Functional Layer Research Articles

Lactobacillus-Loaded Easily Injectable Hydrogel Promotes Endometrial Repair via Long-Term Retention and Microenvironment Modulation.

Regeneration of the injured endometrium, particularly the functional layer, is crucial for the prevention of uterine infertility. At present, clinical treatment using sodium hyaluronate hydrogel injection is limited by its relatively low fluidity, short-term retention, and insufficient bioactive ingredients, so it is necessary to develop an advanced healing-promoting hydrogel. The modulation of the microenvironment by Lactobacillus presents a bioactive component that can facilitate the regeneration of the functional layer. Our study introduces a multifunctional Lactobacillus-loaded poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted bacterial cellulose (BC-g-PN@L) hydrogel designed with superior injectability and in situ stability. At 25 °C (room temperature), a uniform distribution is achieved with a low injection pressure of only 7.90 kPa. At 37 °C (body temperature), the BC-g-PN@L hydrogel forms a robust three-dimensional nanonetwork, providing space and substance exchange channels for Lactobacillus to maintain its viability and bioactivity. Enhanced by the hydrophobic isopropyl groups in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) side chains and the rigid bacterial cellulose substrates, the BC-g-PN@L hydrogel exhibits prolonged retention properties in the uterine cavity, persisting for over 21 days. These attributes endow the BC-g-PN@L hydrogel with versatile pro-healing capacity and microenvironment modulation in a rat model of endometrial injury. Our BC-g-PN@L hydrogel promotes the development of advanced injectable hydrogels to facilitate both histological and functional repair of the injured endometrium.

Nonvolatile Memory Device Based on the Ferroelectric Metal/Ferroelectric Semiconductor Junction.

The ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) is a competitive candidate for post-Moore nonvolatile memories due to its low power consumption and nonvolatility, with its performance being strongly dependent on the conditions for contact between the ferroelectric material and the metal electrode. The development of two-dimensional materials in recent years has offered new opportunities such as functional metal layers, which is challenging for traditional FTJ systems. Here, we introduce the newly discovered ferroelectric metal WTe2 as the electrode to construct WTe2/α-In2Se3/Au ferroelectric semiconductor junctions. The interplay between the ferroelectricity in the van der Waals electrode and tunnel junction leads to the emergence of novel device characteristics, including concomitant multiresistance levels, a low switching voltage (<2 V), and a high on/off ratio (>105). Using ferroelectric metal as the electrode for the ferroelectric tunnel/semiconductor junction offers an alternative approach to low-power and high-density ferroelectric memory devices.

Metasurface color filter arrays with a high efficiency and low color error

Conventional digital cameras combine absorbing color filter arrays with microlenses to achieve color imaging and improve efficiency. Such cameras require multi-step and multi-material fabrication processes. Several recent efforts have investigated metasurface-based color routing to combine focusing with filtering in a single functional layer with an improved efficiency. These approaches require high-refractive index materials and deep sub-micron fabrication to realize the metasurfaces. We present here an alternative, 2.5 dimensional metasurface that simultaneously provides both color filtering and focusing, but requires only a low-refractive index polymer and micron-scale patterning such that it is suitable for replication by molding. Unlike Bayer filters, this metasurface produces six independent spectra focused on nine monochrome pixels yielding both a high efficiency and low color error. These metasurfaces could be more photo-stable and thermally stable than dye-based filters and less expensive to produce than conventional arrays or metasurface color routers. Here, we characterize a metasurface-based focusing color filter array prototyped using two-photon lithography whose efficiencies are competitive with Bayer filters and whose color error is comparable to the limit of human perception.

Advances in Low Temperature Fabrication Strategies on Charge Carrier Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells have garnered extensive attention and profound scrutiny from the global scientific community, attributed to their progressively enhancing photoelectric conversion efficiency, the expedient and efficient solution-based fabrication process, their distinctive lightweight and wearable attributes, and the promise of utilizing cost-effective materials. Over recent years, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has surpassed the benchmark of 26.7%, while innovations in low-temperature synthesis techniques for crafting high-quality perovskite thin films were still calling efforts, coupled with relentless endeavors to refine the interface and electrode material designs. Simultaneously, the stability of these cells has garnered considerable industry focus. This paper delves into the latest advancements in the low-temperature preparation of perovskite solar cells, offering an insightful examination of pioneering methodologies and technical strategies for achieving low-temperature fabrication of each pivotal layer-specifically the carrier transport functional layers, while exploring a spectrum of enhancement strategies aimed at augmenting their performance further. These endeavors establish a robust foundation for their expanded applications in the foreseeable future.

Photoemission Study of GaN Passivation Layers and Band Alignment at GaInP(100) Heterointerfaces.

To date, III-V semiconductor-based tandem devices with GaInP top photoabsorbers show the highest solar-to-electricity or solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies. In photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, however, III-V semiconductors are sensitive, in terms of photochemical stability and, therefore, require suitable functional layers for electronic and chemical passivation. GaN films are discussed as promising options for this purpose. The band alignment between such a protection layer and the III-V semiconductor should be aligned to minimize corrosion and nonradiative interfacial recombination and to promote selective charge carrier transport. Here, we investigate the band alignment between GaN passivation layers and n-type doped GaInP(100) photoabsorbers and grew n-type GaInP(100) epitaxially by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on oxidized GaAs(100) substrates to mimic a realistic preparation sequence. We prepared 1-20 nm GaN films on top employing atomic layer deposition and studied the band alignment at the GaN/GaInP(100) heterointerface by X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Due to the limited emission depth of photoelectrons, we determined the band alignment by a series of measurements, in which we increased the thickness of the GaN films successively. The n-GaInP(100) surfaces, prepared with a well-known phosphorus-terminated p(2 × 2)/c(4 × 2) reconstruction, show an upward surface band bending (BB) of 0.38 eV and a Fermi level pinning due to the present surface states. Upon oxidation, the surface states are partially passivated, resulting in a reduction of the BB to 0.16 eV and a valence band offset (VBO) between the GaInP(100) and the thin oxide layer of 2.01 eV. Applying Kraut's approach, we identified a VBO of 1.90 eV and a conduction band offset of 0.44 eV between GaInP(100) with a thin oxide layer and the GaN passivation layer. We conclude that the GaN is a well-suited passivation layer for PEC cells and facilitates selective transport of photogenerated electrons.

Excellent Mechanical Performance of Cellulose Composite Papers for Flexible Self-Powered Photodetectors Using the ZnO/PbS Heterojunction.

Cellulose is attracting considerable attention in the field of flexible electronics due to its unique properties and environmental sustainability, particularly as a substrate for flexible devices. Flexible photodetectors are an integral part of cellulose-based devices and have become essential in optical communication, heart rate monitoring, and imaging systems. The performance and adaptability of these photodetectors depend significantly on the quality of the flexible substrates. However, poor bonding with conductive materials results in poor conductivity stability, and limited thermal stability makes cellulose unsuitable for many preparation processes. This study designed polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanowires (AgNWs) as conductive materials, integrating them with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The resulting AgNW/CNF composite paper demonstrated high tensile strength (183.9 MPa), low sheet resistance (2.38 Ohm sq-1), and excellent bending durability. Spin-coated PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) films and low-temperature magnetron-sputtered ZnO films were used as functional layers to create a flexible self-powered photodetector. This device features low dark current density (2.35 × 10-9 mA cm-2 @0 V), fast photoresponse (40/24 ms), and stability under bending (up to 180°, 1 mm radius). It shows potential for applications in infrared optical communication and real-time heart rate monitoring, demonstrating the promise of cellulose substrate photodetectors for flexible electronics.

Facilitated ammonia decomposition and enhanced hydrogen diffusion in 10Ni-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 as anode catalytic functional layer for low-temperature direct ammonia fuel cells

Facilitated ammonia decomposition and enhanced hydrogen diffusion in 10Ni-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 as anode catalytic functional layer for low-temperature direct ammonia fuel cells

An electrochemical immunosensing of electrochemically modified carbon cloth electrode based on functionalized gold nanoparticle-Prussian blue for the detection of aflatoxin B1 in vegetable oil industry.

This study developed an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vegetable oil, based on an electrochemical modified carbon cloth (EMCC) electrode modified with a composite functional layer of cross-linked o-aminothiophenol functionalized AuNPs (o-ATP@AuNPs)/Prussian Blue (PB). The EMCC electrode substrate was prepared by modifying carbon cloth through electrochemical methods to increase its surface area, which allowed for the effective deposition of o-ATP@AuNPs/PB composite functional layer and improved the conductivity of the electrode material. The synergistic effect of o-ATP@AuNPs and PB significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor. Additionally, the AuS bond between L-Cysteine (L-Cys) and o-ATP@AuNPs improved the stability of the sensing interface. Under optimal conditions, the BSA/anti-AFB1/L-Cys/o-ATP@AuNPs/PB/EMCC sensor was able to detect AFB1 in the range of 0 to 20ngmL-1 using square wave voltammetry (SWV), with a detection limit of 0.015ngmL-1. The proposed sensor holds promise for future applications in the sensitive detection of AFB1 in vegetable oils.

Design and optimization of a high-performance variable emissivity functional layer using ionic gel

Design and optimization of a high-performance variable emissivity functional layer using ionic gel

Theoretical analysis and performance optimization of Cs&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgBiI&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; solar cells with dual hole transport layers

Double perovskite materials have received significant attention in the photovoltaic field due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and lead-free composition, which make them ideal candidates for next-generation solar cell applications. In this work, the photovoltaic performance of solar cells using Cs&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgBiI&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; as the light-absorbing layer is systematically investigated through simulations using Silvaco ATLAS software. Based on the previously reported single hole transport layer device architecture, namely ITO/ZnO/Cs&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgBiI&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;/HTL/Au, a new dual hole transport layer structure ITO/ZnO/Cs&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgBiI&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;/HTL1/HTL2/Au is proposed. Different dual hole transport layer combinations are explored, and their influence on the internal physical mechanism and the device performance are analyzed and optimized in detail. The simulation results show that the devices using Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O/NiO and NiO/Si respectively as dual hole transport layer significantly improve charge extraction and generate a negative electric field at the interface, thereby reducing recombination losse and accelerating the transport of hole carriers. These two configurations exhibit substantially higher efficiencies than those configurations with a single hole transport layer, confirming the advantages of the dual hole transport layer structure. Additionally, devices using Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O/CZTS and MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/CZTS as dual hole transport layer show better performance than the reference structure using Spiro-OMeTAD/CZTS, indicating the potential for further improvement by optimizing material selection and layer properties. Of the various dual hole transport layer combinations tested, the structure utilizing Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O/CZTS achieves the highest simulated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.85%. By optimizing the thickness of each functional layer, the efficiency can be further increased to 25.62%, and the optimal layer thickness is determined to be 40 nm for ZnO, 850 nm for Cs&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgBiI&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, 140 nm for Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, and 150 nm for CZTS. Furthermore, the effects of environmental and material parameters, such as temperature and hole transport layer doping concentration, on device performance are investigated. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the design and enhancement of double perovskite solar cells. By demonstrating the potential that the dual hole transport layer structures can significantly improve device efficiency, their value in advancing environmentally friendly and lead-free photovoltaic technologies becomes very prominent. The insights gained from this research pave the way for developing high-performance double perovskite solar cells with optimized architectures and material properties.

Improved CNN architecture for automated classification of skin diseases

ABSTRACT Rosacea, atopic dermatitis and bullous disease are significant skin conditions with distinct characteristics and impacts, which affect millions of people globally. Early and quick diagnosis is crucial for these conditions to prevent complications, alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for affected individuals. This research article presents an innovative approach to automated classification of common skin diseases using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. The study focuses on diagnosing rosacea, atopic dermatitis and bullous disease, leveraging CNN technology. Four pre-trained CNN models – DarkNet-53, ResNet-18, SqueezeNet and EfficientNet-b0 – were investigated. Additionally, two improvised versions of DarkNet-53 and an improvised version of ResNet-18 were developed, integrating a specific number of fully connected neural network layers and adjusting other CNN layers such as batch normalisation and activation function layers accordingly. The performance of these improvised models surpassed that of the original architectures, demonstrating superior accuracy in identifying the targeted skin diseases. In terms of overall accuracy, improvised versions of DarkNet-53 and ResNet-18 achieved an accuracy of 98% and 98%, respectively, while the original models could achieve an accuracy between 75% and 80%. This research contributes to advancing automated diagnostic systems for dermatological conditions, potentially improving early detection and treatment outcomes.

Flexible Piezoresistive Film Pressure Sensor Based on Double-Sided Microstructure Sensing Layer.

Flexible thin-film pressure sensors have garnered significant attention due to their applications in industrial inspection and human-computer interactions. However, due to their ultra-thin structure, these sensors often exhibit lower performance, including a narrow pressure response range and low sensitivity, which constrains their further application. The most commonly used microstructure fabrication methods are challenging to apply to ultra-thin functional layers and may compromise the structural stability of the sensors. In this study, we present a novel design of a film pressure sensor with a double-sided microstructure sensing layer by adopting the template method. By incorporating the double-sided microstructures, the proposed thin-film pressure sensor can simultaneously achieve a high sensitivity value of 5.5 kPa-1 and a wide range of 140 kPa, while maintaining a short response time of 120 ms and a low detection limit. This flexible film pressure sensor demonstrates considerable potential for distributed pressure sensing and industrial pressure monitoring applications.

Implementation and Experimental Application of Industrial IoT Architecture Using Automation and IoT Hardware/Software.

The paradigms of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) require functional architectures to deploy and organize hardware and software taking advantage of modern digital technologies in industrial systems. In this sense, a lot of the literature proposes and describes this type of architecture with a conceptual angle, without providing experimental validation or with scarce details about the involved equipment under real operation. Aiming at overcoming these limitations, this paper presents the experimental application of an IIoT architecture divided into four functional layers, namely, Sensing, Network, Middleware and Application layers. Automation and IoT hardware and software are used to implement and apply the architecture. Special attention is put on the software Grafana, chosen in the top layer to deploy graphical user interfaces that are remotely accessible via web. A pilot microgrid integrating photovoltaic energy and hydrogen served as scenario to test and prove the suitability of the architecture in four application cases.

Anomalous Electron Doping in CdS to Promote the Efficiency Improvement in Sb2Se3 Thin Film Solar Cells

AbstractThe quality of P‐N heterojunction is crucial for the performance of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) solar cells and thus attracting urgent attention. In this work, the monovalent cation Ag+ is doped in CdS, which enhances the N‐type conductivity of CdS film anomalously and reduces its parasitic absorption simultaneously. Furthermore, Ag doping of CdS promotes the diffusion of Cd into the Sb2Se3 layer, forming CdSb defects, which enhances the P‐type conductivity of Sb2Se3 and reduces the density of deep‐level centers. With further chemical etching treatment on the CdS surface, the quality of the CdS/Sb2Se3 P‐N heterojunction is distinctly improved, making the energy band alignment of CdS/Sb2Se3 more favorable for carrier transportation. Finally, a remarkable efficiency of 8.14%, which is the highest efficiency among those with Jsc of 30.96 mA cm−2, is achieved for vapor transport deposition processed Sb2Se3 solar cells. This work provides a strategy to simultaneously optimize the CdS and Sb2Se3 functional layers and enhance the quality of P‐N heterojunction for efficient Sb2Se3 solar cells.

Taoksia käännösviestinnän ajatuspajalta

This paper discusses the innovative theoretical thinking of Atso Vuoristo (1929–2009), a prominent figure in the history and development of translator training in Turku and Finland, and an influential pedagogue within the community of translation teachers and students in Turku from 1966 to 1993. Vuoristo did not publish his theorizations; thus, the aim of the article is to present one of his basic concepts, translational communication (käännösviestintä), and his analytical tool, layers of functionality (toimivuuden tasot). Both reflect a holistic, dynamic and non-binary, that is, complex communicative approach to translation as a human activity, connected with other human activities. Vuoristo’s conceptual tools were not only ahead of his time but they also seem still relevant today: while he may be classified as a functionalist theorist, he offers a multifaceted theoretical framework beyond the functionalist school for the exploration of the phenomenon of translation, connecting with, for example, sociological and complexity approaches to translation. The material used in this study consists of his unfinished book manuscript he was working on between 1993 and 2001 and his course material from 1982–1984.

Electrothermochromic Fabrics with a Single-Layer Functional Coating Based on Silver Nanowires/Thermochromic Microcapsules/Waterborne Polyurethane Paints.

The Ag NWs/TCMs/WPU/PET fabric was prepared by coating the polyester (PET) fabric with Ag NWs/TCMs/WPU paint. First, an electrothermochromic paint was fabricated by incorporating waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and thermochromic microcapsules (TCMs) into silver nanowire (Ag NW) dispersions, and then the Ag NWs/TCMs/WPU paint was applied to polyester (PET) fabrics via brushing, thereby integrating electrothermal and color-changing properties into a single functional layer. The color change test and DSC data demonstrate that the Ag NWs/TCMs/WPU paint exhibits a reversible color change effect, and the flexibility test data indicate that the coating's resistance remains essentially unchanged after 1000 bending cycles. The sheet resistance of the Ag NWs/TCMs/WPU/PET fabric is 8.62 Ω·sq-1. Electrothermal tests show that the fabric surface temperature reaches 48.9 °C at 4 V, triggering a color change. Varying the type of TCMs yields electrothermochromic fabrics exhibiting two distinct color-changing effects at 4 and 6 V. Following 50 cycles of washing and rubbing, the fabric's resistance remains within the same order of magnitude, and the color change is minimal. The Ag NWs/TCMs/WPU/PET fabric, featuring a straightforward preparation method, a rich color-changing effect, and excellent durability, is poised for application in smart color-changing textiles.

Efn1 and Efn2 are extracellular 5'-nucleotidases induced during the fission yeast response to phosphate starvation.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe adapts to phosphate starvation by upregulating the expression of a cell surface acid phosphatase that mobilizes inorganic phosphate from the extracellular milieu, as well as transmembrane transporters that take up inorganic phosphate and glycerophosphocholine. This study identifies two paralogous extracellular 5'-nucleotidase enzymes, Efn1 and Efn2, encoded by genes that are highly transcriptionally induced during acute phosphate starvation, as major proteins secreted into the medium by phosphate-starved fission yeast cells. Secreted Efn1 and Efn2 catalyze the release of inorganic phosphate from all ribonucleoside monophosphates, with a preference for CMP. Secretion of Efn1 and Efn2 enables phosphate-starved fission yeast to thrive by using extracellular CMP as a source of inorganic phosphate. The starvation-induced production of extracellular 5'-nucleotidases adds a new layer of pro-adaptive function during phosphate limitation.

Irrigation System-Inspired Open-/Closed-Pore Hybrid Porous Silicon-Carbon Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

Porous silicon-carbon (Si-C) nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacity and low electrode strain, positioning them as promising next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, nanoscale Si's poor dispersibility and severe interfacial side reactions historically hamper battery performance. Inspired by irrigation systems, this study employs a charge-driven Si dispersion and stepwise assembly strategy to fabricate an open-/closed-pore hybrid porous Si-C composite. Polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) is used to functionalize Si nanoparticles, inducing strong electrostatic repulsion for uniform dispersion. Subsequently, the PDDA functional layer on Si nanoparticle surfaces facilitates the stepwise self-assembly of acetic acid and chitosan, resulting in Si nanoparticles encapsulated within closed pores during carbonization. Simultaneously, the PDDA functional layers transform into a graphene coating on the Si nanoparticles. Conversely, regions of homogeneous acetic acid/chitosan, distant from the PDDA-functionalized Si nanoparticles, form an open-pore structure. The dual shielding effect of closed carbon pores and the graphene coating effectively isolates Si from the electrolyte, preventing interfacial side reactions. Open carbon pores enhance electrolyte-active material contact, reducing Li+ transport distances. The resulting composite material (PDDA@Si/C) demonstrated excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance as a LIB anode.

Sandwich-Structured Fluorinated Polyimide Aerogel/Paraffin Phase-Change Composites Simultaneously Enables Gradient Thermal Protection and Electromagnetic Wave Transmission.

There is an emerging requirement of advanced functional materials for simultaneous thermal protection and electromagnetic wave-transparent transmission applications. A novel polyimide (PI) aerogel-based sandwich-structural composite is developed to meet such a requirement in this study. This composite is based on a unidirectional fluorinated PI (FPI) aerogel as a lower layer, a nondirectional conventional PI aerogel as a middle layer, and a nondirectional FPI aerogel/paraffin phase-change composite as an upper layer. The lower layer exhibits a unique unidirectional porous microstructure and an ultralow dielectric constant of 1.04. The upper layer possesses a dynamical temperature regulation capability thanks to its loaded paraffin having a high latent heat capacity of 242.7Jg-1. The presence of the nondirectional PI aerogel middle layer can effectively prevent against the leakage of paraffin from the upper layer to the surface of the composite. Through a rational integration of three functional layers, the developed sandwich-structured composite not only can provide gradient thermal protection for hot objects over a long period but also exhibits an excellent wave-transparent capability to establish communication between two electromagnetically shielded electronic devices. With such prominent thermal insulation and wave-transparent functions, the sandwich-structured composite exhibits great potential for specific applications in aircraft, spacecraft, radar systems, and satellite communication.

Investigation of plasma sprayed Sr0·7La0·3TiO3 / La0·2Sr0·8MnO3 Bi-layer interconnector performance and its application in high power tubular solid oxide fuel cells

Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) has been demonstrated as an efficient and rapid method for manufacturing high-performance solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with interconnects serving as the “wires” for large-scale integration of SOFCs. However, the challenge of producing highly conductive and stable interconnects through plasma spraying remains unresolved. This study developed a Bi-layer perovskite interconnect for segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cell (SIS–SOFCs). It involved APS-prepared dense N-type interconnects of Sr0·7La0·3TiO3 (LST), achieving low porosity, low leakage rate, and high conductivity LST coatings. The element of Ti valence state changes and conductivity of LST powders, hydrogen-treated powders, LST coatings, and hydrogen-treated coatings were quantitatively analyzed through phase detection and elemental valence state analysis under different oxygen partial pressure conditions to explore the variation of LST coating conductivity. Simultaneously, bi-layer interconnector model using La0·2Sr0·8MnO3(LSM)as the P-type interconnect was established to elucidate the electron transport mechanism within the Bi-layer interconnect under operating conditions and propose optimization schemes for the structural design of tubular serial-connected cell interconnects. The tubular dual-cell combination using LST/LSM Bi-layer interconnectors exhibited a maximum power density of 360 mW/cm2 at 800 °C, with only 33% interconnector loss compared to the maximum power density of 540 mW/cm2 achieved by a single cell at 800 °C. Additionally, it attained the highest open circuit voltage (1.9 V) at 650 °C. This Bi-layer interconnectors has been successfully applied in serial-connected tubular cells with more than 5 cells. Furthermore, the dual-cell combination showed almost no performance loss under 100 h of constant current discharge (0.3 A/cm2) testing. These research findings indicate that the LST/LSM Bi-layer interconnectors prepared using atmospheric plasma spraying is an ideal material system for the functional layer of interconnects in high-power tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cell structures.