Layers Of Composite Material Research Articles

Формирование механических свойств полимерных композиционных материалов с различными типами гибридных матриц

The mechanical properties of polymer composite materials largely depend on the interfacial phenomena occurring on the interface between the matrix and reinforcing material. The addition of components to the matrix of polymer composite materials that retain their viscoelastic state during the molding process of the products makes possible to locally change the deformation-and-strength properties of a finished product, adapting it to the specified operating conditions. The viscoelastic components in the hybrid matrix form the third phase of the polymer composite material. Increasing the efficiency of interfacial layers of polymer composite materials with various types of hybrid matrices is the most important task of their development. The samples for microanalysis of the polymer composite material structure with various types of hybrid matrices were molded using the prepreg technology by vacuum molding on the basis of BT400 biaxial basalt fabric. Technical wax, anaerobic (Loctite 638) and organosilicon (Yunisil-9628) polymer materials were selected as the viscoelastic components of the hybrid matrix. In order to explain the reasons for the change in the deformation-and-strength properties of the obtained basalt plastics with various viscoelastic components in the composition of the hybrid matrix, microanalysis of their structure was carried out. A mechanism for choosing a scheme for the location of viscoelastic components in a matrix of polymer composite materials based on the provisions of combinatorial optimization is described.

Influence of angle of laying of layers of composite material on the basis of carbon on its mechanical characteristics at pure tension

The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the mechanical characteristics (Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength) of carbon-based composite materials with different compositions according to the number of layers and the direction of the fibers in it. A mathematical model is proposed, which allows, in the first approximation, to determine the main mechanical characteristics of the composite material and takes into account its structure (the maximum number of layers of composite material, which was considered in this work - 7). The parameters of the model were determined by the conducted regression analysis. The results of analytical calculation according to the proposed model are compared with the experimentally obtained values of mechanical characteristics. It is shown that the maximum error does not exceed 12%.

Method of continuous non-destructive observation of profiles made of polymer fibre composite materials for the registration of crack formation

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the absence of the necessary devices and structures made of composite materials such as stingers with holes for registering cracks. The purpose of the study is to develop the design and manufacturing technology of stringer-type profiles made of composite materials with micro-holes in the cross-section or inside which hollow polymer fibres are laid, while the holes did not significantly affect the strength of the product and the specified strength properties of the product are preserved. The task of manufacturing products from a polymer composite material is solved by a method that includes pre-laying hollow longitudinal fibres or introducing bundles coated with anti-adhesive lubricant at specified cross-section points of stringers with subsequent pressing when laying pre-cut layers of composite material in a mould (polymerisation of the binder). After cooling, decompressing, removing the bundles with anti-adhesive grease (the second option) and stripping the product, special sensors are installed, a vacuum is created inside the holes or pressure is applied within 0.1-0.2 atm. At the same time, the holes do not significantly affect the strength of the product and the specified properties of the product are preserved. The study suggests a method for continuous and autonomous monitoring of the integrity of profiles made of polymer fibre composite materials for registering the formation of cracks based on the introduction of longitudinal micro-holes or hollow fibres under pressure or vacuum into their structure, followed by recording changes in the pressure value. The advantage of the proposed method is that it allows making a product from composite materials with increased physical and mechanical properties, increasing operational safety, increasing service life, and reducing the cost of routine inspections due to continuous monitoring of the occurrence and development of damage in real time. At the same time, the reliability of the design significantly increases, which leads to an improvement in the quality of the product

Investigation of the Influence of Ultrasound Action on Diffusion Processes in an Explosion-Welded Bimetal System Cu-Al during Heat Treatment

The influence of ultrasound on the main regularities of the formation and growth of the diffusion zone at the interlayer boundary of an explosion-welded layered composite material of Al-Cu systems is investigated. It is proved that the effect of ultrasound contributes to the reduction of the latent period of the nucleation of intermetallic phases at the interlayer boundary, lowers the temperature of the beginning of the eutectic transformation (by about 10 ° C), but at the same time does not affect the phase composition of the diffusion zone as a result of homogeneous reactions at the boundary of contact of solids. It has been established that the thickness of the diffusion zone, with the duration of the supplied acoustic vibrations, ensures the absence of cracks in the diffusion zone, leading to delamination of the material, increases by 30-40% at a fixed temperature of intense diffusion.

Simulation Analysis of Cam Wear in Shedding Mechanism of Loom

Aiming at the serious wear of the cam surface in the shedding mechanism of the loom weaving, which is likely to cause uneven movement of the heald frame, this paper proposes to add a layer of copper-plated carbon fiber composite material to the cam surface to improve the cam wear during the operation of the shedding mechanism. In finite element ABAQUS®, the cam is modeled, material properties and boundary loads are set, and ALE adaptive mesh technology and Umeshmotion subroutine are also used for wear analysis. The simulation results show that under the same conditions, the wear between the cam and the roller with a copper-plated carbon fiber layer is much smaller than the wear between the pure metal cam and the roller.

Elastic Behavior of Lay-Ups Angles of Laminated Composite Beam with Material Property Grading

The article discusses the study of Vibration Analysis of Generally layered Graphite-Epoxy with lay-up [300 /500 /300 /500 ]. The finite element method is utilized in the study, to analyze the effect of lay-up on the natural frequency and comparing the results with the article[1]. Method: The study is done using Ansys. Graphite-epoxy is considered for the study. The model is prepared from SHELL 281 element which is well-suited for composite shells and sandwiched construction. The accuracy in modeling composite shells is governed by the first-order MindlinReissner shell theory. The element has 8 nodes with 6 degrees of freedom at each node translations in the x, y, and z axes, and rotations about the x, y, and z-axes respectively. Finding: The study concludes that the values of natural frequency decreased when increased the difference between angles of lay-up. Novelty/Applications: Vibration Analysis study has been done in aspects, like sandwiched beam in which different materials are sandhwiched in a layer by layer fashion. Many studies also covers composite material with lay-up in great detail, but there is acute study about the comparision of the different lay-up angles at given boundary condition. These articles cover the same at a greater extent, and conclude that the strength and capacity of composite beams can be enhanced not only by blending composites together, but also giving importance to the arrangement of layers of composite materials.

Using In Situ Synchrotron‐Radiation‐Based Microtomography to Investigate 3D Structure‐Dependent Material Properties of Tension Wood

Synchrotron‐radiation‐based microtomography enables the 3D analysis of biological samples in situ beyond simple visualization, providing accurate measurements and recording of temporal data. The microtomography end station at P05 (PETRA III, Hamburg, Germany), operated by the Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, can accommodate complex sample environments such as a load frame for mechanical testing. Herein, the strain analysis of a volumetric time series dataset of small hardwood samples is presented. For this in situ mechanical testing, the load frame is operated in tensile mode, and the biogenic material samples are subdivided into those specialized for tensile forces and those of regular anatomical structure. Digital volume correlation analysis allows for the prediction of strain development at any position in the sample. The tissue specialized for tensile strength can align dislocations formed under tension such that the deformation is stronger and more ordered. The results show how high‐resolution imaging of sequential loading and the subsequent localization of strain can reveal functional morphological relationships. These methods can be extended to other biological materials and may prove to be extremely relevant for the analyses of fibrous and/or layered composite materials.

Determination of the Optimal Structure of a Layered Composite Material for Maximum Strength Characteristics

Due to the intensive development of composite materials and technologies for producing parts from them, they are increasingly used in various industries, including the manufacture of products with increased requirements for the characteristics of final products (strength, stiffness, minimum weight, etc.). In this regard, the authors analyzed the possibility to optimize the layered structure of a composite material in order to give it a pronounced predictable anisotropy of properties required for the final product. Thus, the influence of the orientation of the fibers of the reinforcing material in different layers of the package and the number of layers of the package on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the hypothetical product were analyzed. The problem was solved through the example of the development of a wing for a hypothetical UAV.

Thin-Film SOFC Enabling Low-Temperature and Low-Hydrogen-Concentration Operation

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which have the highest power-generation efficiency among generators, are key in achieving a low-carbon society. To reduce the cost of an SOFC system including mounting cost, thereby, expand its application, we have been developing a thin-film SOFC suitable for low-temperature operations.Since the anode, solid-electrolyte, and cathode layers are formed by sputtered thin films, the internal resistance of the cell decreases; thus, the operating temperature can be lowered [1, 2]. Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional micrograph of the developed SOFC. In this study, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) was used as a support substrate [3, 4, 5]. The pore diameter was 55 nm and thickness was 100 μm. On the AAO substrate, a stack of dense (70 nm) and porous-platinum (80 nm) layers was deposited for the anode. Pores were formed in the dense platinum layer because the surface of the underlying AAO support substrate has 55-nm pores. A dense yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was used for the solid electrolyte layer (290 nm). The density of the YSZ layer is significant for inhibiting both gas and electron/hole leakage between the anode and cathode sides. Reactive sputtering by using a metal Zr84-Y16 target under a DC bias condition was key to deposit the dense YSZ layer on the porous-platinum anode layer. The interfacial layer (40 nm) of gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) was deposited on the YSZ layer. The cathode layer (20 nm) of GDC-platinum composite material was then deposited on the interfacial layer. The characteristics of our SOFC was measured at 453°C, as shown in Fig. 2. The air was flowed to the cathode, and wet 3%-hydrogen of nitrogen base was flowed to the anode. An open circuit voltage of 1.049 V and output power density of 203 mW/cm2 were achieved using 3% hydrogen. At the cathode side, the polarization resistance was reduced by forming a gadolinium-doped ceria layer at the interface [5]. In addition, the GDC-platinum cathode was found to reduce the polarization resistance compared to the porous platinum cathode. At the anode side, the hydrogen diffused through the pores of the AAO substrate and reached the anode layer of the SOFC. The triple-phase boundaries formed among gas-, porous-anode-, and solid-electrolyte phases arguably enhanced the performance of the anode. The water vapor produced at the anode side diffused through the pores of the AAO and joined the exhaust gas. The power density at 453°C is expected to increase by using high-concentration hydrogen [6], which we plan to demonstrate for future study. Apart from operation in high-concentration hydrogen, our SOFC has another application. The experimental results indicate that our SOFC can generate high power by using the low-concentration hydrogen from hydrous bioethanol even at low temperatures.

Investigating the influence of single-pass and double-pass friction stir processing on mechanical and wear behaviour of AA5083/Al2O3 surface

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has established itself as an efficient technique to manufacture surface composite. Since the development of FSP, a variety of surface composite coatings have been produced with the help of this technique. Surface composite provides an enhancement in the material’s properties by providing a coating layer of composite material on the parent material. Various FSP process parameters can affect the produced surface composite and its properties. One of the important FSP parameters includes the number of passes over the surface of a material. In this paper surface composite of AA5083/Al2O3 was produced using FSP. Single-pass and double pass FSP were employed to understand its effect on microhardness, tensile strength, microstructure coefficient of friction, and wear rate. It was observed that the double pass aided to produce the homogeneously dispersed reinforcement particles in the surface composite along with fine grain microstructure. FSP helped to enhance the microhardness from 79.5 HV in the parent material to 136.5 HV in double pass FSP. Moreover, FSP helped to increase the tribological properties after two passes. However, the ultimate tensile strength was reduced after FSP.

Experimental Study of Polyurea Protective Coating Effectiveness for Layered Composite Material Reinforced by Glass-Fiber under Impact Loading

One of the promising methods for increasing the resistance of polymer composite materials to high-speed impact is the use of protective shockproof coatings. At the same time, over the past two decades, polyurea have been gaining noticeable popularity among such coatings. This work is devoted to study the effect of polyurea coating of 1.2 mm thickness on ballistic resistance characteristics of glass-fibre reinforced layered polymer of 8.5 mm thickness. During the experiments thirteen composite targets was affected by high-speed impact loading in the range of 80…150 m/s by spherical steel projectile of 23.8 mm diameter. It was shown that using the polyurea coating can increase the ballistic limit by 19% increasing the mass of the target only by 7%. Dynamic strain and displacement fields on the back surface of the target was obtained using digital image correlation method for 81.2 m/s collision process.

Evaluation of strength variation of domes and cylinders with different winding angle of type III high pressure storage vessel

Type III vessels are used to store gases at high pressure and, for efficient use, should be as light as possible without compromising stability. However, since the fiber composite layer has a directional property, it causes different properties depending on the order of lamination and the direction of the layer, and it is necessary to evaluate various and complex variables because both the low and high lamination angles are used in the manufacturing process. Therefore, this study evaluated the composite material layer of type III high pressure storage vessels in a single layer pattern and a composite pattern, and evaluated the effects of the inherent characteristics of each angle and the increase or decrease in the stacking angle on the strength performance of the storage vessel. As a result of analysis, it was confirmed that the change of angle not only affects the strength performance, but also affects the location of storage vessel such as domes and cylinders. In addition, in the most optimized pattern, the stress of 79 MPa in the fiber direction and 20.35 MPa in the fiber orthogonal direction could be reduced.

Damage Assessment of Specimens Made of Layered Composite Polymeric Material Based on Carbon Plastic in Fatigue Tests

The use of polymer composite materials for highly loaded structures in modern engineering is constantly expanding, since they have high specific strength characteristics under static loading. However, the question of providing the required resource of such materials under cyclic loading remains open. In this work, we propose an experimental technique for assessing the damageability of specimens of layered polymeric material during fatigue tests. Criteria, which can indicate the appearance of interlayer fracture in the tested specimens, are given. A correlation between the appearance of a new spot of interlayer destruction in the specimens and a decrease in a number of acoustic emission events per unit time, during fatigue tests, were revealed.

Effect of Shape of Armoring Fibers on Strength of Composite Materials

In this work, experimental studies of the effect of fiber curvature on the strength and ultimate deformations of epoxy carbon plastic samples under loading are carried out. On the basis of the experimental studies carried out, the static characteristics of the composite layered material, which are promising for use in the structures under consideration, have been determined. Based on the test results, it was demonstrated that in the design calculations for the products under consideration, it is possible to use static characteristics, since an increase in the deformation rate of the material leads to an increase in strength and, therefore, the calculation results will provide an additional margin of safety.

Determination of rheological model coefficients of pipeline composite material layers based on spectrum analysis and optimization

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Structural optimization of H-type VAWT blade under fluid-structure interaction conditions

To reduce the errors caused by the rigid body hypothesis in the aerodynamics-structure coupling calculation and improve the structural performance, an optimum structure design with the consideration of the fluid-structure interaction are performed for the H-type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) blade. Based on the ANSYS Workbench platform, the geometric model, computational domain and grids of the wind wheel are constructed, the turbulence model, boundary conditions and composite material layers are set up, and the fluid and solid domains are solved in a coupled way. The single-objective structural optimization model in which the thicknesses of glass clothes, foam and gel coat, and the positions of two webs are taken as design variables is solved using the response surface optimization method to minimize the wind wheel mass. The frequencies and vibration modes of original and optimized blades with and without pre-stress and the transient characteristics of wind wheels in different wind speeds are investigated. The results indicate that after the blade optimization, the first-order frequency and critical speed become larger and other frequencies reduce for the static, single pre-stress and multiple pre-stresses states, and the maximum displacement, stress and strain of the wind wheel decrease under rated and extreme wind speeds, confirming significant performance improvements. The research provides useful guidance for the integrated design of structure and aerodynamics of wind turbine blades.

Preparation, characterization, and influence of polyurea coatings on their layered composite materials based on flexible rebonded polyurethane

AbstractPreparation and characterization of a series of polyurea (PU) coatings and their influences on layered composite materials based on rebonded polyurethane (PUr) for floor application are described in terms of the raw materials, formulation, and application performance. While PU coatings show almost the same FTIR peaks, thermogravimetric analyses results reveal that thermal stabilities of the PU coatings are slightly enhanced with the use of trifunctional polyamine compound and one step degradation takes place beyond 300°C. All PU coatings have very dense, smooth, and bubble‐free surfaces whereas the cross‐sectional SEM images exhibit pores of different sizes. Contact angle values of all PU coatings are bigger than 90° indicating that the surfaces are hydrophobic. Using propylene carbonate in the preparation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) prepolymer and the chain extender in the PU coating formulation impacts the mechanical and electrical properties of the PU coatings as well as layered PU/PUr composite materials. In conclusion, not only the controllable physicochemical and mechanical properties of layered PUr/PU composites but also the usage potential of recycled PU scraps in these layered composites are very promising for better floor applications.

Perspective Composite Material Made of Volume Fabric - Experimental Tests

In all industries, composite materials with a multilayer structure are widely used. Each layer of the composite material is a directional fiber impregnated with a binder polymer. Layered composite materials, possessing unique properties and high manufacturability, have a significant drawback - the presence of interlayer defects in material, which reduces the scope of their application. One of the perspective directions for reducing the process of interlayer fracture in composite materials is the use of bulk textile material, which is the reinforcement of the entire multilayer material. This article presents an overview of some researches that provide basic information about the creation of perspective composite material made of volume fabric and materials based on them. We provided open information about manufacturers of 3D fabric materials. We carried out experimental tests with composite materials, which showed that material with transverse threads is 30-35% stronger during end impact than a composite material without reinforcement.

A novel flexible, layered, recoverable SiO2 fiber skeleton and aerogel composites material prepared by papermaking process

The anisotropic ceramic fiber skeleton and its aerogel composite materials have important applications in the fields of high temperature insulation and aerospace. However, the traditional ceramic fiber skeleton has been limited in its application due to the complexity of its preparation process. Here, referencing the traditional papermaking technology, a flexible and recoverable SiO2 fiber skeleton with anisotropic layered structure was prepared through papermaking process and low-temperature sintering (170 °C) technology. Complete heteromorphic skeleton could be prepared by this simple process. On this basis, we impregnated the fiber skeleton with silica aerogel to further improve the composite properties of the pure fiber block. Compared with SiO2 fiber skeleton, the SiO2 aerogel/fiber skeleton composite exhibited lower thermal conductivity (0.023 W/(m·k)), higher compressive strength (2.19 MPa) and excellent high temperature thermal insulation. The recoverable and excellent thermal insulation properties of anisotropic layered composite materials provide an effective way for the manufacture of low-cost aerogel composite materials. At the same time, it has potential application value in high-temperature thermal insulation materials.

ОЦЕНКА НЕСУЩЕЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ СОСТАВНОЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ САМОЛЕТА, СОСТОЯЩЕЙ ИЗ МЕТАЛЛОПОЛИМЕРНОГО КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА И КЛАССИЧЕСКОГО МЕТАЛЛА

The requirements for modern models of aviation equipment are constantly increasing, as a result of which it is necessary to look for new ways to solve the assigned engineering tasks through the use of new materials, new principles of manufacturing and assembly, as well as through an extraordinary approach to the design of the design of modern aircraft products. In this paper, the engineering methodology of power calculation and design of composite aircraft structures combining metal-polymer composite materials and metal materials is considered. As a composite structure under study, a fragment of an aircraft wing panel is considered, including a stringer made of a traditional structural material (metal) and a metal-polymer composite material skin attached to it. Metal- polymer composite material is a layered material consisting of metal sheets and layers of polymer composite material. Previously, in [1], the characteristics of the stress-strain state (SSS) of a single metal-polymer composite material and each layer in its package were investigated. In this paper, analytical and graphical dependences of the stress state of the elements of a composite structure on their ultimate deformations are obtained. The parameters of the composite panel of the wing, working on tension, and their effect on the stress-strain state, safety margin and load-bearing capacity are investigated. The obtained graphical dependences can be used for a preliminary assessment of the strength of an element of a composite structure at the stage of working out the design concept of an aircraft airframe assembly using a metal-polymer material.