the FemtoLASIK operation was done. Visual acuity and refraction OD = 0,05 sph +5,5 = 0,1; OS = 0,6 sph +1,25 = 0,7. Cycloplegic refractometry by the spherical component OD – sph 7.25; cyl –0.50, ax 72°, OS – sph 1.25; cyl –0.00, ax 0. The value of anisometropia was 6,0 diopters. The vision was monocular. Results. During 10 years after FemtoLASIK and conservative treatment the uncorrected visual acuity of the operated eye was changed from 0,05 to 0,3; corrected visual acuity – from 0,1 to 0,4. Cycloplegic refractometry was changed from +7,25 to +2,50 diopters, anisometropia decreased from +6.0 to +1.75 diopters, vision became binocular. During the examination of unbiased adaptation on the Righton Speedy-K device, the accomodogramma of a lazy eye became more stable (proof of stability tended to the lower limit of normal and amounted to 0.27 conventional units and less tense (the microfluctuation coefficient reached normal values and amounted to 56.22µF/min). Objective reserves of accommodation of both eyes with the use Grand Seiko WR-5100K «open field» autorefractometer was –2,0. The accommodation was stability. Conclusion. Thus, FemtoLASIK in a child with high hyperopia and 6.0 diopters anisometropia due to a decrease in the degree of refractive disturbance and aniseikonia resulted in the creation of favorable conditions for increasing visual functions, reducing the degree of amblyopia and eliminating anisoaccomodation in the conservative treatment. Key words: accommodation, FemtoLASIK, hyperopia, anisometropia

Evaluation of YouTube Videos for Information and Education on Amblyopia

Background: YouTube is a popular social media platform accessed by people to obtain relevant health and disease-related information. The purpose of this study was to evaluate YouTube videos as a source of information on amblyopia. Material and Methods: In this prospective, cross-sectional study a YouTube search was conducted using three keywords, ‘Lazy eye’, ‘amblyopia’ and ‘Lazy eye treatment’ on 26th January, 2022. Video quality assessment was done using Modified DISCERN (mDISCERN), Global Quality Score and the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HONcode) scale. Video content was analysed as a health professional and non-health professional, video length, release date, daily view count and Video Power Index. The relationship between the groups and video quality was evaluated. Results: Of the 300 initial videos investigated for the study, 219 videos met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to statistical analysis. Nearly 50% of videos contained content related to medical education. More than half of the videos analysed (130; 59.36%) were uploaded by healthcare professionals (HCPs). The mDISCERN mean ± SD score for the videos was 2.65 ± 1.24, for the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) scoring was 2.37 ± 1.02 and for the HONcode was 3.72 ± 1.75. All scoring systems were better for HCPs as compared with non-healthcare professionals (NHCPs). Conclusion: A wide variety of information about amblyopia is available on YouTube™. Videos uploaded by NHCP had suboptimal flow as well as information of limited use to patients.

Awareness and Knowledge of Amblyopia: A Cross-Sectional Study Among the Population of Hail City, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Amblyopia, also known as the lazy eye, is the reduction of the best-corrected visual acuity of one or both eyes that cannot be attributed exclusively to a structural abnormality of the eye. This study investigated the Hail population's awareness of amblyopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from May to October 2022. Data entry and analysis were done using RStudio (R version 4.1.1). Results This study included 496 of the general population (23.8% males and 76.2% females), and the majority of them had a university degree (65.7%). Of the population, 52.4% knew the definition of amblyopia, 43.4% knew the treatment of amblyopia, and 85.1% knew theimportance of checking the child's vision before school to ensure normal development. In 35.7% of the population, the main source of information was the internet and social media. The median knowledge score of participants was4 (interquartile range (IQR): 3-5)with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 9. Based on the univariate analysis,participants aged 41 years or older had significantly lower knowledge scores(β = -0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.81 to -0.99, p = 0.049), whereas respondents with apositivefamily history of amblyopiahad a significantly higher knowledge score(β = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.02to 0.61, p = 0.034). Conclusions This study assessed the awareness and knowledge of amblyopia among the population in Hail city. According to our data, we found a significantly poor awareness and knowledge compared to other big cities in the same country such as Riyadh and Jeddah. This indicates that knowledge in smaller cities is deficient in enough and accurate sources of knowledge of eye conditions.

Toward using effective elements in adults’ amblyopia treatment in a virtual reality-based gamified binocular application

The common method for treating amblyopia (lazy eye) in adults is binocular therapy implemented as simple computer games. However, it lacks the maximum therapeutic elements effective in treating amblyopia and uses expensive stereoscopes and virtual reality (VR) glasses, limiting widespread use. Also, gamification can be incorporated into these games to keep patients’ motivation over a stable period. The features that have the potential to be included in binocular games are identified and included in a VR-based gamified binocular application with a more straightforward implementation than the games presented so far. The game is implemented on smartphones to increase accessibility. Color and size of game components, CAM stimulator, and binocular therapy using VR were identified and incorporated in a VR zombie first-person shooter game. Eight experts evaluated the game with a questionnaire designed based on Nielsen's heuristics evaluation and therapeutic aspects. The initial tests with experts indicated the game’s potential application as a therapeutic tool for improving visual acuity and vision’s contrast and depth. Also, the game has the potential application in increasing motivation and interaction. After rigorous evaluations with patients, the game can be used outside clinics by adjusting it to the patients’ eyes in advance and remotely.

Evaluation of new method in treatment of amblyopia between adults and children

Amblyopia (lazy eye) is a condition of cortical visual impairment, clinically occurs as a unilateral or bilateral decrease of visual acuity (VA). Since the age of patients directly influence in the treatment of amblyopia. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of stimulator device in amblyopia treatment for children and adults in total 38 patients using stimulator at least one times weekly with follow up reached to 4 months. There was a significance differences in VA improvement using stimulator at (P ˃ 0.05), as well as there was a significance differences between two age group (younger age less than 13 years and older age more than 13 years) at (P ˃ 0.05) that improvement increased in younger aged, Usage of vit. A tab during course of treatment enhance and accelerate the improvement of VA.

Visual Perceptual Learning Induces Long-Lasting Recovery of Visual Acuity, Visual Depth Perception Abilities and Binocular Matching in Adult Amblyopic Rats.

An abnormal visual experience early in life, caused by strabismus, unequal refractive power of the eyes, or eye occlusion, is a major cause of amblyopia (lazy eye), a highly diffused neurodevelopmental disorder severely affecting visual acuity and stereopsis abilities. Current treatments for amblyopia, based on a penalization of the fellow eye, are only effective when applied during the juvenile critical period of primary visual cortex plasticity, resulting mostly ineffective at older ages. Here, we developed a new paradigm of operant visual perceptual learning performed under conditions of conventional (binocular) vision in adult amblyopic rats. We report that visual perceptual learning induced a marked and long-lasting recovery of visual acuity, visual depth perception abilities and binocular matching of orientation preference, and we provide a link between the last two parameters.

The pattern of Visual and Refractive status of the children

Aim: Amblyopia (lazy eye) may develop due to uncorrected refractive error, especially in schoolgoing age. We were attempting to assess the frequency of refractive error among the children. Methodology: The prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary eye hospital of Bangladesh from 01 February 2021 to 30 June 2021. The investigators will maintain pre-design data, and data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: 228 children from 6 years to 12 years of age were evaluated in this study. Boys were 142 (62.3%), and girls were 86 (37.7%). The Mean Age was 9.84 years. The Visual acuity was improved after the corrections of refractive errors in both eyes. Myopia (47.9%) was the highest occurrence among the children among the pattern of refractive errors. Myopic astigmatism (76.9%) was common in all types of astigmatism. 21% of children were associated with strabismus. Amblyopia was found in 6.6% of all. Ophthalmic trauma was noted as 16.7% of all children. Developmental cataracts, Healed keratitis, lacrimal drainage system disorders, congenital ptosis were the associated ophthalmic diseases. Conclusion: Refractive error gradually increased with age. Simple myopia was the most common refractive error than hyperopia and astigmatism. Each child should evaluate the ocular condition and visual status for the early detection and management of refractive error and amblyopia.

Karakteristik Katarak Kongenital di RSUD Provinsi NTB Periode 2018-2019

Congenital cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in children. Lens opacity in early life has the potential to cause permanent visual impairment if not treated promptly. Cataract surgery performed at the right time can prevent children from amblyopia (lazy eye). This study aims to determine the characteristics of congenital cataracts at the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial General Hospital in the 2018-2019 period. This research uses descriptive method. The data used is secondary data from medical records of congenital cataract patients at the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial General Hospital in the 2018-2019 period. In the 2018-2019 period, 40 children had congenital cataracts. Most of the cataract sufferers were women (52.5%); living outside the city of Mataram (92.5%) with an age distribution of under 12 months (95%) and the rest over 12 months. For infants under 12 months, 53 percent have been diagnosing at the age of 1-2 months. The characteristics of congenital cataracts found were generally bilateral (52.5%), had standard birth weight (52.5%), history of natural birth delivery (67.5%), and had other extraocular congenital abnormalities (72.5%). Most patients with congenital cataracts in the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial General Hospital have been diagnosing at a (pretty/moderately) early age of 1-2 months at the beginning of their lives. So, with appropriate and prompt therapy, hoping that it can reduce the risk of amblyopia.

A Review on Management of Amblyopia

Amblyopia is a visual cortex neurodevelopmental condition cause am vision abnormalities during childhood. It is one of the most typical causes of vision loss at an early age. It occurs due to abnormal development of the visual cortex. The part receiving signals from the diseased eye does not receive it correctly and thus develops abnormally. This abnormal development during the critical period of growth of child results in brain damage. Depending on its aetiology the types of amblyopia are Strabismic amblyopia, Visual deprivation amblyopia, Anisometric, Ametropic, Meridional, Toxic amblyopia.
 Clinical features are visual acuity is reduced, the effect of neutral density filter, the Crowding phenomenon is present. Complications of amblyopia include a Lazy eye becoming weak permanently, the eye may move out from the visual axis (squints). When treating amblyopia, our goal is that the eyes will work together in unison at an equal level; this will create a clear vision in the lazy eye. Amblyopia is treated in various ways depending on the seriousness of the disease and the patient's age. Patching of the non-amblyopic eye, as well as treatment with drugs like atropine, are common treatments. Vision therapy and some modifications to spectacles and contact lenses have been discovered to be effective in treating amblyopia in recent years. Modern Treatment- Falling Blocks, Occlu-pad.
 With current breakthroughs in amblyopia therapy, the success rate of a multimodal strategy is also improving. The purpose of this review article is to present information on the management of amblyopia. Literature on AMBLYOPIA MANAGEMENT has been taken from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and other internet resources.

Rehabilitation of visual functions in adult amblyopic patients with a virtual reality videogame: a case series

Amblyopia or lazy eye is a dysfunction of the visual system that appears during childhood and traditionally has been considered untreatable in adults. Its main consequences are the loss of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of the amblyopic eye and binocular vision impairments. During the last years videogames have been used as a therapeutic tool for amblyopia with the inconclusive results. The present work has assessed the effectiveness of a virtual reality videogame (AmbliOK®) in the neurorehabilitation of four adult clinical cases with anisometropic amblyopia. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis and interocular suppression were assessed before, during, immediately after, one month and one year (in one patient) after the training. The intervention was conducted along four weeks (10 h) and yielded the variable results. In general, all patients showed an improvement in visual functions although not all ameliorated in the same way. Visual acuity measures improved in all patients, falling outside the amblyopia criterion at the end of the treatment. However, the improvement was not maintained one month later in two patients. Contrast sensitivity progressively improved for the amblyopic and the fellow eyes with all patients showing better results one month after the treatment. The patient assessed one year after still showed better results than in the baseline. Patients showing bad stereopsis in the baseline reached a performance considered normal one month and even one year after the treatment. The effectiveness of the treatment seems to be related to the characteristics of patients.

A Detection of Amblyopia Medical Condition in Biomedical Datasets Using Image Segmentation and Detection Processing

The recent past, the data volume in a media field is growing at a rapid rate, and conventional methods fail to manage such a large volume of data in healthcare systems, biomedical field, medical diagnostic systems etc. The main challenges associated with biomedical computation are the problems associated with management, storage, and analysis on extensive biomedical data. To play a significant role over such extensive data, the machine learning approach provides faster access to medical data with an improved framework. The main objective involves the detection of amblyopia condition from input images and comparing it with conventional image detection methods. The proposed method is examined in terms of detection accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Hausdorff distance computation and Dice Coefficient. Also, the detection of an Amblyopic or Lazy Eye diseased images is still not prevalent in the field of image segmentation and detection. In this paper, we introduce a framework to process the Amblyopia image datasets using machine learning, and similarity comparison approach. The proposed image processing involves the segmentation of eye images using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and the detection of Amblyopia disease is carried out with Hausdorff Distance computation and Dice coefficient similarity comparison on the segmented image. The initial subset points and threshold values are calculated from a set of 50 normal eye images. A set of 100 Amblyopic diseased image dataset is used for testing the proposed system, out of which 70 images are used for training the system. To evaluate the experimental results shows that proposed method obtains improved detection than existing Deeply-Learned Gaze Shifting Path (DLGSP), Cascade Regression Framework (CRF) and Mobile Iris Recognition System (MIRS) methods. The presence of Hausdorff Distance computation and Dice coefficient similarity comparison is used for reducing the overhead in the proposed method, and this can be used for computing large sets of images.

Evaluation of Amblyopia in School Children

Background: Amblyopia is a form of cortical visual impairment which can result from many condition which prevents normal visual stimulation in children in younger age group causing childhood visual impairment. The term “lazy eye” is often used for Amblyopia. It accounts to be the second common cause of blindness. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted during the school health check up visits conducted by ophthalmology department of tertiary care teaching hospital for screening of eye disorders in school children who belongs to the age group of 5-15 years over a period of 1 year in which 813 children underwent screening ,among them 110 children with the reduced vision were referred to hospital for detailed ophthalmic evaluation which includes cycloplegic refraction and dilated fundus examination. Amblyopia was detected in children with reduced best corrected visual acuity. Results: A total of 813 study subjects were screened. Out of them 110 (13.5%) were found to have diminished vision. When the study subjects with diminished vision were subjected for further tests, 18 (2.2%), (p value is 0.494 )of them were found to have amblyopia. Amblyopia was present in 10 ( 18.9%) of females and 8( 14%) of males. Anisometropic amblyopia was the most common type of amblyopia found in 10 ( 55.6%) of the study subjects, followed by meridional and strabismus type of amblyopia in 4 cases each (22.2%). Among strabismus ,exotropia was seen in more study subjects 4(0.5%) than esotropia in 2 cases(0.2%). A higher number of moderate grade of amblyopia was seen than mild grade of amblyopia. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia in our study is 2.2%. Anisometropic refractive errors are the most common underlying cause in our study subjects. We recommend implementation of visual screening programs for children of schoolgoing age group for early detection and proper management of Amblyopia.