Glass Fiber Layers Research Articles

Characterization of Glass Laminate Aluminium Reinforced Epoxy- A Review

Due to present need of light weight and high performance structure, new hybrid materials are developed known as fiber metal laminates (FML). Fiber metal laminates comprises of alternate layers of composite and metals bonded together with appropriate adhesive technique. Mechanical and chemical surface treatment of 2024 aluminum alloy metal for obtaining strong interface bond between aluminum and composite layer. Due to decreased manufacturing cost and time, ease in forming, recyclability, thermoplastic composite are preferred in this study. Fiber metal laminates manufactured by press molding of one surface treated 2024 aluminum alloy as core material and two outer layers of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite. This study investigates the mechanical properties of these fiber metal laminates by performing various tests such as tensile test, low velocity impact test, fire resistant test and flexural test. These results were further validated using analysis software.

Structural and functional properties of composites with carbon nanotubes for space applications

The dependence of the impact toughness of composite materials on various parameters, such as density, type of weaving, width of fibers and the number of layers of fiberglass and basalt fabric in the composite has been studied. The change of impact toughness of composite materials at introduction into a matrix of polymer of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in various concentrations is investigated. The increase of impact toughness at concentration of dispersed unoriented CNT in the composite matrix of the order of 3% was found.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Coir and Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites

Hybrid composites have vast potential as light weight strong material in several engineering applications. The designer can obtain the required properties easily by the choice of fibers and matrix in a controlled manner. In hybrid composite the properties can be altered by using specific fiber in the same resin matrix. In the present investigation, coir glass fiber hybrid composites were made by hand layup method by varying coir fiber length and number of glass fiber mats. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength and flexural strength of the developed hybrid composites were estimated in order to evaluate the effect of coir fiber length and number of glass fiber layers. Length of coir fibers and number of glass fiber mats found to has measurable effect on various mechanical properties of hybrid composite.

Evaluation of mechanical behavior of multifilament discarded fishnet/glass fiber and polyester composites for marine applications

Composite material has long life, higher strength, lower weight and less maintenance cost. Most of the marine crafts are fabricated by glass fiber and polyester matrix in worldwide, but it is toxic to the aquatic life as well as the manufacturer who are in close contact with the boat. Glass fiber is a non-biodegradable and involves high risk during processing. In general, a mechanized boats hull structure has 13–25 layers of glass fiber and woven roving for 35 ft–90 ft length of the vessel. Fishnet gets damaged and large amount of them are wasted every year. The fishnet generally made from nylon fiber and woven in a grid-like structure, which is tough possess high tensile strength, elasticity, luster, resistant to abrasion, impact and chemicals. So the idea of the present work is to reduce the toxic nature of the building material (Glass fiber) by replacing some of the constituent layers with a suitable ecofriendly and less poisonous nature-based material nylon fiber which is available abundantly in the discarded fishnets. The discarded fishnet is used as an alternate source of glass fiber for manufacturing mechanized boat hull structures. The evaluation of mechanical behavior such as tensile, impact, and flexural properties of these specimens was studied according to ASTM standards. A novel hybrid composite is suitable for eco-friendly and less poisonous nature-based also helps to sustain green environment.

Influence of a fiberglass layer on the lightning strike damage response of CFRP laminates in the dry and hygrothermal environments

This paper experimentally investigates the lightning strike response of a fiberglass/carbon woven hybrid laminate ([(0/90)g(45/02/−452/902)c]s) under dry and hygrothermal conditions. Damage characteristics are evaluated using various inspection methods and possible damage mechanisms are discussed. Observations demonstrate that as the increase of lightning amplitude, notably enlarged carbon fiber breakage and fiberglass delamination areas as well as fiber bulging are presented in the in-plane and in-depth directions. Compared to a [452/02/−452/902]s carbon woven specimen, the carbon fiber damage area, internal delamination area and damage depth for the hybrid one are 4.94 times, 2.26 times, 3.21 times greater under 22 kA lightning strike and 3.34 times, 1.97 times, 1.67 times greater under 32 kA strike, respectively. Hygrothermal aging significantly intensifies lightning strike damage on the hybrid specimen with complete detachment of fiberglass layer and massive internal delamination. The possible mechanism for the present damage behavior is analyzed. These results suggest that the fiberglass layer is not expected to protect the integrity of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer structure from lightning strike damage.

Sandwich diffusion model for moisture absorption of flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composite

Flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites take up a high amount of moisture from humid environment due to hydrophilic nature of flax fibers. Some experimental works have been carried out to investigate the diffusion kinetic of these hybrid composites with different stacking sequences. However, few analytical efforts have been made to effectively describe their moisture diffusion behaviors thus far. In this paper, a sandwich diffusion model is established to predict the moisture absorption behavior of flax/glass hybrid composites with different stacking sequences. To deal with interface concentration problem across flax fiber layers and glass fiber layers, the continuous normalized concentration and mass-conserving condition are employed. Both finite element analysis and moisture absorption experiments are performed to validate the proposed model, and the results shows that good agreements are achieved.

Effect of nanoclay concentration on the lap joint shear performance of nanoclay/epoxy adhesive at cryogenic condition

Nanoclay has been a popular kind of nanofiller for polymer-based nanocomposites in industries since adding a small amount of it can effectively enhance the mechanical properties of polymer. In the present study, a suitable sonication time was first found for manufacturing nanoclay/epoxy adhesive. Then, the lap joint shear strengths of nanoclay/epoxy adhesives with different nanoclay content (0, 1, 3, 5 wt%) conditioned at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature environment were investigated. The main failure mechanism of all samples was interfacial failure between the first layer of glass fiber and adhesive due to peeling. Results showed that 1 wt% was the optimal nanoclay concentration for cryogenic temperature. Scanning electron microcopy was used to examine the fracture surfaces of samples. Good exfoliation and dispersion were found in samples containing 1 wt% of nanoclay. Adding nanoclay into epoxy did not greatly affect the lap joint shear strength at room temperature but significantly influence the strength at cryogenic temperature. This was due to a clamping force induced on nanoclay by negative thermal expansion during conditioning from room temperature to cryogenic temperature. With good exfoliation and dispersion, the clamping force can be evenly distributed. Hence, 1 wt% nanoclay/epoxy adhesive is suitable for bonding composite lap joints, which will be servicing at low temperature environment.

Kompozyt warstwowy zwiększający odporność samochodów patrolowych i interwencyjnych na atak improwizowanych ładunków wybuchowych (IED) od dołu

Model layered composites were made of polyester resin reinforced with layers of glass fibre and aramid fibre fabrics. The fabrics for the study were selected in a manner enabling the comparison of their ballistic resistance depending on the material type and density. Additionally, aluminium plates were used to produce the composites.The study examined the resistance of the model composites to 1.1 g fragment simulating projectile (FSP) penetration, their susceptibility to deformation caused by shock waves produced by pure TNT charges, and their resistance to the effects of detonation of model improvised explosive devices (IED) containing fragments in the form of bearing balls. The analysis and optimisation of the test results enabled the selection of a layer configuration combining the materials studied that has the lowest area density and that protects car bottom structures against perforation in the case of a detonation of a small improvised explosive device.

A NEW COMPOSITE MADE FROM NON-METALLIC WASTE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS: TABLE-TOP PRODUCT AS A PRACTICAL PROTOTYPE

This study aims to develop practical products that can be produced from non-metallic fraction (NMF) - a non-valuable waste from the copper recovery process of printed circuit board waste (PCBW) as a reinforcing material in glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) furniture products. A table-top product was selected as the practical prototype. The results show that the new composite, called “NMF composite” can be used to replace the plywood layer or the glass fiber layer in table-top prototypes. The production process and physical properties of the new product, including weight changes, deflection and shrinkage, were studied. The advantage of the practical prototype production over the traditional GFRP production is that the processing time can be improved up to 32% because of no hand lay-up process involved. From the economic analysis and an environmental viewpoint, to promote the recycling of NMF as the filler material in FRP furniture product, government subsidy is necessary to motivate manufacturers to initiate the new product.

Thermal Aging of Unsaturated Polyester Composite Reinforced with E-Glass Nonwoven Mat

Abstract An experiment was carried out using glass fiber (GF) as reinforcing materials with unsaturated polyester matrix to fabricate composite by hand layup technique. Four layers of GF were impregnated by polyester resin and pressed under a load of 5 kg for 20 hours. The prepared composite samples were treated by prolonged exposure to heat for 1 hour at 60-150°C and compared with untreated GF-polyester composite. Different mechanical test of the fabricated composite were investigated. The experiment depicted significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the fabricated composite resulted from the heat treatment. The maximum tensile strength of 200.6 MPa is found for 90°C heat-treated sample. The mechanical properties of the composite do seem to be very affected negatively above 100°C. Water uptake of the composite was carried out and thermal stability of the composite was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and it was found that the composite is stable up to 600°C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the characteristic bond in the composite. Finally, the excellent elevated heat resistant capacity of glass-fiber-reinforced polymeric composite shows the suitability of its application to heat exposure areas such as kitchen furniture materials, marine, and electric board.

Fracture Strength of Acrylic Resin Reinforced with Glass Fibers in Simulated Implant-Supported Overdenture Abutments


 
 
 
 
 Objective: To evaluate the effect of glass fibers on acrylic resin fracture strength in simulated implant-supported overdenture (IOD) abutments.
 Methods: A model was designed to simulate the clinical situation of an IDO (50 12 1.5 mm). Thirty models were divided into three equal groups: ten models not supported with glass fibers (control group), ten models with one layer of glass fibers (experimental group I) and ten models with two layers of glass fiber (experimental group II). All models were exposed to a three-point bending test, and fracture loads were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test.
 Results: IOD models reinforced with two layers of glass fibers (experimental group II) showed a mean ultimate load at fracture of 48.69 ± 3.71 Newton (N) compared to mean loads of 32.78 ± 2.41 N and 24.42 ± 2.73 N for the models reinforced with one layer (experimental group I) and non-reinforced with glass fibers (control group), respectively. ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding the mean ultimate load at fracture, and Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant differences between both experimental groups and the control group as well as between experimental group I and experimental group II.
 Conclusions: The fracture strength of IDO abutments increases significantly by the addition of acrylic resin pre-impregnated with glass fibers, even when the thickness of acrylic is thin.
 
 
 
 

Fracture Strength of Acrylic Resin Reinforced with Glass Fibers in Simulated Implant-Supported Overdenture Abutments


 
 
 
 
 Objective: To evaluate the effect of glass fibers on acrylic resin fracture strength in simulated implant-supported overdenture (IOD) abutments.
 Methods: A model was designed to simulate the clinical situation of an IDO (50 12 1.5 mm). Thirty models were divided into three equal groups: ten models not supported with glass fibers (control group), ten models with one layer of glass fibers (experimental group I) and ten models with two layers of glass fiber (experimental group II). All models were exposed to a three-point bending test, and fracture loads were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test.
 Results: IOD models reinforced with two layers of glass fibers (experimental group II) showed a mean ultimate load at fracture of 48.69 ± 3.71 Newton (N) compared to mean loads of 32.78 ± 2.41 N and 24.42 ± 2.73 N for the models reinforced with one layer (experimental group I) and non-reinforced with glass fibers (control group), respectively. ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding the mean ultimate load at fracture, and Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant differences between both experimental groups and the control group as well as between experimental group I and experimental group II.
 Conclusions: The fracture strength of IDO abutments increases significantly by the addition of acrylic resin pre-impregnated with glass fibers, even when the thickness of acrylic is thin.
 
 
 
 

Flexural fatigue and failure probability analysis of polypropylene-glass hybrid fibres reinforced epoxy composite laminates

ABSTRACTFlexural fatigue tests have been conducted on polypropylene/epoxy composite and its hybrids with glass fibre. Specimens were fabricated in intraply and inter-intraply configurations using the hand lay-up technique. Fatigue tests were performed at a frequency of 25 Hz and zero mean stress. A 20% reduction of the flexural stiffness was taken as a failure criterion. The effects of fibre hybridisation, hybrid configuration and stacking sequence on S–N curves were investigated. The fractured specimens were examined using SEM. Weibull distribution function was used to obtain the failure probabilities and the scatter in the results. Results indicated that hybridising polypropylene fibre with glass improves the flexural fatigue resistance. The fabricated hybrids have economical and specific fatigue strength benefits. The stacking sequence has a great effect on the composite's fatigue resistance. The inter-intraply hybrid laminate with glass fibre layers skin and polypropylene fibre layers core presents the most favourable flexural fatigue behaviour.

Effects of glass scraps powder and glass fiber on mechanical properties of polyester composites

One concern in bus manufacturing is the high cost of glass fiber reinforced in polyester composites parts. The composites of glass fiber and polyester are low elongation and high strength, and glass scraps powder displays high hardness and good chemical compatibility with the polymer matrix and glass fiber. This research aimed to study the effects of glass scraps powder and glass fiber on mechanical performance of polyester composites. Glass fiber was randomly oriented fiber and used as new. Glass scraps were obtained from a bus factory and crushed to powder sizes of 120 and 240 μm by a ball mill. Polyester composites were prepared using Vacuum Infusion Process (VIP).Polyester reinforced with 3 layers of glass fiber was an initial condition. Then, one layer of glass fiber was replaced with glass scraps powder. Flexural strength, tensile strength, impact strength and hardness of the polyester composites were determined. Hardness was increased with a combination of smaller size and higher volume of glass scraps powder. Pictures of specimens obtained by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that the powder of glass scraps packed in the layers of glass fiber in polyester composites.

The role of adhesively bonded super hybrid external patches on the impact and post-impact response of repaired glass/epoxy composite laminates

This paper investigates the influence of homogenous and super hybrid external patches based on plain weave woven glass fabric and aluminium alloy sheet (2024) on low velocity impact and quasi-static tensile after impact (TAI) response of adhesively bonded external patch repairs in damaged glass/epoxy composite laminates. The intent of using super hybrid external patches is to combine the excellent high displacement to failure property of aluminium as a ductile reinforcement with the superior mechanical property of glass fiber as a brittle reinforcement. The undamaged normal specimens were taken as the standard specimen for evaluation of residual mechanical properties. Four various types of external patches with different contents of glass (100%, 50% with two different lay-up configuration, and 0%) were used for performing the repair. In all hybrid patches, the proportion of aluminium and glass fiber were equal (i.e. 50% of aluminium and 50% of glass by volume fraction), while lay-up configuration were different. This further allows studying the associated effects of hybridization and lay-up configuration on low velocity impact and TAI response of the repaired laminates. The effect of glass/aluminium content on impact response and TAI response was investigated at various nominal impact energy levels, namely 2, 4, 6 and 8 J. Results show that super hybridization and lay-up configurations of the external patches play a significant role on low velocity impact and post impact response (i.e. absorbed energy, peak contact force, ultimate load, stiffness, residual deformation, displacement to failure and damage pattern) of the repaired specimens. Results indicate that repaired specimens having external patches with outer layer of aluminium and inner layer of glass fiber exhibited better impact properties and damage tolerance capability than that of the specimens conventionally repaired using homogeneous glass patches. Damage profile analysis was in a good correlation with the experimental results.

Galvanic Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Fiber Metal Laminates of Metallic Glass and Carbon Fiber Composites

The possibility of galvanic corrosion typically prohibits the pairing of carbon fiber and aluminum in a fiber metal laminate (FML). In this study, the authors describe a new type of FML comprised of alternating layers of bulk metallic glass (BMG) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite. The authors compare the galvanic coupling and mechanical behavior of an Al‐based FML and a BMG‐CFRP FML. Results show that when paired with CFRPs, BMG exhibits far less galvanic corrosion than aluminum paired with CFRP. In fact, the corrosion between BMG and CFRP is similar in magnitude to the corrosion between aluminum and glass fiber, the two constituent materials of GLARE, the most widely used FML. While interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength are similar for both FML types, the tensile strength and modulus of BMG‐based FMLs are greater than those of Al‐based FMLs.

Impact response of hybrid carbon/glass fibre reinforced polymer composites designed for engineering applications

Abstract Hybrid Composites, made of two different types of high strength fibre cushioned with a relatively low strength matrix to meet specific strength requirements, have been recognized as modern materials for many engineering applications. They are lightweight and low cost as compared with using a single type of fibre to make structural components, which may be over-strength and not cost-competitive. Carbon fibre is extremely strong, contributing to a thin, light but strong structure. To a certain extent, it is too costly and induces a problem of structural instability due to the decrease of second moment of inertia as compared with the use of traditional metals for designing a structure. Hybrid composites are able to minimize aforementioned problems with a low cost solution to meet the requirements. However, the design of materials and structures becomes a key challenge on how to fully utilize the benefits of these fibre to make a structure strong enough to withstand different loads imposed on it. This project aims at experimentally investigating the low-velocity impact responses of hybrid carbon/glass fibre reinforced polymer composites. It was found that a hybrid composite with surface carbon fibre layers would help minimize the risk of damage, in terms of the size of damage and deflection subject to an impact load. However, failures by impactor penetration were observed on some samples. Severe damages were found on samples with surface glass fibre layers and carbon fibre in core. Images captured by the thermography technique demonstrated that localized damages (delamination) existed within plies in a failed sample, which normally cannot be detected by using traditional visual inspection techniques.

Mechanical and thermal characterizations of non-metallic components recycled from waste printed circuit boards

In the framework of reuse of non-metal (woven fiberglass layers (WFG) and epoxy resin (ER)) recovered from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) as received and maximization of economic and environmental benefits, this research aims to investigate mechanical and thermal properties of recycled woven fiberglass and ER extracted from WPCBs after separation by using chemical (organic solvent) and ultrasonic treatment The experiments were conducted on five samples cut from five different types of waste motherboards according to ASTM D5035 standard. Also, another sample not containing any notches or holes was cut from a blank PCB in order to be used as a reference for strength tests when compared with motherboard samples. Di-methyl formamide (DMF) was used to dissolve ER of all six samples at a low temperature in a simple reactor developed specifically for this purpose (WPCB separator). The new separator was equipped with a high-frequency ultrasonic wave generator used to accelerate the rate of breakage of internal van der Waals’ bonds of brominated epoxy resin (BER) by DMF thus reducing the dissolution time and facilitating separation of woven fiberglass layers against metal layers. After that, a rotary decompression evaporator was used to extract ER from DMF/ER solution. Universal testing machine was used to characterize mechanical behavior of recovered woven fiberglass, while thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) and calorimetric analyses (DSC) were used to investigate the thermal behavior of recovered ER. The results showed that the average strength of recovered fiberglass decreased by 48% in comparison with the blank PCB due to the presence of notches and degradation while the reduction in elastic modulus was slight. Also, the recovered ER showed high properties in terms of melting temperature and crystalline degree.

A Theoretical Model for Estimation of Yield Strength of Fiber Metal Laminate

The paper presents a theoretical model for estimation of yield strength of fiber metal laminate. Principles of elasticity and formulation of residual stress are employed to determine the stress state in metal layer of the laminate that is found to be higher than the stress applied over the laminate resulting in reduced yield strength of the laminate in comparison with that of the metal layer. The model is tested over 4A-3/2 Glare laminate comprising three thin aerospace 2014-T6 aluminum alloy layers alternately bonded adhesively with two prepregs, each prepreg built up of three uni-directional glass fiber layers laid in longitudinal and transverse directions. Laminates with prepregs of E-Glass and S-Glass fibers are investigated separately under uni-axial tension. Yield strengths of both the Glare variants are found to be less than that of aluminum alloy with use of S-Glass fiber resulting in higher laminate yield strength than with the use of E-Glass fiber. Results from finite element analysis and tensile tests conducted over the laminates substantiate the theoretical model.

Comparative characterization of the durability behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) under tension and bending

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the durability behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) subjected to both tensile and bending loads to compare its macroscale characterization. Composites are produced as a laminate material using 2 and 6 layers of glass fibre mat as reinforcements. The instantaneous and long-term (durability) properties of composite TRC are identified by tensile and flexural testing with specimens made from the same fresh mortar. The long-term tests are conducted in two ageing environments: natural ageing, which was conducted under the laboratory atmosphere (20°C and 50% RH), and accelerated ageing, which consisted of immersion of the specimens in hot water at 50°C. The durability performance of TRC is evaluated by the reduced macroscale performance and damage mechanisms. The effects of the reinforcement ratio, testing conditions, and thermal conditions on the long-term response of TRC are investigated, and the microstructure of both matrix and fibre is observed and discussed after the tests with observations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of layers of glass fibre (reinforcement ratio) increased the strength capacity and the first macro-crack strength of TRC in both tensile and bending tests. The ultimate strength value of the TRC composites obtained from the tensile test is lower than that from the bending test over the same tested days as a result of the different redistribution mechanisms; however, the difference between tensile and flexural stress remains approximately equal with similar deviations. An increase in the tensile and flexural strength capacity over the ageing time is observed before 90days of ageing. However, after 90days, the test results showed a loss of ductility of the accelerated aged specimens.