Glaze Layer Research Articles

Effect of intraoral polishing on the surface property, phase change, and color stainability of monolithic zirconia.

How glazing and polishing affects the phase change and color stainability of monolithic zirconia restorations is unclear. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the phase changes and color stainability of monolithic zirconia after applying polishing systems and storage in different solutions. Sixty Ø15×1.2 ±0.01-mm disks of 2 monolithic zirconia materials (Katana, GC Initial Zircon) were prepared, glazed, and assigned to 3 groups: A control group with no additional treatment after glaze; and 2 groups in which the glaze layer was removed and the surfaces polished using 2 different polishing systems (OptraFine and Ceramiste Shofu). One specimen from each group was examined under a scanning electron microscope. All specimens were kept in solution (coffee and cola) for 28 days. Color differences were calculated using CIEDE 2000 (ΔE00), and phase change was analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α=.05). Material type had a significant effect on phase change (P=.012), and the ΔE00 values were significantly different between monolithic zirconia materials (P=.027). Katana had higher XM values than GC, while GC had higher ΔE00 values than Katana. Cola and coffee changed the color of zirconia materials. Although glaze was the most successful process, intraoral zirconia polishing kits also provided acceptable surface properties.

Achieving high temperature lubrication of MoS2-Bi2O3 nanoparticles composite: through the formation of nanocrystalline ternary oxide and glaze layer

Achieving high temperature lubrication of MoS2-Bi2O3 nanoparticles composite: through the formation of nanocrystalline ternary oxide and glaze layer

Effect of extrinsic pigmentation and multiple firing cycles on the properties of a zirconia-containing lithium silicate ceramic.

To assess the impact of staining and multiple firings on the mechanical, optical, and surface characteristics of zirconia-containing lithium silicate ceramics (ZLS). Ninety ZLS discs (Suprinity, VITA Zahnfabrick) were divided according to the "Number of firings" protocol: Ctr-control, no characterization; SC-single firing cycle (for characterization, crystallization and staining simultaneously); and DC-double firing cycle (crystallization firing cycle was performed separately from the staining firing). Extrinsic pigmentation was performed to replicate the characterization of a monolithic restoration. A layer of stain and glaze was applied with a fine brush to the ceramic surface. Specimens were fired two or four cycles, designed to simulate additional staining firings for potential characterization adjustments, but without applying new stain, resulting in six groups (n = 15): CtrII, CtrIV, SCII, SCIV, DCII, and DCIV. X-ray diffraction, color, translucency, and surface roughness analysis were also performed, and the samples were subjected to the biaxial flexural strength test. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test (α = 0.05), and Weibull analysis. No changes in the diffractogram pattern were found, irrespective of the number of firings. The translucency (p = 0.02) and roughness (p < 0.01) of DCIV were significantly reduced compared to DCII. DCIV also showed the highest flexural strength (325.52AMPa), followed by SCII (271.64BMPa). Repeated firings increased the flexural strength of ZLS, where the double-step characterization technique demonstrated better statistical results than the other groups. Moreover, despite the ceramic showing good color stability, repeated firings significantly compromised its translucency.

Comparative analysis of silicone rubber coating process and interface characteristics for porcelain insulators

Abstract Coating silicone rubber on the surface of porcelain insulators not only retains the stable and reliable mechanical properties of porcelain insulators but also gives them excellent resistance to pollution flashover. However, the interface between the glaze layer and the silicone rubber layer of porcelain insulators may become their electrical weak point. This paper analyzes the difference between the production process of hybrid insulators and factory compounding insulators and carries out interface tests before and after boiling on bar samples. The interface bonding strength of hybrid insulators before and after boiling has no decrease, while the factory composite insulators are easily penetrated by dyes after boiling. Dense small blisters appear at the interface, and the leakage current of the factory compounding insulators is much larger than that of the hybrid insulators after boiling for 100 h. The results of the interface test show that the interface characteristics of the hybrid insulators are better than the factory composite insulators in resisting the aging of water boiling.

High-temperature tribological properties of Fe50Mn25Cr5Al15Ti5 iron-based high-entropy alloys

The iron-based high-entropy alloys are poised to become the next generation of high-temperature materials due to their outstanding mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness. In this work, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behaviors of Fe50Mn25Cr5Al15Ti5 iron-based high-entropy alloys are investigated. The grain morphology of Fe50Mn25Cr5Al15Ti5 alloy is equiaxed and dominated by BCC structure. Fe50Mn25Cr5Al15Ti5 alloy has higher hardness, better resistance to high-temperature softening and superior wear resistance than Hadfield steel (40Mn18Cr3). Within 800 °C, wear rate remains a low order of 10−5 mm3/N·m. At RT, abrasive wear is the dominant mechanism. At 400 °C, non-dense oxide layer containing unoxidized metal is formed, resulting in delamination, adhesion and abrasion. At 800 °C, a dense wear-resistant oxide glaze layer covers the wear surface.

Investigating Influence of Mo Elements on Friction and Wear Performance of Nickel Alloy Matrix Composites in Air from 25 to 800 °C

Rapid developments in aerospace and nuclear industries pushed forward the search for high-performance self-lubricating materials with low friction and wear characteristics under severe environment. In this paper, we investigated the influence of the Mo element on the tribological performance of nickel alloy matrix composites from room temperature to 800 °C under atmospheric conditions. The results demonstrated that composites exhibited excellent lubricating (with low friction coefficients of 0.19–0.37) and wear resistance properties (with low wear rates of 2.5–28.1 × 10−5 mm3/Nm), especially at a content of elemental Mo of 8 wt. % and 12 wt. %. The presence of soft metal Ag on the sliding surface as solid lubricant resulted in low friction and wear rate in a temperature range from 25 to 400 °C, while at elevated temperatures (600 and 800 °C), the effective lubricant contributed to the formation of a glazed layer rich in NiCr2O4, BaF2/CaF2, and Ag2MoO4. SEM, EDS, and the Raman spectrum indicated that abrasive and fatigue wear were the main wear mechanisms for the studied composites during sliding against the Si3N4 ceramic ball. The obtained results provide an insightful suggestion for future designing and fabricating solid lubricant composites with low friction and wear properties.

Effect of occlusal adjustment and subsequent repolishing on the surface roughness and volumetric wear of different types of glazed monolithic zirconia after chewing simulation

The objective was to evaluate the effect of material (four monolithic zirconia) and surface condition [glazed (G) versus polished after simulation of occlusal adjustment (GAP)] on roughness and volumetric wear (VW) of dental zirconia after chewing simulation (CS). Zirconia specimens (ZS) were fabricated with an approximate diameter of 12.0 mm and a thickness of 1.0 mm. The four types of monolithic zirconia utilized were Prettau 4 Anterior (PA), Lava Plus (LP), Cercon hT (hT), and Cercon xT (xT). All specimens were coated with a thin and uniform layer of Prettau Plus glaze. Additionally, half of the ZS underwent a simulation of occlusal adjustment followed by clinical polishing. The sliding wear test was performed using a chewing simulator set at 30 N, 2 Hz, and 500,000 cycles, employing steatite specimens (SS) to simulate opposing dentition. ZS and SS underwent topographic analysis through optical profilometry to assess volumetric wear (VW) and surface roughness. The average roughness values (μm) of the zirconia ranged from 0.38h (PA-G before CS) to 2.55a (PA-GAP after CS), while for the antagonist the values ranged from 1.3b (LP-G before CS) to 2.6a (PA-GAP after CS). The VW values (mm3) of the ZS ranged from 0.7b (LP-G) to 2.5a (LP-GAP), while for the antagonist the values ranged from 0.17a (xT-GAP) to 0.33a (LP-G). The CS increased the roughness of all materials tested, regardless of the surface condition. The glazed condition showed lower roughness than the glazed/occlusal adjustment/polishing condition before the CS for three zirconia (PA, LP and xT) and after the CS for all materials. The surface condition did not significantly influence volumetric wear (VW) for three materials (PA, hT, and xT); however, for the Lava Plus (LP) group, the glazed condition resulted in reduced VW. The VW of the SS was unaffected by the material type or surface condition. In summary, zirconia specimens that underwent occlusal adjustment followed by repolishing demonstrated increased surface roughness compared to the glazed ones, while their wear behavior varied depending on the type of zirconia used.

Tribological investigation of new self-fluxing nickel alloys for high temperature application: the effect of silicon distribution on glaze layer formation

The objective of this study is to investigate the tribological performance of new nickel-based self-fluxing alloys for replacing cobalt-based alloys in aircraft components. Two new NiCrSiFeB alloys, manufactured by gravity casting and laser metal deposition processes, having different microstructures, are submitted to fretting loadings and tested at temperatures ranging from ambient to 650 °C. Their wear behavior is compared to a reference Stellite 6 cobalt- based alloy. Although the two NiCrSiFeB alloys have the same chemical composition, the alloy having a coarse microstructure rich in silicates was able to form a protective glaze layer at high temperature as Stellite 6. On the other hand, the alloy having a fine microstructure underwent severe adhesive wear. This highlights the crucial effect of the microstructure and the silicon distribution in activating the formation of a protective glaze layer at high temperatures.

Cobalt- and Chromium-Oxide-Based Coatings: Thermally Spraying a Glaze Layer

Cobalt- and Chromium-Oxide-Based Coatings: Thermally Spraying a Glaze Layer

Microstructure and high temperature tribological behavior of nickel-based superalloy with addition of revert

The recycling of revert plays a crucial role in cost-efficiency and green manufacturing of superalloy. In this study, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, tensile test, and tribological analysis were employed to investigate the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behaviors of vacuum induction melted superalloys of 100% original material (Sample 1) and 40% original material + 60% revert (Sample 2). Dry sliding tests were conducted at 300 and 730 °C. The addition of revert promotes microstructure refinement, hardness increase, and carbide formation, at the cost of 18.5% ductility loss. During the high-temperature dry sliding process, abrasive, adhesive, and oxidative wear mechanisms were observed on the contact surfaces. Sample 2 exhibited a lower wear rate and coefficient of friction at both 300 and 730 °C. Additionally, a more continuous and wear-resistant tribolayer was formed on the wear track of Sample 2, effectively mitigating matrix oxidation compared to Sample 1. At 730 °C, a thick tribolayer developed on the wear surface of Sample 2, characterized by a hard and wear-resistant glaze layer on the outermost surface. The continuous sliding induced matrix heating, which facilitates recrystallization in the subsurface of Sample 2, induced by increased inclusions and carbides from the revert. The analysis of wear debris further illustrated the variations of wear mechanism at different temperatures. These findings are meaningful for understanding the high-temperature behavior of superalloys and optimizing alloy recycling process.

Influence of Heat Treatment on Fretting Wear Behavior of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Inconel 718 Alloy

Abstract This research paper focuses on the fretting wear characteristics of self-mated laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-produced Inconel 718 alloy, with the primary aim of characterizing its distinct wear-rate in relation to fretting cycles. This study investigates both the as-built and heat-treated Inconel 718 Superalloy. Experiments were conducted under aggressive contact conditions, involving a flat-on-flat contact pressure of 100 MPa (1645 N) and a temperature of 650 °C sustained over a million cycles. From the preliminary observation, the microstructure reveals that the heat-treated L-PBF alloy has denser and harder precipitates than its as-built counterpart. This indicates that heat-treated alloy is much harder (470 HV0.3) than the as-built Inconel 718 (275 HV0.3). The heat treatment process resulted in the precipitation of beneficial strengthening phases like γ′ and γ″, along with maintaining stable carbides (NbC). Notably, the heat-treated material displays an approximately two-fold lower wear-rate (0.103 μm/cycle at the end of 1000 k cycles) compared to the as-built material (0.238 μm/cycle), attributed primarily to its high strength characteristics. Additionally, the heat-treated material demonstrates a reduced steady-state friction coefficient (0.34) in contrast to the as-built material (0.37), owing to its inherent capability to form a uniform and stable lubricious glaze oxide layer. Both as-built and heat-treated systems show dominant adhesive wear mechanisms along with localized abrasion resulting from the combination of oxidation and cyclic wear processes.

Terahertz time-domain spectro-imaging and hyperspectral imagery to investigate a historical Longwy glazed ceramic

In this paper, we present the potential of Terahertz Time-Domain Imaging (THz-TDI) as a tool to perform non-invasive 3D analysis of an ancient enamel plate manufactured by Longwy Company in France. The THz data collected in the reflection mode were processed using noise filtering procedures and an advanced imaging approach. The results validate the capability to identify glaze layers and the thickness of ceramic materials. To characterize the nature of the pigments, we also use with X-ray images, visible near-infrared hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy, and p-XRF (portable X-ray fluorescence) to qualitatively and quantitively identify the materials used. The obtained information enables a better understanding of the decoration chromogens nature and, thus, to determine the color palette of the artists who produced such decorative object. We also establish the efficiency of a focus, Z-tracker, which enables to perform THz imaging on non-flat samples and to attenuate artifacts obtained with a short focus lens. Then, 3D images are extracted and generated, providing a real vision. We also report the evaluation of the internal damage state through the detection of fractures.

Laser metal deposition of thin-walled parts of Al0.8CrFe2Ni2 high-entropy alloy: Process window, microstructure, wear resistance and mechanical anisotropy

In this paper, an exponential regression model is employed to analyze the sensitivity of the geometrical characteristics of single track, building efficiency and powder efficiency to the process parameters for the Al0.8CrFe2Ni2 high entropy alloy (HEA) fabricated by laser metal deposition (LMD). Based on the exponential regression model and sensitivity analysis, an effective process window is obtained to deposit a multilayer thin-walled structure. The Al0.8CrFe2Ni2 HEA consists of the (Fe, Cr, Ni)-rich faced centered cubic (FCC) phase and (Al, Ni)-rich B2 phase. An anisotropic mechanical property along the building direction and scanning direction is discovered due to the different strengthening mechanisms and fracture modes. Dislocation strengthening dominates in the building direction, while the high yield strength in the scanning direction is the result of dislocation, grain boundaries and precipitation strengthening. Compared to 400 °C, the Al0.8CrFe2Ni2 HEA has a lower wear rate at 25 °C owing to the self-lubricating protection provided by the completed oxide glaze layer. The findings provide guidelines for improving the anisotropic mechanical properties of thin-walled parts of LMD-deposited HEAs.

Study of black glaze and sauce glaze porcelains from Dangyangyu kiln during the Song and Jin Dynasties, China

In the Song and Yuan Dynasties of China, numerous renowned kilns simultaneously employed black glaze and sauce glaze porcelain; however, limited research has been conducted on the differentiation of process systems and the potential existence of a transforming relationship between these two types of porcelains from the same kiln. In this study, the black glaze, sauce glaze and flambé (窑变, Yaobian) glaze porcelain from Dangyangyu kiln during the Song and Jin Dynasties were selected to compare their optical characteristics, firing and formula process via OM, LRS, SEM-EDS, XPS, DIL and EDXRF methods. The research reveals that notable distinctions exist in the glazing process between black glaze and sauce glaze porcelain; while the former demonstrates thicker glazing techniques, the latter showcases thinner glazing techniques. Sauce glaze porcelains undergo firing at high temperatures within strong reducing atmospheres and differs from black glaze in terms of their formulation processes. The sauce glaze is composed of high Al clay with a low flux content, making it a calcium-alkali glaze. On the other hand, the black glaze has a higher flux content and falls under the category of high calcium glazes. Through the investigation of flambé glaze, it was observed that despite a thicker black glaze layer does not promote Fe enrichment on the glaze surface, however, when the flux content in the glaze is lower, meanwhile accompanied by a high temperature and strong reducing atmosphere firing process, the glaze exhibits a dynamic tendency towards the formation of sauce coloration.

Research of the properties of the sandwich-structured Ni60CuMo self-lubricating coating with stepped hardness distribution on Vermicular cast iron by laser cladding

To enhance the wear resistance of Vermicular cast iron (RuT300) and achieve the stepped hardness distribution for the impact deformation resistance in the middle and lower part of the coating and wear resistance in the surface of the coating, the sandwich-structured Ni60CuMo coating with the transition layer was fabricated on RuT300 by laser cladding. The microstructure, hardness, and fracture toughness for the coating were analyzed, and the effect of different loads on wear resistance was investigated. The wear-resistant layer mainly contains Ni-based solid solution, hard phase of chromium compound and some ductile Cu phases. The hardness for coating without cracks shows the stepped distribution, increasing to 381HV0.5, 419HV0.5, and 490HV0.5 in the wear layer, transition layer, and heat-affected zone, respectively. The transition layer can suppress the impact of carbon from the substrate on the hardness of the wear-resistant layer. The wear resistance of the coating demonstrates a self-adaptive enhancement effect with increasing load. As the load increases from 10 N to 30 N and 50 N, the wear rate decreases from 2.865 to 1.525 and 1 (×10⁻⁴mm³N⁻¹m⁻¹). The main wear mechanism is oxidative wear. The extruded ductile Cu phase causes the wear debris to adhere it and the compacted oxide glaze layer is formed with the high load, then the compacted oxide glaze layer isolates oxygen and reduces oxidative wear. In contrast, incomplete oxide layers at low load fail to provide effective isolation, and cracks on the subsurface serve as critical pathways for continued oxygen penetration, resulting in more severe oxidative wear.

Microscopic study on characteristic decorative black and white porcelain produced in Shanxi province, Jin and Yuan dynasties (ad 1115–1368), China

AbstractBlack and white porcelain plays a critical role in Chinese decorative porcelain history. It is famous for its decorative styles and techniques, which create a strong black and white color contrast in its appearance. In this study, representative black and white porcelains produced in Shanxi province were analyzed by X‐ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM‐EDS. The results show that both Ca‐rich (~5.33 wt%) and Ca‐poor (~1.99 wt%) glazes were used leading to quite different microstructures. The pigment particles of Ca‐rich glazes are characterized by small size (≤2 μm), wide distribution, and tightly wrapped by anorthite. In contrast, they are larger (≥2 μm) and tightly cumulated together in Ca‐poor glazes. Hematite is the major crystal in pigment, double‐substituted by Al and Ti. The Al/Fe ratios are similar, but Ti/Fe ratios are quite different: They do not exceed 0.03% in Ca‐poor glazes, whereas they reach 0.12% in Ca‐rich glazes, suggesting that the origin of the pigments must be different. Al‐rich mineral such as kaolin was added to the pigment preparation in Ca‐rich glazes. The color of the pattern is mainly influenced by the size, quantity, and concentration of brown Ti‐doping hematite, as well as the thickness of the glaze layer and other crystals and Fe ions. The fired atmosphere of Ca‐rich glaze type seems less oxidizing than for Ca‐poor glaze type. Overall, the results confirm that black and white porcelain has a variety of production techniques, which is attributed to the craftsman adjusting the techniques according to the composition of raw materials.

Development of multicomponent glasses for application as a glazing layer on dental zirconia

AbstractThis study presents the development of multicomponent glasses for glaze layers for dental yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y‐TZP). The samples were melted in the temperature range of 1 250–1 400°C and were cast in water to obtain a frit. The frits were grounded to a powder with a particle size of less than 40 µm. To study the crystallization tendency of melted glasses, they were thermally treated at 800°C and X‐ray diffraction analyses were performed for both types of samples. The structure of the glasses was investigated by the Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal expansion coefficient, CTE, the glass‐transition temperature, Tg, and the softening temperature, Ts, were defined. To test the glaze layer on zirconia ceramic, glass powders with different compositions were mixed with modeling fluid and applied on zirconia specimens and then fired at 800°C in a vacuum dental furnace. Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, was used to observe a cross‐section of the glass–ceramic contact on a glazed zirconia ceramic specimen. Glass with the highest content of alkaline oxides is characterized by the closest CTE to zirconium ceramics (10.10−6 K−1), the greatest transparency and good fluidity, and shows good adhesion to the zirconia. The glaze layer is homogeneous without cracks, pores, and crystals.

Biofouling and biomineralization of tubular concretions attached to Longquan celadon from Shengbeiyu shipwreck, China (14th Century CE): a multi-analytical case study

A comprehensive multi-analytical investigation was conducted on a piece of Longquan celadon excavated from the Shengbeiyu shipwreck site in the East China Sea. This study focused on a representative type of tubular bio-concretions attached to the submerged celadon, believed to have been formed through the construction activities of a marine tubeworm belonging to the benthic phylum of Polychaeta Annelids. The research examined the microstructure, composition and adhesion form of these tubular bio-concretions, aiming to elucidate their developmental and attachment patterns from a biomineralization and biofouling perspective. The tubular bio-concretions were found to have a bimineralic composition, with notably higher content of aragonite than calcite, and display diverse yet highly ordered microstructures. The presence of organic matter within the bio-concretions indicates an organic matrix-controlled crystallization model, commonly observed in the construction of benthic calcareous tubes. Microscopic analyses revealed the primary degradation microstructures and corresponding phases of the glaze to which calcareous tubes attached. These findings closely resembled the corrosion characteristics observed in submerged ceramic glaze without bio-concretion attachments, as documented in earlier studies. OM and SEM observations also indicated that the calcareous tubes intricately intermeshed with the cracked glaze layer of the celadon. Additionally, Raman spectroscopic analysis detected the presence of proteins at the interface, likely residual adhesives secreted by fouling organisms to cement themselves to the settlement substrata, suggesting the occurrence of organic-mediated bio-adhesion mechanisms. These results shed new light on the formation process of bio-concretions and their interaction with attached underwater ceramics. A simplified formation mechanism of this biologically-induced degradation has been discussed.

Sliding wear-induced compositional lamination in a VCoNi alloy at elevated temperatures, and its implications for reduced friction and wear

During tribological loading of metallic alloys at elevated temperatures, the thermo-mechanical coupling effect can lead to the development of a distinct tribolayer, profoundly influencing their tribological behavior. This study reports on the compositional lamination in the tribolayer during dry sliding wear of a VCoNi multi-principal element alloy at elevated temperatures. As the temperature increases from 25 °C to 600 °C, the alloy exhibits a remarkable 40% reduction in the coefficient of friction and a notable two-order-of-magnitude decrease in wear rate. The compositional lamination at 600 °C reveals a distinct tribolayer comprising a nanocrystalline-amorphous oxide glaze layer, a Ni-rich dealloyed layer, and a plastic deformation layer. Within the oxide glaze layer, three sublayers are identified, each featuring a nanocrystalline-amorphous nanocomposite structure with unique equiaxed nanograins. Specifically, the outermost sublayer comprises Co3O4, the intermediate sublayer contains a mixture of Co3O4 and Ni2V2O7, and the inner sublayer consists of V2O5. This multilayered structure is attributed to significant differences in the chemical affinity for oxygen among the constituent elements and their respective diffusion rates in the oxide scale. Significantly, the tribolayer formed at 600 °C exhibits a remarkable 70% increase in yield strength compared to its formation at 25 °C, correlating with a substantial reduction in wear. These findings present a novel avenue for designing self-adaptive, high-temperature wear-resistant alloys through the in-situ formation of a protective compositionally-laminated tribolayer.

Colouring mechanism and firing technology of white porcelain from the Sui Dynasty (581–618) from the Xiangzhou kiln, Anyang, China

The Xiangzhou kiln was one of the first significant kilns in China to fire white porcelain and as well as the earliest one to adopt the technique of Make-up clay. It plays a very important role in the history of Chinese ceramics. Here we utilize ten pieces of Sui (581–618) white porcelain from the Xiangzhou kiln as the research objects. The chemical composition, micro-morphology, firing temperature, firing atmosphere, micro-area composition and other characteristics of white porcelain glaze were tested by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), optical microscope (OM), thermal dilatometer (TD), focused ion beam scanning electron microscope combined with X-ray energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectrophotometer (UV–Vis–NIR). Finally, the firing technology and colouring mechanism of the Xiangzhou white porcelain are revealed. Our study demonstrates that the relatively high content of Fe2O3 and TiO2 in the white porcelain glaze of the Xiangzhou kiln results in a milky white glaze with a slight greenish tinge. The high content of CaO and K2O in the glaze and the almost entirely glass phase of glaze layer lead to the fine grain, good transparency and gloss. Most of the white porcelain of the Xiangzhou kiln is fired at high temperature under reducing atmosphere. The Xiangzhou kiln white porcelain glaze belongs to the crystalline glaze, glaze disorderly distribution of some calcium feldspar precipitation crystals and a very small amount of quartz, calcite residual crystals, glaze bubbles are larger, the distribution of relatively dispersed. The overall colour effect of the Xiangzhou kiln white porcelain results from the combined action of the chemical colour of the body and glaze, along with structural colour.