Layer Of Filaments Research Articles

Reprogramming Filamentous fd Viruses to Capture Copper Ions.

C-terminal truncated variants (A, VA, NVA, ANVA, FANVA and GFANVA) of our recently identified Cu(II) specific peptide "HGFANVA" were displayed on filamentous fd phages. Wild type fd-tet and engineered virus variants were treated with 100 mM Cu(II) solution at a final phage concentration of 1011 vir/ml and 1012 vir/ml. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging before Cu(II) exposure showed ≈6-8 nm thick filamentous virus layer formation. Cu(II) treatment resulted in aggregated bundle-like assemblies with mineral deposition. HGFANVA phage formed aggregates with an excessive mineral coverage. As the virus concentration was 10-fold decreased, nanowire-like assemblies were observed for shorter peptide variants A, NVA and ANVA. Wild type fd phages did not show any mineral formation. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses revealed the presence of C and N peaks on phage organic material. Cu peak was only detected for engineered viruses. Metal ion binding of viruses was next investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses. Engineered viruses were able to bind Cu(II) forming mineralized intertwined structures although no His (H) unit was displayed. Such genetically reprogrammed virus based biological materials can be further applied for bioremediation studies to achieve a circular economy.

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the fluid environment of 3D printed gradient structure in interfacial tissue engineering

Mass transport properties within three-dimensional (3D) scaffold are essential for tissue regeneration, such as various fluid environmental cues influence mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. Recently, 3D printing has been emerging as a new technology for scaffold fabrication by controlling the scaffold pore geometry to affect cell growth environment. In this study, the flow field within scaffolds in a perfusion system was investigated with uniform structures, single gradient structures and complex gradient structures using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The CFD results from those uniform structures indicate the fluid velocity and fluid shear stress within the scaffold structure increased as the filament diameter increasing, pore width decreasing, pore shape decreased from 90° to 15°, and layer configuration changing from lattice to stagger structure. By assembling those uniform structure as single gradient structures, it is noted that the fluid dynamic characterisation within the scaffold remains the same as the corresponding uniform structures. A complex gradient structure was designed to mimic natural osteochondral tissue by assembly the uniform structures of filament diameter, pore width, pore shape and layer configuration. The results show that the fluid velocity and fluid shear stress within the complex gradient structure distribute gradually increasing and their maximum magnitude were from 1.15 to 3.20 mm/s, and from 12 to 39 mPa, respectively. CFD technique allows the prediction of velocity and fluid shear stress within the designed 3D gradient scaffolds, which would be beneficial for the tissue scaffold development for interfacial tissue engineering in the future.

Focal adhesions contain three specialized actin nanoscale layers

Focal adhesions (FAs) connect inner workings of cell to the extracellular matrix to control cell adhesion, migration and mechanosensing. Previous studies demonstrated that FAs contain three vertical layers, which connect extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. By using super-resolution iPALM microscopy, we identify two additional nanoscale layers within FAs, specified by actin filaments bound to tropomyosin isoforms Tpm1.6 and Tpm3.2. The Tpm1.6-actin filaments, beneath the previously identified α-actinin cross-linked actin filaments, appear critical for adhesion maturation and controlled cell motility, whereas the adjacent Tpm3.2-actin filament layer beneath seems to facilitate adhesion disassembly. Mechanistically, Tpm3.2 stabilizes ACF-7/MACF1 and KANK-family proteins at adhesions, and hence targets microtubule plus-ends to FAs to catalyse their disassembly. Tpm3.2 depletion leads to disorganized microtubule network, abnormally stable FAs, and defects in tail retraction during migration. Thus, FAs are composed of distinct actin filament layers, and each may have specific roles in coupling adhesions to the cytoskeleton, or in controlling adhesion dynamics.

Defect detection in additive manufacturing using image processing techniques

Additive manufacturing (AM) allows to produce parts layer by layer from an STL file. It is then possible through this technology to obtain customized geometries and complex shapes at a lower cost. However, these shapes pose problems of defect control, microstructure, residual stresses, and deformations in parts. This study aims to develop an efficient method allowing defect detection while printing pieces using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The monitoring system contains a camera acquisition system for automatic image capture of filament layers deposited on the print bed. Various monitoring techniques have been simulated to achieve an optimal defect correction solution. Material excess and deficiency are detectable in the layer of actual printed parts. Defects are controlled and compared to original part obtained from Computer Aided Design (CAD). An app-designer application was created in this regard. It displays the image reference generated from the G-code, the layer image captured by the camera, and returns the error percentage in the printed layers. The developed method of surface calculation has shown its efficiency in detecting the lack and excess of material, which has an accuracy of 1.07%. This method allows users to stop and monitor printing to save cost, material, and time.

Reconstitution of the Alzheimer's Disease Tau Core Structure from Recombinant Tau297-391 Yields Variable Quaternary Structures as Seen by Negative Stain and Cryo-EM.

The protein tau misfolds into disease-specific fibrillar structures in more than 20 neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as tauopathies. To understand and prevent disease-specific mechanisms of filament formation, in vitro models for aggregation that robustly yield these different end point structures will be necessary. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to reconstruct fibril polymorphs taken on by residues 297-391 of tau under conditions previously shown to give rise to the core structure found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). While we were able to reconstitute the AD tau core fold, the proportion of these paired helical filaments (PHFs) was highly variable, and a majority of filaments were composed of PHFs with an additional identical C-shaped protofilament attached near the PHF interface, termed triple helical filaments (THFs). Since the impact of filament layer quaternary structure on the biological properties of tau and other amyloid filaments is not known, the applications for samples of this morphology are presently uncertain. We further demonstrate the variation in the proportion of PHFs and PHF-like fibrils compared to other morphologies as a function of shaking time and AD polymorph-favoring cofactor concentration. This variation in polymorph abundance, even under identical experimental conditions, highlights the variation that can arise both within a lab and in different laboratory settings when reconstituting specific fibril polymorphs in vitro.

Triaxial bioprinting large-size vascularized constructs with nutrient channels

Bioprinting has demonstrated great advantages in tissue and organ regeneration. However, constructing large-scale tissue and organs in vitro is still a huge challenge due to the lack of some strategies for loading multiple types of cells precisely while maintaining nutrient channels. Here, a new 3D bioprinting strategy was proposed to construct large-scale vascularized tissue. A mixture of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and sodium alginate (Alg) was used as a bioink, serving as the outer and middle layers of a single filament in the triaxial printing process, and loaded with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, respectively, while a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution was used as the inner layer. The CaCl2 solution crosslinked with the middle layer bioink during the printing process to form and maintain hollow nutrient channels, then a stable large-scale construct was obtained through photopolymerization and ion crosslinking after printing. The feasibility of this strategy was verified by investigating the properties of the bioink and construct, and the biological performance of the vascularized construct. The results showed that a mixture of 5% (w/v) GelMA and 1% (w/v) Alg bioink could be printed at room temperature with good printability and perfusion capacity. Then, the construct with and without channels was fabricated and characterized, and the results revealed that the construct with channels had a similar degradation profile to that without channels, but lower compressive modulus and higher swelling rate. Biological investigation showed that the construct with channels was more favorable for cell survival, proliferation, diffusion, migration, and vascular network formation. In summary, it was demonstrated that constructing large-scale vascularized tissue by triaxial printing that can precisely encapsulate multiple types of cells and form nutrient channels simultaneously was feasible, and this technology could be used to prepare large-scale vascularized constructs.

Analysis and Optimization of Process Parameters Affecting on the Tensile Strength of PLA and Iron-Reinforced PLA Samples Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling Method

This study focuses on investigating the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of PLA and iron-reinforced PLA samples produced using FDM technology. Filament material (PLA and iron-reinforced PLA), infill ratio (20, 40 and 60%), layer thickness (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm), printing speed (40, 60 and 80 mm/s) and raster angle (30, 45 and 60°) were selected as process parameters. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi L18 index. Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio, variance analysis (Anova) and regression analyses were used to statistically analyze the tensile strength values obtained as a result of experimental measurements. The outcomes of this study show that the filament material plays an important role in tensile strength and iron reinforcement to PLA material decreases the tensile strength and increases the % elongation. The maximum tensile strength was measured as 33.55 MPa at 60% infill rate, 0.3 mm layer thickness, 60 mm/s printing speed and 60° raster angle in PLA filament material, which is the optimum process parameters.

Stable and reliable IGZO resistive switching device with HfAlO x interfacial layer

The performance stability of the resistive switching (RS) is vital for a resistive random-access memory device. Here, by inserting a thin HfAlO x layer between the InGaZnO (IGZO) layer and the bottom Pt electrode, the RS performance in amorphous IGZO memory device is significantly improved. Comparing with a typical metal-insulator-metal structure, the device with HfAlO x layer exhibits lower switching voltages, faster switching speeds, lower switching energy and lower power consumption. As well, the uniformity of switching voltage and resistance state is also improved. Furthermore, the device with HfAlO x layer exhibits long retention time (>104 s at 85 °C) , high on/off ratio and more than 103 cycles of endurance at atmospheric environment. Those substantial improvements in IGZO memory device are attributed to the interface effects with a HfAlO x insertion layer. With such layer, the formation and rupture locations of Ag conductive filaments are better regulated and confined, thus an improved performance stability.

Improving interlayer bond in 3D printed concrete through induced thermo-hydrokinetics

For 3D printable concrete, lack of interlayer adhesion (IA) is an important consideration. This paper presents an experimental study to investigate a novel method to mitigate lack of IA by enhancing the interlayer bond strength through induced thermo-hydrokinetics. Thermo-hydrokinetics in this study describe the motions of heated fluids and/or the forces which produce or affect such motions. Thermo-hydrokinetics were induced by steaming the interlayer region of a substrate right before placement of a fresh filament layer. The method is applied at 3 different pass times; typical pass time for the arbitrarily selected object for printing, 5 min, and 10 min. A control for each pass time, on which thermo-hydrokinetics were not induced is also obtained. Direct tensile tests are performed to quantify the interlayer bond strength (IBS) of printed specimens. The experimental results show that inducing thermo-hydrokinetics in the interlayer region, even with increasing pass times, is beneficial for the tensile performance of the printed specimen. Steamed tensile specimens showed superior mechanical performance, achieving a 28-day overall mean IBS value of 2.8 MPa, which was a 78 % increase from that of non-steamed tensile specimens. The strength development of the specimens was also quantified, and it was shown that the rate of strength development for the steamed regime specimens was greater than that of the non-steamed regime. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope images provided information into the material in the interlayer region, illustrating that induced thermo-hydrokinetics altered the material in the interlayer region.

Continuous and highly accurate multi-material extrusion-based bioprinting with optical coherence tomography imaging.

Extrusion-based bioprinting is a widely used approach to construct artificial organs or tissues in the medical fields due to its easy operation and good ability to combine multimaterial. Nevertheless, the current technology is limited to some printing errors when combining multi-material printing, including mismatch between printing filaments of different materials and error deposited materials (e.g., under-extrusion and overextrusion). These errors will affect the function of the printed structure (e.g., mechanical and biological properties), and the traditional manual correction methods are inefficient in time and material, so an automatic procedure is needed to improve multimaterial printing accuracy and efficiency. However, to the best of our knowledge, very few automated procedure can achieve the registration between printing filaments of different materials. Herein, we utilized optical coherence tomography (OCT) to monitor printing process and presented a multi-material static model and a time-related control model in extrusion-based multi-material bioprinting. Specifically, the multi-material static model revealed the relationship between printed filament metrics (filament size and layer thickness) and printing parameters (printing speeds or pressures) with different materials, which enables the registration of printing filaments by rapid selection of printing parameters for the materials, while time-related control model could correct control parameters of nozzles to reduce the material deposition error at connection point between nozzles in a short time. According to the experimental results of singlelayer scaffold and multi-layer scaffold, material deposition error is eliminated, and the same layer thickness between different materials of the same layer is achieved, which proves the accuracy and practicability of these models. The proposed models could achieve improved precision of printed structure and printing efficiency.

Multi-scale modeling and simulation of additive manufacturing based on fused deposition technique

The issue of multi-scale modeling of the filament-based material extrusion has received considerable critical attention for three-dimensional (3D) printing, which involves complex physicochemical phase transitions and thermodynamic behavior. The lack of a multi-scale theoretical model poses significant challenges for prediction in 3D printing processes driven by the rapidly evolving temperature field, including the nonuniformity of tracks, the spheroidization effect of materials, and inter-track voids. Few studies have systematically investigated the mapping relationship and established the numerical modeling between the physical environment and the virtual environment. In this paper, we develop a multi-scale system to describe the fused deposition process in the 3D printing process, which is coupled with the conductive heat transfer model and the dendritic solidification model. The simulation requires a computational framework with high performance because of the cumulative effect of heat transfer between different filament layers. The proposed system is capable of simulating the material state with the proper parameter at the macro- and micro-scale and is directly used to capture multiple physical phenomena. The main contribution of this paper is that we have established a totally integrated simulation system by considering multi-scale and multi-physical properties. We carry out several numerical tests to verify the robustness and efficiency of the proposed model.

Evaluating the Stability of PLA-Lignin Filament Produced by Bench-Top Extruder for Sustainable 3D Printing.

As additive manufacturing continues to evolve, there is ongoing discussion about ways to improve the layer-by-layer printing process and increase the mechanical strength of printed objects compared to those produced by traditional techniques such as injection molding. To achieve this, researchers are exploring ways of enhancing the interaction between the matrix and filler by introducing lignin in the 3D printing filament processing. In this work, research has been conducted on using biodegradable fillers of organosolv lignin, as a reinforcement for the filament layers in order to enhance interlayer adhesion by using a bench-top filament extruder. Briefly, it was found that organosolv lignin fillers have the potential to improve the properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. By incorporating different formulations of lignin with PLA, it was found that using 3 to 5% lignin in the filament leads to an improvement in the Young's modulus and interlayer adhesion in 3D printing. However, an increment of up to 10% also results in a decrease in the composite tensile strength due to the lack of bonding between the lignin and PLA and the limited mixing capability of the small extruder.

FDM YÖNTEMİYLE ÜRETİLEN ABS, PLA VE PETG NUMUNELERİN YÜZEY PÜRÜZLÜLÜĞÜ VE ÇEKME DAYANIMININ MODELLENMESİ VE OPTİMİZASYONU

Bu çalışma, Eriyik Yığma Modelleme (FDM) teknolojisi kullanılarak üretilen numunelerin yüzey kalitesi ve çekme dayanımı üzerinde ABS, PLA ve PETG filamentlerin ve baskı parametrelerinin etkisini incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, Taguchi L27 dizinine göre baskı deney tasarımı yapılmıştır. Filament malzemesi, dolum oranı, katman kalınlığı, doldurma hızı ve tarama açısı baskı parametreleri iken, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve çekme mukavemeti de baskı kalitesi göstergeleridir. Ayrıca, deneysel ölçümler sonucu elde edilen yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve çekme dayanımı değerlerini matematiksel olarak modellemek için regresyon analizi de uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları filament malzemesinin yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve çekme dayanımı üzerinde önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. ABS ve PETG filamentlere göre PLA filament de yüzey pürüzlülüğünün sırasıyla ortalama %7,23ve %54,19 oranında daha az olduğu ve ayrıca, diğer filamentlere göre PLA filament de çekme dayanımın sırasıyla ortalama %46,46 ve %34,12 oranında daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Application of the core shell model for strengthening polymer filament interfaces

While surface segregation has been intensively studied in thin films, relatively little has been investigated in filament geometries. In contrast to thin films, the filament surface forms a continuum, with interactions both at the free air and internal filament interface, which makes it difficult to achieve an equilibrium configuration. This asymmetry has become particularly apparent with the increasing use of additive manufacturing where entire structures are constructed via layered deposition of filamentous layers from a moving thermal nozzle. In addition, this process is highly non-equilibrated with poor thermal retention and is responsible for insufficient filament–filament interfacial fusion and internal pore formation along the printing direction. These features all contribute to poor mechanical and structural properties, which are exacerbated in semi-crystalline polymers, such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), where the melting point, Tm, is much higher than the glass transition, Tg. Even though system is liquid the molecules become ordered within the crystal structure and this ordering interferes with interdiffusion, which in turn prevents proper interfacial fusion. Capitalizing on the differential in surface tension, we show that addition of less than 1%, or trace amounts, of longer chain polymers, an oriented core shell structure, will be formed with a self-limiting thickness of three time the radius of gyration, Rg, of the tracer chains. The lower Tg of the tracers and their orientation makes them poised for interdiffusion when subsequent layers are deposited producing structures with significant improvement of the mechanical properties and internal structural integrity.

In situ defect detection and feedback control with three-dimensional extrusion-based bioprinter-associated optical coherence tomography.

Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of the most common methods used for tissue fabrication and is the most widely used additive manufacturing technique in all industries. In extrusion-based bioprinting, printing defects related to material deposition errors lead to a significant deviation from shape to function between the printed construct and design model. Using 3D extrusion-based bioprinter-associated optical coherence tomography (3D P-OCT), an in situ defect detection and feedback system was presented based on the accurate defect analysis and location, and a pre-built feedback mechanism. Using 3D P-OCT, multi-parameter quantification of the material deposition was carried out in real time, including the filament size, layer thickness, and layer fidelity. The material deposition errors under different paths were quantified and located specifically, including the start-stop points, straight-line path, and turnarounds. The pre-built feedback mechanism involving the control inputs, such as printing path, pressure, and velocity, provided the basis for in situ defect detection and real-time feedback control. In particular, the second printing repair can be performed after the broken filament defect is detected and located. After printing, fidelity can be quantitatively analyzed based on the point cloud registration between the 3D P-OCT result and the design model. In conclusion, 3D P-OCT enables in situ defect detection and feedback control, broken filament repair, and 3D fidelity analysis to achieve high-fidelity printing from shape to function.

Numerical Investigation of Regime Transition in Canopy Flows

We have carried out highly resolved simulations of turbulent open channel flows. The channel wall is covered with different filamentous layers sharing the same thickness (h=0.1H, where H is the open channel height) and bulk Reynolds number (i.e., Re_b=U_bH/nu , , U_b is the bulk velocity and nu the kinematic fluid viscosity). The layers are composed of rigid, slender cylindrical filaments mounted perpendicular to the bottom wall. We have selected two layer configurations characterised by filament spacing ratios of Delta S/H=pi /24simeq 0.13 and Delta S/H=pi /32simeq 0.098. The geometrical features of the two layers, allow to classify them as transitional canopies (lambda =dh/Delta S^2simeq 0.15, where d is the filament diameter, i.e. dh is the filament frontal area) (Monti et al. 2020), which is defined as the separation between the sparse-dense asymptotic regimes, proposed by Nepf (2012). While the physical characterisation of the two asymptotic regimes is fairly understood, the transitional conditions remain an open question since the physical characteristics unique to the sparse and dense scenarios coexist in the transitional regime. By resolving every single filament with the aid of an immersed boundary technique in the framework of a Large Eddy formulation, we report the physical mechanisms that emerge at the onset of different regimes (chosen values of lambda fall on the verge between a dense and a sparse condition) and verify the criterion associated with the inception of the transition regime.

An analytical method to design annular microfilaments with uniform temperature

Due to their complex electro-thermal characteristics microhotplates used in environmental gas sensors require careful design to exhibit uniform temperature and low power dissipation during the expected long time operation. The layout design becomes more complex if the multiple operational parameters required by the battery operation and the driver and readout logic are considered. In this paper, we describe a simple analytical filament design procedure to determine the dimensions of the annular metal filament exhibiting uniform surface temperature without additional heat distribution layer. The presented method operates with the cumulative thermal losses towards the ambient and heat conduction via the membrane. Moreover, it handles the operation requirements like the targeted temperature in the atmospheric environment, supply voltage range, current density, filament layer thickness and its coverage ratio. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by electrical and thermal characterisation of the manufactured devices having 150 µm diameter active area. The microheater achieves the targeted 500 °C operation temperature with 1.4–1.55 V supply. The temperature non-uniformity along the filament was measured by Spectral pyrometry and was found to decrease from ± 3.5% to ± 1% when the temperature was raised from 530 to 830 °C.

Experimental investigation of two-side heat transfer in spacer-filled channels representative of membrane distillation

Heat transfer in spacer-filled plane channels was investigated by using thermochromic liquid crystals and digital image processing. A novel test section allowed the establishment of two-side cooling, closely representative of the conditions existing in real plane or spiral-wound membrane distillation (MD) modules. Several spacer configurations were investigated, differing in design (overlapped or woven filaments), pitch-to-height ratio and orientation with respect to the main flow direction. The Reynolds number Re ranged from 160 to 2500, as is typical in MD. At all flow rates investigated, symmetric two-side cooling provided significantly higher (25–35%) local and mean heat transfer coefficients hh than one-side cooling. The mean heat transfer coefficient increased when the pitch-to-height ratio increased from 2 to 4, and was much higher for woven than for overlapped spacers. Overlapped spacers with a flow attack angle ϕ of 0°-90° with respect to the two layers of spacer filaments exhibited significantly different distributions and mean values of hh on the two sides, the larger values occurring where the flow was orthogonal to the filaments. In all cases, the dependence of hh on Re could not be described by a simple power law.

Properties of Samples from Polymer Materials Manufactured by the Additive Method

A promising direction in industry and construction is the replacement of cast products made of metal, polymer and composite materials for products made by additive methods using FDM technologies. This stimulates the development of research work towards improving the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of such products. The paper studies the problems arising in the process of using the FDM technology for the industrial production of products. It has been established that it is necessary to solve the problem of heterogeneity of the structure of products, to study the mechanisms of formation of cracks and pores, as well as their influence on the strength characteristics of products and their ability to sustain strength characteristics under dynamic and temperature effects in real operating conditions. The ways of solving the problem of using FDM technology in industry and construction, associated with low physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of polymer products, are shown. Using optical microscopy, it was revealed that the optimal modes of FDM printing are near temperatures of 250°C with a filament layer thickness of 0.2 mm. The specified printing parameters allow the formation of homogeneous parts from a material with minor defects and gaps. Printing parameters are determined based on the initial properties of the materials used, specified by different filament manufacturers, as well as the characteristics and settings of 3D printers. The results obtained ensure the production of 3D-printed parts with the highest possible strength, comparable to the strength of homogeneous samples produced by the traditional casting method.

Flexible and High-Precision Integration of Inserts by Combining Subtractive and Non-Planar Additive Manufacturing of Polymers

Additive manufacturing of polymers offers great potential for the production of complex structures. In particular, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) processes can be used to create functionally integrated components, in addition to easy handling, tool-free production and large material options. By combining a FFF system with a robot, inserts of different types can be integrated automatically during the printing process [1]. The low dimensional accuracy of FFF induces great difficulties during the insertion operation. Furthermore, with FFF, a planar layer structure leads to a stair-step effect when overprinting inserts with curved outer contours and reduces the adhesion to the insert. Further, the adhesion of FFF-filaments to the insert depends on the surface treatment of the insert [1]. A FFF system was combined with a robot [2] and has now been expanded to include a subtractive finishing unit and an inline process control based on a machine vision system, which enables the dimensional accuracy of the FFF components to be checked during the printing process. To be able to produce functionally integrated components, a flexible control architecture is being developed that enables the execution of additive and subtractive process steps. Optimal integration of inserts with complex geometries is facilitated by using non-planar layers in the FFF path planning. For this purpose, the filament layers of the FFF components follow the tilted or curved contours of the inserts. The modified process is demonstrated by manufacturing an integrated stator for an electric motor. A system for an additive-subtractive process for the integration of functional inserts was developed. In addition, a concept for the implementation of an improved connection of the inserts through non-planar FFF layers was created. First steps for the integration of the various system-modules and optical analysis of the dimensional accuracy and the development of a printing strategy for non-planar overprinting of the inserts have been realized.