Layer Assembly Research Articles

Remodeling of Cellular Surfaces via Fast Disulfide-Thiol Exchange To Regulate Cell Behaviors.

Remodeling of cellular surfaces is shown highly effective in the manipulation and control of cell behaviors via nonbiological means. By 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate-mediated, fast, and reversible disulfide-thiol exchange, a sequential layer by layer assembly process was developed to grow albumin protein shells on cellular surfaces fixed by a disulfide-linked network, in a cytocompatible manner. The artificial shells, accomplished by a double-assembly process, were sustainable up to >1 day, and thereafter gradually bioabsorbed with unaffected cell viability. The surface engineering process enabled dynamic remodeling of cellular surfaces that effectively controlled cell behaviors including regulated cell proliferation, enhanced uptake efficiency of dextran-fluorescein isothiocyanate that is known for cell-impermeability, and targeted imaging. This unique approach was well-validated on tumor cells (B16), immune cells (DC2.4), and neutrophils, showing its potential universality for most of the cells that are rich in thiols. The new strategy will show promise in cell manipulation and targeted imaging.

Evaluation of residual stresses during brazing of Al2O3‐ZrO2 to cemented tungsten carbide

AbstractIn the context of the assembly of a cutting tool for wood machining, this article proposes to evaluate the residual stress in a ceramic plate (Al2O3‐ZrO2) induced by a brazing step with a cemented tungsten carbide (WC‐Co) through a brazing filler (Ag‐Cu‐Ti). The residual stresses were evaluated using neutron and X‐ray diffraction method. Moreover, a mathematical model was used in the case of a three layer assembly, which is based on mechanical properties such as: the thermal coefficient, the Young's modulus, the Poisson's ratio and the thickness of each layer. The observation of the chemical mapping of the brazing filler before and after the assembly, using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), showed the chemical migration of the titanium to the ceramic oxide and the tungsten carbide. It was estimated that the brazed assembly is under a flexural stress, with a maximum in a compressive stress area near the brazing joint which reaches 85.6 MPa. This stress value reaches 12% of the bending strength allowed by the ceramic (716 MPa). The discussion proposes to highlight the limits of each method. The mathematical model has however shown good accuracy to give a first estimated residual stress in the ceramic plate.

Enhanced immobilization of Prussian blue through hydrogel formation by polymerization of acrylic acid for radioactive cesium adsorption

In this study, a hydrogel impregnated with powder activated carbon (PAC), MAA-PAC, was synthesized through the polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and PB was immobilized using the carboxyl group of AA. In this process, an adsorbent with an enhancement of PB content and stability of immobilization was developed through the additional supply of Fe3+ ions by the layer by layer (LBL) assembly. XRD, FT-IR, SEM (EDS), TEM (EDS, mapping), and TG analyzes of the LBL and non-LBL groups were performed to confirm the change of PB content in the adsorbent as the LBL assembly was applied. The stability of PB immobilization was confirmed during the washing process after the synthesis of the adsorbent. When the LBL assembly process was applied as a PB immobilization strategy, the PB content in the adsorbent was improved and PB leakage was not observed during the washing process. The maximum adsorption (qm) for cesium in the MAA-PAC-PB LBL group that showed high PB content was 40.03 mg/g, and the adsorption isotherm was more suitable for the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. The LBL group showed a high removal efficiency of 99.81% and a high DF value (525.88) for radioactive cesium (120 Bq/g). These results demonstrate the potential efficiency of the MAA-PAC-PB LBL group for the decontamination of radioactive cesium-contaminated water systems. Furthermore, it was verified that the LBL group of MAA-PAC-PB could be used as an adsorbent without an additional design of the existing water treatment facility. This can an economical decontamination method for removing radioactive cesium.

Hierarchical assembly of polystyrene/graphitic carbon nitride/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites toward high fire safety

Developing polymer nanocomposites with high thermal stability and excellent flame retardant performances at low loadings still remains a great challenge. Here, we constructed multilayered polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites consisting of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NSs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using the layer by layer assembly technique. Microstructure analysis demonstrated the successfully alternative assembly of g-C3N4 NSs and RGO onto PS spheres through electrostatic interaction. The ternary PS nanocomposites showed the highest thermal stability. For instance, the temperature at maximum decomposition rate and the residual yield were increased by 15 °C and 5.89 wt%, respectively for PS nanocomposite with one number of g-C3N4/RGO bilayers (PS/CG1). Furthermore, the PS/CG1 exhibited dramatically lowest release of total pyrolysis gaseous products and the peak of heat release rate, indicative of the highest fire safety. Fire safety enhancement was attributed to the formation of compact network barriers that retarded the heat and mass transfer between combustion zone and underlying PS matrix.

Long-term anticoagulation and selective cells adhesion surface via combination of covalent grafting and layer by layer assembly

Surface modification by long-term active component is essential for biocompatible polymers-based vascular grafts to prevent thrombus formation and reduce intimal hyperplasia. In this study, a simple approach was developed to immobilize bioactive heparin to the surface of ε-polycaprolactone (PCL) grafts through a two-step strategy combining covalent grafting and layer by layer assembly of polyelectrolytes. The performance of heparinized PCL was evaluated in vitro, including the release behavior of heparin, anticoagulation and different types of cells adhesion characteristic. A sustained-release of heparin was achieved by this immobilization strategy. Surface remaining heparin was up to 1.10 μg cm−2 on the modified PCL after release in vitro for 30 d. Specifically, the heparinized PCL has the long-term ability to prevent adhesion of blood cells and thrombus formation, and significantly inhibit the adhesion of smooth muscle cells. The two-step strategy provides a simple and general route to incorporate heparin on PCL graft surface. The surface heparinized PCL demonstrated in this work can be a useful material platform for biodegradable vascular stent graft.

Nontransient silk sandwich for soft, conformal bionic links

• Soft flexible bionic links on nontransient hydrated silk fibroin films are reported. • Silk links conform to the challenging wet slimy surfaces of the biological milieu. • First of its kind development of silk links for the peripheral nerves and the cortex. • Silk links validated through neural recording experiments in an anesthetized rodent model. • Silk bionic links can enable nontransient silk bioelectronics for in vivo use. Soft biointerfaces that maintain intimate contact with the smooth but curved tissue and organ surfaces are critical for providing reliable readouts of in vivo electrical activity. In contrast to conventional biodegradable class of silk scaffolds, we report for the first time, nontransient, or sustainable and implantable silk fibroin bionic interfaces for direct electrical recording of a variety of biopotentials such as neural activity from the peripheral nerves and the cortex. This new class of soft and flexible interfaces are enabled by a silk fibroin-based strategy that relies on substrates and superstrates of nontransient water-stable silk for supporting the electrode constructs. We present SILK-SEAL that involves soft assembly of thin silk layers resulting in a silk sandwich, and QUICK-SILK, an elastomer-silk bandage backing enabling fully functional silk electrode sensors that can be securely deployed in vivo . The resulting novel thin film devices achieve biopotential recording from the peripheral nerve and the cortex in a rodent model, thanks to the thin form factor of the silk film appliqués that enable conformal lamination on the target tissue surfaces, and the adhesive elastomer-silk backing, a suture-free approach that assists in pasting and securing the arrays in place. The neural recording experiments demonstrate a novel mode of use for the silk sensors as non-dissolvable biointerfaces, providing evidence for their application in preclinical research studies. The silk interfaces reported here, serve as the first significant leap towards non-dissolvable silk bioelectronics for in vivo use.

The thermal degradation property and flame-retardant mechanism of coated knitted cotton fabric with chitosan and APP by LBL assembly

In order to improve the flame retardancy of knitted cotton fabrics and investigate the flame-retardant mechanism of the system formed by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and chitosan (CS), flame-retardant knitted cotton fabrics coated with APP and CS were successfully prepared by layer by layer assembly. APP and CS formed the intumescent flame-retardant system, in which CS acted as the carbon source agent and APP acted as both the acid source and foaming agent. The surface micromorphologies before and after flaming of coated knitted cotton fabrics were exploited by scanning electron microscopy. The flammability, combustion behaviors, thermal degradation properties and flame-retardant mechanism of this system were investigated by vertical burning test, cone calorimetry test and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis in N2 atmosphere, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the deposition of APP and CS endowed the knitted cotton fabrics with improved flame retardancy, higher residual chars, lower heat release rate and total heat release, while increased the smoke production. Improved flame-retardant behaviors are attributed to the thermally stable residual chars, more release of inflammable gases and potential free radical scavengers (PO·) in the gaseous products, named the combination of the condensed-phase and gaseous-phase flame-retardant mechanism.

Optimization and Structural Stability of Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody Bioconjugates.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) bound with biomolecules have emerged as suitable biosensors exploiting unique surface chemistries and optical properties. Many efforts have focused on antibody bioconjugation to AuNPs resulting in a sensitive bioconjugate to detect specific types of bacteria. Unfortunately, bacteria thrive under various harsh environments, and an understanding of bioconjugate stability is needed. Here, we show a method for optimizing Listeria monocytogenes polyclonal antibodies bioconjugation mechanisms to AuNPs via covalent binding at different pH values, from 2 to 11, and 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, NaOH, HCl conditions. By fitting Lorentz curves to the amide I and II regions, we analyze the stability of the antibody secondary structure. This shows an increase in the apparent breakdown of the antibody secondary structure during bioconjugation as pH decreases from 7.9 to 2. We find variable adsorption efficiency, measured as the percentage of antibody adsorbed to the AuNP surface, from 17 to 27% as pH increases from 2 to 6 before decreasing to 8 and 13% at pH 7.9 and 11, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals discrepancies between size and morphological changes due to the corona layer assembly from antibody binding to single nanoparticles versus aggregation or cluster self-assembly into large aggregates. The corona layer formation size increases from 3.9 to 5.1 nm from pH 2 to 6, at pH 7.9, there is incomplete corona formation, whereas at pH 11, there is a corona layer formed of 6.4 nm. These results indicate that the covalent binding process was more efficient at lower pH values; however, aggregation and deactivation of the antibodies were observed. We demonstrate that optimum bioconjugation condition was determined at pH 6 and MES buffer-type by indicators of covalent bonding and stability of the antibody secondary structure using Fourier transform-infrared, the morphological characteristics and corona layer formation using TEM, and low wavelength shifts of ultraviolet–visible after bioconjugation.

Designing an All-Carbon Membrane for Water Desalination

We design an all-carbon membrane for the filtration and desalination of water. A unique layered assembly of carbon nanostructures including graphite oxide (GO), buckypaper consisting of carbon nanotubes, and a strong carbon fabric provides high mechanical strength and thermal stability, resilience to harsh chemical cleaning agents and electrical conductivity, thus addressing major shortcomings of commercial reverse osmosis membranes. We use ab initio density functional theory calculations to obtain atomic-level insight into the permeation of water molecules in-between GO layers and across in-layer vacancy defects. Our calculations elucidate the reason for selective rejection of solvated Na$^+$ ions in an optimized GO membrane that is structurally stabilized in a sandwich arrangement in-between layers of buckypaper, which are protected on both sides by strong carbon fabric layers.

Terahertz to Mid-infrared Dielectric Properties of Polymethacrylates for Stereolithographic Single Layer Assembly

The fabrication of terahertz (THz) optics with arbitrary shapes via poly-methacrylate-based stereolithography is very attractive as it may offer a rapid, low-cost avenue towards optimized THz imaging applications. In order to design such THz optical components appropriately, accurate knowledge of the complex dielectric function of the materials used for stereolithographic fabrication is crucial. In this paper we report on the complex dielectric functions of several polymethacrylates frequently used for stereolithographic fabrication. Spectroscopic ellipsometry data sets from the THz to mid-infrared spectral range were obtained from isotropically cross-linked polymethacrylate samples. The data sets were analyzed using stratified layer optical model calculations with parameterized model dielectric functions. While the infrared spectral range is dominated by a number of strong absorption features with Gaussian profiles, these materials are found to exhibit only weak absorption in the THz frequency range. In conclusion, we find that thin transmissive THz optics can be efficiently fabricated using polymethacrylate-based stereolithographic fabrication.

Moisture Buffering of Multilayer Internal Wall Assemblies at the Micro Scale: Experimental Study and Numerical Modelling

In this paper, a series of experiments assessing the moisture buffer value (MBV) of four internal wall assembly samples made from hygroscopic materials was performed. A modified Nordtest protocol was used. Moisture buffer values of all the investigated wall assemblies, with varying moisture loads in the range of 50% to 80%, showed a moderate moisture buffer value (MBV: 0.5–1.0 (g·m−2·%RH−1)). The results showed that in a wall assembly where the MBV of the whole assembly is lower than the MBV of the outer layers, the moisture-buffering capacity of the inner layer is untapped. Outer layers affect inner layers by changing their moisture-buffering capacity, which in turn changes the overall performance of the whole assembly. In addition, it was observed that if the penetration depth value of the outer layer is greater than its thickness, vapour reaches into the deeper layer and wall assemblies made of layers with materials characterized by a lower value of penetration depth reach steady state more slowly. The WUFI Pro tool was used to compare the simulated and experimental results. Despite the discrepancies between these results, it offers a simplified method, helping designers make decisions about which materials to choose to improve the moisture-buffering effect.

Effect of surface charge and roughness on ultrafiltration membranes performance and polyelectrolyte nanofiltration layer assembly

In this study, negatively charged Polyethersulfone (PES)/Polyimide (PI) ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated in order to enhance membrane performance. Moreover, the surface properties such as surface charge and roughness were studied as essential properties which can enhance Polyethyleneimine (PEI) nanofiltration layer assembly. Due to the possibility and observation of phase segregation, for the first time, PES/PI blend was investigated and approved both thermodynamically and experimentally via DSC and FESEM analysis. Highly charged surface of fabricated ultrafiltration (UF) blend membranes were able to reject BSA more than 95% due to smaller pores, surface roughness, and electrostatic forces according to the AFM and zeta potential analyses. Fouling parameters depicted lower fouling with increasing the PI content. Further investigations provided evidence that the presence of PI greatly affected membrane morphology, phase separation behavior, and pore size distribution. According to zeta potential and AFM analysis, the presence of negative charge along with increased roughness of blend membrane surface drastically enhanced the formation of positively charged hyperbranched polyethyleneimine NF layer. As seen in FESEM images, using the blend membranes as substrate enhanced the NF layer assembly by increasing the interfacial affinity resulting in more efficient layer assembly of the NF layer. The NF membranes exhibited high flux (52 LMH/bar) at low pressure (2 bar) in salt removal filtration tests along with increased performance in salts rejection in order of MgSO4 (72%) >MgCl2 (62%) ≥NaCl (61.4%).

Dynamic Self-Assembly of Polyelectrolyte Composite Nanomaterial Film.

The aim of this study is not only to investigate the feasibility of using PAH (polyallylamine hydrochloride) and PSS (poly styrene-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt) to prepare a film via a layer by layer self-assembly process entrained with silver nanoparticles, but also to show that the silver nanoparticles crystalline structure can be defined and deposited on the surface of the substrate in the desired alignment structure and manner, which is of great help to research on the LBL method in the cellulose field. The effect of outermost layer variation, assembly layers, and composition of multilayers on the formation of the LBL structure on a nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) substrate was investigated. The deposition of PAH and PSS was monitored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The morphology of the LBL film layers was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Furthermore, thermal degradation properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and physical properties of multilayer films were tested by a universal mechanical tester. The results reveal that PAH and PSS can be readily deposited on a NFC/PVA substrate by using LBL methodology to prepare self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer films. The surface morphology of the LBL composite changed from negative to positive charged depending on the final LBL treatment. Also, according to SEM and AFM analysis, silver nanoparticles were well dispersed in the (PAH/PSS) film, which significantly improved the thermal stability of the composite films.

A Parallel Multiple Layer Cryolithography Device for the Manufacture of Biological Material for Tissue Engineering

While three-dimensional (3D) printing of biological matter is of increasing interest, current linear 3D printing processes lack the efficiency at scale required to mass manufacture products made of biological matter. This paper introduces a device for a newly developed parallel additive manufacturing technology for production of 3D objects, which addresses the need for faster, industrial scale additive manufacturing methods. The technology uses multilayer cryolithography (MLCL) to make biological products faster and in larger quantities by simultaneously printing two-dimensional (2D) layers in parallel and assembling the layers into a 3D structure at an assembly site, instead of sequentially and linearly assembling a 3D object from individual elements as in conventional 3D printing. The technique uses freezing to bind the 2D layers together into a 3D object. This paper describes the basic principles of MLCL and demonstrates the technology with a new device used to manufacture a very simple product that could be used for tissue engineering, as an example. An evaluation of the interlayer bonding shows that a continuous and coherent structure can be made from the assembly of distinct layers using MLCL.

Quasi-static and fatigue bending behavior of a continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic/metal laminate

Thermoplastic hybrid laminates are a novel class of material compounds that offer the possibility for large-scale production routes. The laminates consist of an assembly of fiber-reinforced semi-finished layers and metallic sheets in an alternating arrangement. Through the targeted combination of the individual sub-components, a high performing lightweight material with tailor-made properties is achieved.The paper focuses on an advanced thermoplastic hybrid laminate of the CAPAAL type, which is made up of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide sheets, aluminum top sheets and with continuous glass fiber-reinforced polyamide interlayers in between. The mechanical performance under quasi-static and 3-point bending fatigue, the corresponding damage as well as failure mechanisms are investigated.Under quasi-static bending, a comparatively high stiffness (52 GPa) and strength (645 MPa) in comparison to the commercially established thermosetting hybrid laminates were achieved while even at high strains no interfacial delamination was observed. The bending fatigue tests show that pure elastic loading of the laminate is below the fatigue limit and the laminate withstands one million load cycles without any measurable damages in the individual sub-components. Higher loads are leading to crack propagation inside the aluminum top sheet, whereas only the highest loads applied induced additional damage occurrence inside the thermoplastic matrix.For the first time, investigations on the mechanical performance of a CAPAAL type hybrid laminate under fatigue bending loads are presented. Hereby, in combination with the fast manufacturability of the laminate as a semi-finished product and its subsequent high formability, the suitability for e.g. automotive applications is demonstrated.

Preparation of 3D assembly of mono layered molybdenum disulfide nanotubules for rapid screening of carbamate pesticide diethofencarb

The present work reports development of advanced nanosensor platform based on hierarchical 3D nanotubes assembled from MoS2 mono layers (3D MoS2NTs) for rapid and selective screening of well known carbamate fungicide, diethofencarb. The assembly of ultrathin MoS2 layers possessed mesopores and large specific surface area which enabled its potential implementation in electrode fabrication. Preparation of 3D MoS2NTs helped to avoid restacking and aggregation during its utilization as sensor material and manifested great sensing abilities towards electro-oxidation of diethofencarb. The LOD and LOQ for diethofencarb at 3D MoS2NTs/GCE were calculated as 0.32 ng μL−1 and 1.09 ng μL−1 in the concentration range of 1–55 ng μL−1 by square wave voltammetry (SWV) and further 0.63 ng μL−1 and 2.11 ng μL−1 in the concentration range of 1–35 ng μL−1 by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The developed 3D MoS2NTs nanosensor was successfully used to quantify diethofencarb in river water sample with satisfied recovery of 94.23%–105.46% justifying its analytical utility in pesticide screening. The study drives immense motivation towards sensing of hazardous pesticides using nanomaterials based advanced sensing devices for environmental monitoring.

Effect of dual stimuli responsive dextran/nanocellulose polyelectrolyte complexes for chemophotothermal synergistic cancer therapy

Dual stimuli responsive polyelectrolyte nanoparticles have been developed for chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy of colon cancer cells. This novel system is formed by layer by layer (LbL) assembly, which is composed of aminated nanodextran (AND) and carboxylated nanocellulose (CNC) deposited on the surface of chemically modified graphene oxide (MGO). The alternate layers of cationic AND and anionic CNC interact with MGO through electrostatic interaction and forms MGO-AND/CNC nanocomposite. The MGO-AND/CNC exploited for the encapsulation of anticancer drug curcumin (CUR) by π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions. Various concentrations of MGO and AND/CNC were examined and the optimal hydrodynamic size of the particle was found to have 158.0 nm, zeta potential of −45.9 ± 6.9 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 86.4 ± 4.7%. The resulting nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Drug release assay indicates that the LbL MGO-AND/CNC releases much faster in an acidic environment than intestinal pH. A cytotoxicity assay was conducted to prove the efficacy of drug loaded MGO-AND/CNC to destroy HCT116 cells in response to near-infrared (NIR) laser emission. Study results suggest the novel dual-sensitive nanoparticles allow intracellular curcumin delivery and respond to either acidic environments or NIR excitation.

Layer by Layer Assembly of Zinc Oxide Nanotubes and Nanoflowers as Catalyst for Separate and Simultaneous Catalytic Degradation of Dyes and Fuel Additive

AbstractZinc oxide nanotubes and nanoflowers are synthesized using urea as template through hydrothermal technique. XRD confirmed that product is consists of zinc and oxygen atoms forming a hexagonal crystal system with ZnO chemical formula. SEM showed that tubes and flower like particles are formed. ATR‐IR confirmed the presence of Zn−O bond as a functional group. UV‐VIS spectroscopic analysis exhibits that product has a band gap energy of 3.49 eV. Synthesized product due to its outstanding properties such as wide band gap semiconductor and large surface area to volume ratio is used as a catalyst for individual and simultaneous catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes. The apparent rate constant (kapp) value of individual and simultaneous catalytic degradation of CR dye is decreased with increase in catalyst dosage while kapp value of individual and simultaneous catalytic degradation of MB dye is increased with increase in catalyst dosage. The synthesized product is found more active towards CR dye as compared to MB dye. Small size and high surface area to volume ratio of product also make it a desirable additive for enhancing the efficiency of diesel fuel. Results obtained from fuel additive activity show that as the concentration of nanoadditive is increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm the calorific value is increased which indicates the enhanced efficiency of fuel due to additive.

Cylindrical Layered Bone Scaffolds with Anisotropic Mechanical Properties as Potential Drug Delivery Systems.

3D cylindrical layered scaffolds with anisotropic mechanical properties were prepared according to a new and simple method, which involves gelatin foaming, deposition of foamed strips, in situ crosslinking, strip rolling and lyophilization. Different genipin concentrations were tested in order to obtain strips with different crosslinking degrees and a tunable stability in biological environment. Before lyophilization, the strips were curled in a concentric structure to generate anisotropic spiral-cylindrical scaffolds. The scaffolds displayed significantly higher values of stress at break and of the Young modulus in compression along the longitudinal than the transverse direction. Further improvement of the mechanical properties was achieved by adding strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) to the scaffold composition and by increasing genipin concentration. Moreover, composition modulated also water uptake ability and degradation behavior. The scaffolds showed a sustained strontium release, suggesting possible applications for the local treatment of abnormally high bone resorption. This study demonstrates that assembly of layers of different composition can be used as a tool to obtain scaffolds with modulated properties, which can be loaded with drugs or biologically active molecules providing properties tailored upon the needs.

A DECISIVE OVERVIEW ON THREE DIMENSIONAL PRINTING IN PHARMACEUTICALS

With the rapid pace of development in the pharmaceutical industries the researchers are equally contributing in developing the latest technology for their growth. The computer aided design and manufacturing that provides 3 dimensional (3D) printed dosage forms which the new step is being that to be taken into a consideration. With the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval to first 3D printed tablet in August 2015, Spritam®, since the 3D printing has become a novel method for the design of drug delivery system. It has the capability of dispensing the drug more accurately, precisely and layer by layer assembly which helps in forming complex composition and geometries. It enables the preparation of personalised dosage form and tailored release profiles. Therefore, it can be seen as a future of solid dosage forms produced on demand, with customised dose and in lower cost. It can also help in reducing side effects caused by excessive doses. This review highlights the 3D printing technology and its applications in growth of pharmaceutical sector. The novel technology is simple, rapid and design most complex things. Hence this technology can take drug delivery technology to another horizon