Layout Pattern Research Articles

Design of cutterhead layout pattern for rock head micro-TBMs

Design of cutterhead layout pattern for rock head micro-TBMs

The potential for sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in a regional urbanization project

With global urban populations expected to reach 5 billion by 2030, large-scale urban development is required to support and sustain this growing populous. At the same time, city planners are facing the pressures of climatic changes, which forecast more intense rainfall events, further exacerbating the existing challenge of surface water flooding in urban locations. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are one proposed solution to help alleviate such problems, yet much still remains to be known about their operation, performance and potential benefit provision beyond the neighborhood scale, or within a mixed-form development. Using a case study of the Cambridge to Oxford Arc (a region of England earmarked for extensive urbanization), development patterns of different extents and spatial layout were modeled. The Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was then used to simulate surface water runoff conditions in these developments during a 1-in-10-year rainfall event. Whilst denser scenarios typically led to greater peak runoff rates and total runoff volumes, this was not always the case under some SuDS designs as the denser scenarios provided the opportunity for more SuDS provision. The proportion of different surface cover types had a strong influence of runoff volumes and rates (due to the different impermeable surface areas and SuDS provision), and since the different housing typologies offered different proportions under each development scenario, there was no single typology that showed the lowest or highest runoff volume across all scenarios. The findings of this study highlight the importance in a planning context of considering multiple typologies and their footprints of different surfaces to maximize the potential of the development design in achieving the development's goals.

Investigation on water-drive performance of a fault-karst carbonate reservoir under different well patterns and injection-production modes based on 2D visualized physical models

Recently, a new type of carbonate reservoir, the fault-karst carbonate reservoir has attracted lots of attention, which usually develops large-scale karst caves, vugs, and high-angle fractures along the strike-slip fault zones. Despite containing plenty of hydrocarbon resources, the complex geological structure and the strong heterogeneity make it difficult to develop this kind of reservoir effectively and economically. To perform water-drive experiments and investigate the production performance under different well patterns and injection-production modes, two 2D visualized physical models were designed and fabricated based on the typical geological structures of the fault-karst carbonate reservoir in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. According to the experimental results, the average oil recovery can reach 62.96% for the vertical model and 58.18% for the horizontal model. In fact, gravity effect due to density differences can greatly improve the displacement efficiency of oil by water in the vertical direction; hence, the horizontal heterogeneity would have a relatively greater impact on waterflooding development. When water is injected into the reservoir from the middle section, a large amount of un-swept oil will remain at the bottom fractures. Thus, the Bottom Injection & Top Production (BI & TP) mode should be adopted in all well patterns to increase recovery. If non-inverted well patterns are employed, dominant water channeling would form quickly in the horizontal direction, and the swept area will be hugely limited. Therefore, the Center Injection & Edge Production mode (inverted well patterns) is recommended for water-drive applications. It is also found that the water breakthrough time negatively correlates with the effective flooding time for the vertical model and the total oil recovery is more impacted by water breakthrough for both models. Additionally, the oil-water exchange ratio is introduced to evaluate the utilization efficiency of injected water. Calculation results have shown that the BI & TP mode is optimal in terms of either total recovery or oil-water exchange ratio in the vertical direction, but the well pattern layout in the horizontal direction could impact the oil recovery and oil-water exchange ratio, which, in turn, affect the project economics. This study provides novel insights for optimizing well patterns and waterflooding measures in actual fault-karst carbonate reservoirs.

Optoelectronic system and device integration for quantum-dot light-emitting diode white lighting with computational design framework

We propose a computational design framework to design the architecture of a white lighting system having multiple pixelated patterns of electric-field-driven quantum dot light-emitting diodes. The quantum dot of the white lighting system has been optimised by a system-level combinatorial colour optimisation process with the Nelder-Mead algorithm used for machine learning. The layout of quantum dot patterns is designed precisely using rigorous device-level charge transport simulation with an electric-field dependent charge injection model. A theoretical maximum of 97% colour rendering index has been achieved with red, green, cyan, and blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes as primary colours. The white lighting system has been fabricated using the transfer printing technique to validate the computational design framework. It exhibits excellent lighting performance of 92% colour rendering index and wide colour temperature variation from 1612 K to 8903 K with only the four pixelated quantum dots as primary.

Impact mechanism of the chip muffler on the cooling performance of super large-scale natural draft wet cooling tower under crosswind

• 3D numerical simulation on S-NDWCT with chip muffler is carried out. • The chip muffler enhances the cooling efficiency of S-NDWCT under crosswinds. • The positive effect of the chip muffler on the S-NDWCT varies with layout patterns. • The optimal pattern of chip muffler is proposed based on the tower performance. The noise attenuation of cooling towers mainly relies on the chip muffler, of which the layout pattern exerts a non-negligible impact on the cooling effect. This paper analyzes the impact mechanism of the chip muffler’s layout pattern on the cooling performance of a super large-scale natural draft wet cooling tower (S-NDWCT) through a three-dimensional numerical study. The layout patterns of chip muffler include three installation angles ( θ = 0°, 15° and 30°), three distances between the muffler and cooling tower ( L = 0.0 m, 2.5 m and 5.0 m), and two layout angles of the muffler ( α = 180° and 360°). Results manifest that the chip muffler can enhance the cooling performance of S-NDWCT by improving the airflow uniformity in the tower. The optimal layout pattern is L = 0.0 m, θ = 0° and α = 360°, under which the increment of circulating water temperature drop reaches a maximum of 1.04 ℃. The ventilation rate increases with the increase of L and the decrease of θ . The Merkel number increases with the decrease of L and θ . The circulating water temperature drop increases with the decrease of θ and shows little regularity with L . This paper can provide the reference for optimizing layout patterns and engineering applications of the chip muffler.

Deep Learning-Based Artificial Neural Network-Cellular Automata Model in Constructing Landscape Gene in Shaanxi Ancient Towns under Rural Revitalization.

With the development of modern industrialization, the rational planning of land resources, especially rural settlements (RSs), has become an important part of rural revitalization. Optimizing the RS spatial layout and enhancing its evolution simulation can encourage effective land resource allocation. It helps improve rural residents' production and living standards, alleviates the pressure of urban and rural land conflicts, and promotes the common development of urban and rural economies. This work mainly uses the ANN-CN (artificial neural network-cellular automata) model to study the cultural landscape gene construction of ancient towns in Shaanxi. First, RSs' spatial layout and landscape pattern index (LPI) in Shaanxi are analyzed. Second, the ANN-CA model is designed using the artificial neural network (ANN). Finally, Hua Yang Ancient Town in southern Shaanxi, Feng Huo Town in Guan Zhong, and Zhong Jiao Town in Northern Shaanxi are selected as the research objects. The influencing factors of spatial layout are extracted, and the evolution extracted of spatial layout is simulated based on the ANN-CA model. The simulation experiment finds that the area change of Hua Yang Ancient Town is more obvious than that of the other two ancient towns, with a change rate of 6.98%. Although the area change rate of Feng Huo Town is 19.79%, the actual change area is less than that of Hua Yang Ancient Town. Second, comparing the simulation accuracy of the model under different parameters, we can obtain the most suitable parameter for predicting the ancient towns' land-use type and construing landscape gene land. Specifically, for Hua Yang Ancient Town, T = 0.9 and the random disturbance parameter α = 1.0. For Zhong Jiao Town, T = 0.8 and α = 1.0. For Feng Huo Town, T = 0.9 and α = 1.0. It is hoped that this work can further carry forward Shaanxi's traditional culture and carry out the protective development of traditional rural buildings.

PATTERN DRAFTING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY GARMENT MAKERS IN IGBO-ETITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE

The survey study assessed pattern drafting practices and challenges encountered by garment makers in IgboEtiti Local Government Area of Enugu state. Four research questions and two null hypotheses guided thestudy. The population consisted all the garment makers in Igbo-Etiti Local Government area of Enugu state.A sample of 112 garment makers from five towns out of a population of 13 Towns of the LGA responded toquestionnaire items. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (percentages, means and standarddeviation) using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 22.0. Two null hypotheses weretested with Chi Square (X2). Results show that majority (70.6%) of the respondents were females, betweenages 18-35 years (54.5%), 70.5% were Igbos. Less than half (46.4%) were single. Secondary education(43%) was the highest level. Major pattern drafting technique adopted was direct on the layout-fabric locallycalled free hand cutting (63.4%). Majority (81.31%) of them have good skills for taking body measurements,blending seam line (50.0%), pattern drawing (63.4%) but poor in pattern alteration, pattern layout (58.9%),pattern set creation (70.5%) and pattern grading (63.4%). Chy Square results showed significant differences(p<0.05) in respondents’ responses on some adopted pattern drafting skills and no significant differences(P>0.05) in others at 0.05 significant levels. Eight challenges posing threats to effective pattern draftingpractices were identified. Proper sensitization and training of indigenous garment makers on pattern draftingand development, use and commercialization of locally drafted patterns for mass production of qualitygarments for both local consumption and to gain foreign reserve is timely

Research Review on Accessibility and Equalization of Public Cultural Services in Chinese Rural Areas

Geographers have conducted a lot of research on the accessibility of public service facilities and the equalization of public services based on the perspective of human-land relationship. The common feature is to analyze the accessibility and equalization of a specific type of public service facilities, to understand the current spatial pattern of service facilities, to evaluate the spatial balance of facility distribution, to identify the scarcity areas of facility supply, and to optimize the overall deployment pattern by selecting sites for new facilities with other measurement methods. In terms of research area, there are more large-scale spatial accessibility studies in favor of urban areas, but few studies specifically focus on accessibility in rural areas; there is also a lack of research on the spatial pattern of equalization based on the rural perspective. From the perspective of public service facility types, medical and education are the main research objects, while cultural service facilities are less involved. Therefore, research on the spatial accessibility and equalization of public service facilities should be extended more to cultural facilities, especially the spatial equity of public cultural service facilities in rural areas. The focus should be on how to visually express the layout of public cultural services as well as comprehensively consider factors such as the location of rural settlements, distance to facility sites, transportation networks, travel modes, and choice preferences. It is suggested to introduce the analysis of multiple quantitative indicators of accessibility into the planning and construction of public service facilities to further strengthen the realism and scientificity of public service facility planning. Reasonable site selection and optimization of layout patterns for public cultural facilities is also a key factor to improve the construction of basic public service system in rural areas.

Geometry and size optimization of stiffener layout for three-dimensional box structures with maximization of natural frequencies

Based on the growth mechanism of natural biological branching systems and inspiration from the morphology of plant root tips, a bionic design method called Improved Adaptive Growth Method (IAGM) has been proposed in the authors’ previous research and successfully applied to the reinforcement optimization of three-dimensional box structures with respect to natural frequencies. However, as a kind of ground structure methods, the final layout patterns of stiffeners obtained by using the IAGM are highly subjected to their ground structures, which restricts the optimization effect and freedom to further improve the dynamic performance of structures. To solve this problem, a novel post-processing geometry and size optimization approach is proposed in this article. This method takes the former layout optimization result as start, and iteratively finds the optimal layout angles, locations, and lengths of stiffeners with a few design variables by optimizing the positions of some specific node lines called active node lines. At the same time, thicknesses of stiffeners are also optimized to further improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures. Using this method, stiffeners can be successfully separated from their ground structures and further effectively improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures with less material consumption. Typical numerical examples are illustrated to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the suggested method.

Theories, technologies and practices of lacustrine shale oil exploration and development: A case study of Paleogene Kongdian Formation in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

As the main factors affecting stable and high production and the production regularity of lacustrine shale oil are unclear, the theoretical understandings, key exploration and development technologies, development effect and production regularity of lacustrine shale oil have been analyzed and summarized based on 700 m cores taken systematically from Paleogene Kong 2 Member of 4 wells in Cangdong sag, over 100 000 analysis data and formation testing data. Three theoretical understandings on shale oil enrichment and high production have been reached: (1) High-quality shale with “three highs and one low” is the material base for shale oil enrichment. (2) Medium—slightly high thermal evolution degree is the favorable condition for shale oil enrichment. (3) Laminar felsic shale is the optimal shale layer for oil enrichment in semi-deep lake facies. Key exploration and development technologies such as shale oil enrichment layer and area evaluation and prediction, horizontal well pattern layout, shale oil reservoir fracturing, optimization of shale oil production regime have been established to support high and stable shale oil production. Under the guidance of these theoretical understandings and technologies, shale oil in Cangdong sag has achieved high and stable production, and 4 of them had the highest production of over 100 tons a day during formation testing. In particular, Well GY5-1-1L had a daily oil production of 208 m3. By April, 2022, the 28 wells combined have a stable oil production of 300–350 tons a day, and have produced 17.8×104 t of oil cumulatively. It is found that the shale oil production of horizontal well declines exponentially in natural flow stage, and declines in step pattern and then tends stable in the artificial lift stage. Proportion of light hydrocarbons in produced shale oil is in positive correlation with daily oil production and decreases regularly during production test.

Characteristics of the annual distribution and utilization of climate resource for double maize cropping system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River

<p id="C3">Clarifying the characteristics of annual yield, distribution, and utilization of climatic resources, and establishing rational quantitative indexes of annual climatic resource distribution are helpful to provide theoretical basis for establishing the double maize cropping system. In this study, to analyze the annual grain yield, biomass, and distribution and utilization efficiency of climate resource of double maize cropping system with different variety collocation, the experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2017 at Wuxue, Hubei province. The distribution and utilization of climatic resource of different variety collocation was different. The accumulative temperature and radiation distribution rate of HM in the first season and annual were significantly higher than the other variety collocation, but on the contrary in the second season. The accumulative temperature and radiation distribution rate for the first season of HM was 49% and 52%, respectively. The accumulative temperature and radiation distribution rate for the second season of HM was 46% and 44%. The accumulative ratio of temperature and radiation between two seasons of HM was 1.1 and 1.2. The precipitation distribution rate of two seasons and annual among the four variety collocations were no significantly different. The difference of the accumulative temperature and radiation among different variety collocations resulted in the changes of grain yield and biomass. Because of a high matching degree between the distribution of climatic resource and the growth demand of maize in HM. The annual grain yield and total biomass of HM were significantly higher than those of the MM, MH, and LH, with an average increase of 8.4%-24.5% and 9.7%-29.6%, respectively. The annual accumulative temperature and radiation, radiation use efficiency of grain, and total biomass of HM were significantly higher than those of the MM, MH, and LH, with an average increase of 2.9%-14.3% in the annual accumulative temperature production efficiency, 5.5%-18.4% in the annual radiation production efficiency, 0.05%-0.16% and 0.16%-0.39% increase in the radiation use efficiency of grain and total biomass, respectively. Considering both yield and resource use efficiency, HM can be used as the best variety collocation for high yield and high efficiency of double maize system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. Furthermore, this is helpful to extend double maize cropping system, optimize the layout of planting patterns, provide theoretical basis and important support the sustainable development of agricultural production.

59‐1: Invited Paper: Scaling Down of OLED Pixels Enabled by Photolithography

This paper discusses the advantages of OLEDs in pixel scaling and the novel device structures enabled by photolithography. We show the pixel layouts that can be realized by photolithographic patterning, i.e., delta and color strip pixel layout with high pixel density. Further integration of OPD next to an OLED pixel is discussed. Finally, we show the OLED performance after three times OLED patterning steps, which is crucial for the full‐color OLED display realized by photolithography patterning processes. The results suggest that the photolithography patterning process could be a powerful method to further enhance the AMOLED display performance.

UNCERTAINTY REPRESENTATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF 3D BUILDING MODELS

Abstract. The quality of environmental perception is of great interest for localization tasks in autonomous systems. Maps, generated from the sensed information, are often used as additional spatial references in these applications. The quantification of the map uncertainties gives an insight into how reliable and complete the map is, avoiding the potential systematic deviation in pose estimation. Mapping 3D buildings in urban areas using Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds is a challenging task as it is often subject to uncertain error sources in the real world such as sensor noise and occlusions, which should be well represented in the 3D models for the downstream localization tasks. In this paper, we propose a method to model 3D building façades in complex urban scenes with uncertainty quantification, where the uncertainties of windows and façades are indicated in a probabilistic fashion. The potential locations of the missing objects (here: windows) are inferred by the available data and layout patterns with the Monte Carlo (MC) sampling approach. The proposed 3D building model and uncertainty measures are evaluated using the real-world LiDAR point clouds collected by Riegl Mobile Mapping System. The experimental results show that our uncertainty representation conveys the quality information of the estimated locations and shapes for the modelled map objects.

High-precision lithography thick-mask model based on a decomposition machine learning method.

The thick-mask model had been used to simulate the diffraction behavior of the three-dimensional photomask in optical lithography system. By exploring the edge interference effect that appears in the diffraction near-field (DNF), an improved thick-mask model with high precision is proposed. The diffraction transfer matrix (DTM) is introduced to represent the transformation from the layout pattern to the corresponding DNF. In this method, the DTM is learned from a training library including the rigorous DNF of some representative mask clips. Given a thick-mask pattern, it is firstly decomposed into a set of segments around the sampling points at corners and edges. Then, the local DNF of each segment is calculated based on the corresponding DTM. Finally, all the local DNF segments are synthesized together to simulate the entire thick-mask DNF. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the simulation accuracy compared to the traditional filter-based method, meanwhile retaining a high computation speed.

Digital Analysis of the Water Layout Ecological Wisdom in Traditional Chinese Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Liukeng Village in Jiangxi Province

During the long-term construction and development process of eliminating water disasters and promoting water conservancy in traditional settlements, a set of mature strategies that have simple ecological wisdom in water layout have been formed by adapting to the natural water environment and utilizing the regional water system. This study conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the water layout strategies and their effects on Liukeng Village from three aspects: deciphering the water systematic pattern, calculating the spatial characteristics and quantifying the water environment, to explore the technical assistance and potential of water layout research in traditional rural settlements. The results indicated that Liukeng has an unambiguously systematic water layout pattern of source diversion, middle drainage and end purification of the water. Through 3D point cloud computing, it was shown that the site selection made accurate use of micro-topography and adopted the strategy of a multi-source water management. It formed an organic water system pattern, which provided sufficient water sources for all kinds of needs of Liukeng Village.The Dragon Lake in Liukeng held 83.0% of the precipitation, and the vegetation area accounted for 34.7% of the total area of Liukeng, which had high surface permeability and good middle drainage effects. Water detection showed that the Dragon Lake provided good water quality and purification. The purposes of this study are to fill the gap in previous non-quantitative research on water layout in traditional rural settlements, excavate the hidden information and value of settlements, and deepen our understanding of the ecological wisdom of the overall planning, layout and construction of water conservancy in traditional rural settlements. This knowledge can assist the win-win situation of water conservancy cultural heritage protection and modern utilization. It also provides useful inspiration and reference for properly dealing with the problems of rain and flooding, realizing the sustainability of water resources, and protecting the ecological environment in the process of the development and construction of village settlements in China.

Research on Clothing Narrative of White-Yarn-Ground Female Coats with Sprinkled Thread Embroidery of Drama Characters: Based on Clothing Representation and Narrative Expression of Clothing Pattern

This paper studies the inherent representation of &amp;quot;white-yarn-ground female coats with sprinkled thread embroidery of drama characters&amp;quot; and the narrative of the clothing pattern. Through the in-depth analysis of its inherent characteristics, the identity of its consumption and the process of production sequence can be inferred, which can provide a basis for the subsequent researchers to refine the study of the figure pattern. Through the narrative structure of multiple scenes, it is proved that the layout of the clothing pattern is an extension variant of &amp;quot;Tuanke&amp;quot;, and made an in-depth interpretation of the narrative content in &amp;quot;TuanKe&amp;quot;.

Pipeline structural health monitoring using distributed fiber optic sensing textile

This paper explored the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of pipelines by using fiber optic cables embedded into textiles and interrogated using Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR). Embedded fiber optic sensing textile would result in significant cost reduction by reducing installation time, which lowers the labor cost and the cost of work stoppage which can be substantial for certain applications like oil & gas. Also, embedding fiber into fabric provides additional protection and allows the design of different layout patterns to accommodate the requirements of a project. A strain characterization experiment was conducted to study the performance of the sensor while monitoring structural changes on an HDPE (High-density Polyethylene) pipe. Additionally, a specific sensor pattern was explored to enhance the overall sensing area of the sensor. During the test, changes in the strain distribution on the pipe were measured as the pipe was subjected to a loading of 0–600 lb. The maximum strain values measured were 1322μ∊ and 2465μ∊ for the intact and damaged pipe respectively and the highest standard deviation was 0.212. These results demonstrated the capability of the sensors to detect damages on pipelines.

Learning GUI Completions with User-defined Constraints

A key objective in the design of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) is to ensure consistency across screens of the same product. However, designing a compliant layout is time-consuming and can distract designers from creative thinking. This paper studies layout recommendation methods that fulfill such consistency requirements using machine learning. Given a desired element type and size, the methods suggest element placements following real-world GUI design processes. Consistency requirements are given implicitly through previous layouts from which patterns are to be learned, comparable to existing screens of a software product. We adopt two recently proposed methods for this task, a Graph Neural Network (GNN) and a Transformer model, and compare them with a custom approach based on sequence alignment and nearest neighbor search (kNN) . The methods were tested on handcrafted datasets with explicit layout patterns, as well as large-scale public datasets of diverse mobile design layouts. Our results show that our instance-based learning algorithm outperforms both neural network approaches. Ultimately, this work contributes to establishing smarter design tools for professional designers with explainable algorithms that increase their efficacy.

Potential of supervised machine learning algorithms for estimating the impact of water efficient scenarios on solids accumulation in sewers

Understanding the negative effects of widespread implementation of optimal water efficient solutions may have on existing centralised sewer systems is still limited – one of these effects is the accumulation of solids in sewer pipes. Predicting these effects requires setting up and simulating complex detailed hydraulic sewer network models. Often, precise details of the sewer network layout and diurnal patterns of the wastewater flows are not available, limiting the applicability of using model predictions for such phenomena. In this study, the applicability of supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms for the development of a simplified surrogate model to predict solid accumulation in sewer pipes was investigated. A large number of highly variable sewer networks were synthetically generated and used to produce results that can be generalizable within the limitations of the current study. A hydrodynamic sewer model was set up and simulated for each synthetic sewer network and various scenarios in which different water-efficient solutions were considered. Simulation results indicated that the most impacts are expected to occur in the upstream part of the sewer networks, and that with 50% reduction in (waste-)water flows, 3–20% more pipes are expected to accumulate solids. It was further found that ML algorithms can be used to successfully predict locations of solids accumulation in sewer pipes without using hydrodynamic models. A simple tool based on the findings of this study, sparing the need to conduct complex hydraulic simulations, was developed. It allows the user to enter a set of pipe characteristics and the proportion of flow that is reduced due to the implementation of water efficient solutions, and it predicts whether the pipe will accumulate solids or not. The study results and the proposed ML algorithms can support the implementation of optimal water-efficient solutions that will promote designing and managing the water sensitive cities of the future.

Penerapan Data Mining pada Tata Letak Buku Di Perpustakaan Sintong Bingei Pematangsiantar dengan Metode Apriori

The library is a place that has a large collection of knowledge books, magazines and other media that are arranged or arranged in a certain way so that it is easy for users to use properly and well. In placing books in the library, books are placed according to the book category given the numbering. However, the placement of books has not been regulated by looking at the level of books that are often borrowed and many visitors find it difficult to find books that are often borrowed. So it is necessary to create a system using a priori data mining method to determine the pattern of book layout arrangement in the library, this system can help to make it easier to determine the layout of the book as needed. Based on the results of the implementation of RapidMiner, the highest combination pattern of library book layout is Pure Science and Social Sciences with 50% support and 86% confidence. General Works and Pure Science were obtained with 41% support and 83% confidence. Furthermore, Public Works and Social Sciences with 41% support and 83% confidence.