Laws Of Settlement Research Articles

GFNS: An OpenGL-based tool for shield tunneling simulation in 3D complex stratum

Shield tunneling under complex geological conditions may lead to uneven surface settlement, thereby posing risks of damaging adjacent structures. This paper introduces the Geological Model for Numerical Simulation (GFNS) software, which employs OpenGL to implement a 3D geological model. The software incorporates an advanced geological stratum meshing algorithm based on conditional statements, facilitating the swift construction of numerical models for shield tunneling in intricate geological formations. In this study, a numerical model for shield tunneling in complex geological conditions was developed using GFNS. The research investigated potential risk levels to adjacent structures due to shield tunneling through alternating soft and hard geological strata along the tunnel's longitudinal axis. Moreover, the influence of shield excavation position and construction parameters on surface settlement was analyzed. Finally, a comparison was conducted with the traditional parallel geological modeling approach. The results revealed that simulating shield tunneling while considering complex geological conditions demonstrates a stronger correlation with the laws of stratum settlement. Thus, GFNS offers an auxiliary modeling method for simulating shield tunneling under complex geological conditions.

Evaluating construction parameters of HB and CD methods for super large section tunnel: a case study

The double sidewall guide pit and centre cross diagram (CRD) methods are often used for the construction of large-section tunnels through water-rich fault fracture zones due to their long construction time and high construction cost. To shorten the construction period and save costs, the top heading and benching method (HB) and centre diaphragm (CD) can be chosen for construction. The construction parameters of the step and CD methods are optimized to ensure the surrounding rock stability and tunnel safety. By relying on the Tongzi Tunnel, we simulate the excavation of different step heights in the construction of the top heading and benching method (HB) and CD methods through numerical simulation, the laws of tunnel vault settlement, and changes in the surrounding rock stress, initial support axial force, bending moment and safety factor. The study shows that as the height of the upper step increases, the settlement of the vault and the convergence of the periphery increase, the initial support safety factor decreases, and the plastic zone of the surrounding rock increases at 30 m from the target face. The step height for the top heading and benching method (HB) of construction is optimized as follows. The ratios of the upper, middle and lower step heights are 0.45H, 0.35H and 0.2H, respectively. The CD method construction step height is optimized to the left (right) upper and left (right) lower step height ratios of 0.5H and 0.5H, respectively.

Analytical solutions of ground settlement induced by yaw in a space curved shield tunnel

This paper aims to provide the analytical solutions of the ground settlement for a space curved shield tunnel in the case of yaw construction. Settlement inducements include ground loss and construction loads, and two corresponding analytical models have been proposed in this study. Three-dimensional image theory has been adopted to calculate the ground settlement due to ground loss. Yaw-related parameters are introduced into the calculation model to deduce the relevant laws of the ground settlement. Based on modified Mindlin solutions, analytical models are established to calculate the ground settlement induced by construction loads, such as the frontal additional thrust, axial friction of shield shell, and the grouting pressure. The method of calculating the position of the shield machine in the ground is refined, and the influence area of construction loads from the shield machine is optimized. Subsequently, the obtained solutions are validated by a numerical model and field data. Besides, a comparison reveals that the proposed model is the composition of three classical analytical models, thus it excels them in solving the problem mentioned. Finally, parametric analyses of yaw are conducted to examine yaw angle and pitch angle on ground settlement. The proposed model can effectively predict ground settlement caused by the spatial linear shield tunneling process.

Numerical simulation of the subgrade settlement of highway expansion based on CPTU data

ABSTRACT The differential settlement law of new and old subgrade is considered the key problem for settlement control of subgrade in highway expansion in soft soil areas. Along these lines, based on the on-site CPTU test and laboratory test results of the Huai’an-Jiangdu section of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed expansion project, the physical and mechanical parameters of the soils were obtained in this work. In addition, by performing numerical simulations, the laws of settlement and deformation of both new and old embankments were systematically studied. From the acquired results, it was demonstrated that the deformation regularity of the whole subgrade before and after the expansion was the same, while it was observed that it only diffused outwards. However, according to the analysis of additional deformation after expansion, it was found that the load exerted on the widened part had a greater influence on the widened part of the foundation. The numerical simulation outcomes of the highway expansion foundation can provide design guidance for differential settlement control and monitoring of both the new and old highway foundation.

Influence of Shield Tunnel Oblique Penetration Construction on Existing Large‐Span Masonry Structures

When the shield tunnel obliquely penetrates the large‐span masonry building, the ground deformation caused by shield construction may cause the risk of deformation and cracking of the existing masonry structure held above. Based on a shield tunnel obliquely penetrating a large‐span masonry building in Zhengzhou, a three‐dimensional finite element model of building‐stratum‐shield tunnel interaction was established by MIDAS‐GTS, and the laws of settlement, deformation, and damage of the building were studied. Results show that when the first line (left line) of the tunnel is penetrated, the settlement groove along the horizontal direction of the building presents a “V” shape, while after the second line (right line) is penetrated, which changes from “V” shape to “W” shape, and the maximum settlement value of the building caused by the first line can account for about 2/3 of the total settlement value. The maximum tensile strain of both the building’s south and north walls occurs at the bottom of the wall within the range of the tunnel, which develops upward and gradually weakens. Influenced by the oblique crossing angle, the maximum positions of settlement and strain for the building’s front and rear walls are offset to some extent. With the masonry building’s stiffness increasing, the uneven settlement of buildings decreases linearly, and with the tunnel oblique crossing angle increasing, the uneven settlement increases exponentially, while with the tunnel buried depth increasing, the uneven settlement shows an exponential downward trend.

Research on Deformation Law of Deep Foundation Pit of Station in Core Region of Saturated Soft Loess Based on Monitoring

Saturated soft loess has a large pore structure, high compressibility, low strength, fluid plastic state, and poor engineering properties. It is still one of the key problems that engineering needs to solve. In order to study the influence of deep foundation pit excavation in the saturated soft loess area on the deformation of foundation pits, the deformation laws of ground settlement, enclosure structure, and supporting axial force were clarified based on the field tests on the deformation characteristics of deep foundation pits in areas with the high‐water level in saturated soft loess, combined with geological conditions and on‐site construction procedures. The results indicate the following: water supply and construction process were found to be the main factor in changing the surface settlement curve of deep foundation pits in saturated soft loess; increasing the construction speed of the pit bottom floor, inverted braces, floor frame beams, and sidewall frame beams to close the structure, which is conducive to restraining the deformation of the continuous underground wall and foundation pits in similar areas. In the initial stage of support layout, the axial force of steel support tends to increase too fast or even exceed the standard control value. Therefore, a reasonable preadding axial force is an effective means to control the deformation of the continuous underground wall and the axial force of the steel support. The current research results may provide a reference for constructing deep foundation pits in similar areas.

Monitoring and Analysis of Subway Shaft Construction Displacement

According to the construction site monitoring of a subway tunnel shaft in Beijing, the deformation laws of surface settlement, horizontal displacement and vertical displacement of retaining structure during shaft construction were analyzed. The results show that: firstly, the ground settlement around the shaft can be divided into two stages, the rapid settlement stage before the floor construction and the stable settlement stage after the floor construction. The settlement rate and value of the middle point of the long side of the shaft is faster and bigger than the corner point and the middle point of the short side. The settlement value first increases and then decreases with the increase of the distance to the pit side. The maximum settlement is located at (0.61 ∼ 1) times the excavation depth behind the diaphragm wall. Secondly, the horizontal deformation of the long side of diaphragm wall is obviously different from the short side. The horizontal deformation of the long side is larger than the short side, and the position of the maximum horizontal deformation is deeper than the short side. The horizontal deformation curve of the middle point of the long side has obvious inflection point, and the middle point of the short side presents reciprocating type. The variation range of horizontal displacement of diaphragm wall top is between 10 mm, and the maximum horizontal displacement is 0.037% of shaft depth. Finally, the vertical displacement of the top of the diaphragm wall settles rapidly before the excavation of the bottom plate, and the settlement value decreases gradually after the excavation, and the increase rate of the diaphragm wall settlement is the largest when it is excavated to the bottom of the shaft. This deformation law can provide reference for the optimization of support design of similar projects.

Analysis and Prediction of Pavement Settlement Caused by Jacking Construction of Ultra-Shallow Rectangular Shield Frame Bridge

The primary purpose of this paper is to analyze and predict the ground settlement law of large-span rectangular shield frame bridge jacking project, to provide a reference for the optimization design and safe construction of similar projects. In this paper, combined with the jacking project of ultra-shallow buried soft soil layer rectangular shield frame bridge, through the on-site monitoring, the settlement deformation law of the longitudinal and transverse sections of the expressway pavement during the jacking construction process is discussed, and the reasons for the large settlement and rebound are analyzed. The basic laws of the road surface settlement with time are summarized. Based on the Kriging spatiotemporal prediction model, the road surface settlement is predicted. The research shows that the transverse settlement trough of the pavement caused by the rectangular shield frame bridge’s jacking construction is stable within 15 m–20 m on both sides toward the axis and symmetrical along the coordinate axis and the alignment roughly conforms to the normal distribution. The influence range of settlement trough becomes greater and greater with shield jacking, and the final settlement curve is W-shaped. After comparing the predicted curve with the measured road settlement curve, we found that the two curves are in good agreement, and the prediction result of the Kriging spatiotemporal prediction model is valid, which can reflect the process of road deformation development during the jacking process of the shield.

Application of GNSS displacement monitoring system in measurement of open sea structure

With the development of deep water port and marine engineering, more and more marine structures are located in open sea area. The measurement development of open sea area structure is restricted by abominable marine environment, no control point and difficult data transmission. Combined with the deep water offshore bucket-based breakwater, the displacement measurement technology of open sea structure is studied. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is built to realize real-time monitoring of bucket structure displacement. Different monitoring schemes are formulated based on the characteristics and precision of the structure in the sea conveyance floating stage, installation stage or operation stage. It is found that displacement in the structure along the axis of the breakwater is less than that perpendicular to the axis by monitoring data, and the displacement laws of horizontal displacement and settlement in each stage of the structure are obtained. It has very important guiding significance for the structure construction and post-construction stability control in open sea area.

The Influence of Groundwater Level Rise on Bearing Capacity of Sand Foundation

Along with the development of city construction, the underground space is exploited widely. This paper simulated the natural basement in sandy foundation by the way of laboratory test. Then through the SLT test we will get the change laws of bearing capacity, porewater pressure, effective stress and settlement in sandy foundation after analyzing change of underground water level. These may provide reference for the engineering application.

‘Unhappy and Wretched Creatures’: Charity, Poor Relief and Pauper Removal in Britain and Ireland during the Great Famine

Abstract During the Great Famine (1845–51) hundreds of thousands of Irish refugees fled to Britain, escaping the hunger and disease afflicting their homeland. Many made new lives there, but others were subsequently shipped back to Ireland by poor law authorities under the laws of Settlement and Removal. This article explores the coping strategies of the Famine Irish in Britain, and the responses of poor law authorities to the inflow of refugees with a particular focus on their use of removal. We argue that British poor law unions in areas heavily affected by the refugee crisis adopted rigorous removal policies, and that the non-settled Irish were consequently deeply reluctant to apply for poor relief, doing so only when alternative sources of support were unavailable. Thus, the true scale of Irish hardship was hidden from the official record. The article also explores, for the first time, the experiences of those sent back to Ireland, a country suffering from the devastating effects of Famine. The combination of heavy Irish immigration to Britain and large-scale removals back to Ireland created distrust between the authorities at British and Irish port towns, as both sides felt aggrieved by the inflow of destitute Irish arriving on their shores. At the centre of all this were the Irish poor themselves. Uncertainty, dislocation and hardship were often their experience, and we argue that this endured long after the Famine had ended; that the events of the late 1840s, indeed, created a new reality for the Irish in Britain.

STUDY ON THE SETTLEMENT OF TUNNEL BOTTOM AND PRESSURE OF ROCK MASS BASED ON CURVED BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION THEORY

Tunnel invert is the weak section of curved beam on tunnel foundation, and it is easy to break down. Based on the curved beam theory on elastic foundation, the curved beam model of tunnel invert was established, the displacement equations of tunnel invert under external load were deduced, and the formulas of settlement of tunnel bottom and the pressure of rock mass were presented. By means of the calculating formulas, the distribution laws of settlement of tunnel bottom and pressure of rock mass were obtained when tunnel bottom was strengthened and not strengthened by high pressure jet grouting piles. The final formulas in the paper are precise to predict the settlement of tunnel bottom and pressure of rock mass, so they are of great value for tunnel design and construction.

Analysis of Monitoring and Measurement of Small Clear Spacing Tunnel in the Excavation by NATM

Due to its convenience, quickness, cheapness and so on, NATM is widely used in the tunnel excavation. In order to guarantee security when tunnel construction and study the stability of tunnel surrounding rock, Supervision and measurement is essential in the tunnel excavation, the result of which may influence tunnel excavation directly. Based on the analyses of measured data, the distribution characteristics and variation laws of the ground settlement, crown settlement and convergence around the tunnel, the displacement of the interior of surrounding rock are all studied. The study results are drawn to provide the basis for modifying and optimizing the design and construction scheme.

Influence Analysis of Pit Foundation Precipitation to Adjoining Raft Foundation

Pit foundation excavation leads both settlement and uneven settlement in the building foundation. It has settlement cracks in masonry and concrete structure; these damages lie on the basis of the instability in neighboring buildings. In this paper, by the use of FLAC3D, it establish three-dimensional numerical analysis mode of interaction between foundation pit excavation and raft foundation, the change patterns of the soil deformation, pore water pressure and the uneven settlements of raft foundation are analyzed. The results indicate that the maximum value of the raft foundation settlement appears on the maximum pit free surface on the foundation pit, and the lesser value of the raft foundation settlement is away from the foundation pit, these indicate that the laws of the uneven settlement.

Central place practice: shopping centre attractiveness measures, hinterland boundaries and the UK retail hierarchy

Christaller's (Central Places in Southern Germany (translated by Baskin C (1966)), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1933) well-known and much criticised ‘central place theory’ was based on classical, arguably unsustainable, economic assumptions such as the uniformity of consumers and travel. Nevertheless, it has been claimed that the emergence of shopping areas in UK towns could largely be explained in terms of central place principles (Retail Location: A Micro-Scale Perspective, Aldershot, Avebury, 1992). Brown drew support from the example of the retail hierarchy of Cardiff (UK, Store Location and Store Assessment Research, Chichester, Wiley, 1984): a town centre core radiating progressively further out with greater numbers of district centres, neighbourhood centres and finally local centres. Christaller's theory was based on rigid ‘laws of distribution of central places’ and ‘laws of settlement’ which ‘often determine[d] with astonishing exactness, the location of central places’ in southern Germany. Guy considered that for useful application to UK retail, a more flexible interpretation was needed and that strict economic assumptions could be relaxed in a more pragmatic approach. The ‘classical’ approach fails to account for the positions and hinterland (or catchment area) boundaries of modern out-of-town regional shopping centres. Except in defining the components of places at various levels in the hierarchy, Christaller did not even consider the attractiveness of shopping areas in consumer choice. A number of other authors have investigated various measures to define positions in the retail hierarchy. In the Cardiff example, Guy used retail sales floor area as a surrogate measure. Systems have been proposed based on numbers and status of retail outlets (The New Guide to Shopping Centres of Great Britain, Hillier Parker, London, 1991; Shopping Centres, Mintel, London, 1997; J. Property Res. 9 (1992) 122–160; J. Property Res. 9 (1985) 122–160). This paper evaluates the authors’ empirically based measurement system for attractiveness that can be applied to out-of-town as well as in-town shopping centres. The approach adapts previous simple systems based on retailer counts. These have been combined in attractiveness measurements applied to definitions of position in the hierarchy. Results support the prediction of central place hinterland boundaries based on the authors’ attractiveness measures and adaptation of (The Law of Gravitation, Knickerbocker Press, New York, 1931) ‘Law’. The data fit exemplar published empirical data on shopping centre hinterlands more closely than do the commonly used drive-time isochrones.

Agrarian policies on pauper settlement and migration, Oxfordshire 1750–1834

In a quest to establish the principles behind various migration currents, a great body of research has shown that there is keen interest in the differentials in socio-economic conditions between the places of origin of migrants and their destinations, with special focus laid on wage rates, employment opportunities and availability of information. Although useful in explaining some of the elements involved in the migration process, this conventional approach based on the functional analysis of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors often fails to give adequate attention to the peculiar historical contexts in which individual migration events have occurred. Recent advances in research into the inter-parochial migration of the labouring poor in rural England under the laws of settlement have clearly illustrated how inappropriate the conventional approach can be. From surviving settlement material such as examinations, certificates and removal orders, historians have successfully identified distinctive features of pauper migration and of the settlement material from the migration has been traced. (For those unfamiliar with the laws of settlement, some basic terms are explained in the Appendix.)First of all, the settlement material is not, strictly speaking, direct evidence of actual migration. Examinations may have been used just for information-gathering purposes, and removal orders could be issued to cajole the immigrants' parish of settlement into producing certificates or agreeing to non-resident relief. What the settlement documents show is, therefore, not so much actual mobility as inter-parochial tensions over the cost of employment and poor relief. Secondly, those who moved to other parishes under the laws of settlement hardly achieved equality with the native parishioners. Many parishes had strict village regulations giving priority to the parishioners in the allocation of work in the harvest fields, in the chances of partaking in gleaning, in access to local charity and in the exercise of various common rights. Thirdly, these migrants were particularly vulnerable to changes in the social and economic conditions of the parishes in which they resided. The parishes of residence were inclined to force non-parishioners to return to their parishes of settlement when there was no further need of their labour or when they became less useful due to decrepitude, injury or other circumstances. Migration through the process of the laws of settlement was not permanent in many cases, and return migration was usually forced rather than voluntary. Finally, it was not uncommon for a conflict of interests to develop between pauper migrants, parish officers and magistrates. Over such issues as employment, poor-relief expenditure and the social cohesiveness of local communities, they often had different interests as waged labourers and peasant workers, as tenant farmers and other ratepayers and as landowners, respectively.These features highlight the point that the functional explanation, which rests on the notion of the autonomy of the parishes of origin and destination as decision-making units, can be seriously misleading. A more important issue is whether the framework of pauper settlement hindered ‘free’ labour circulation and, if so, to what extent, in what way and in whose interest it did so. These are crucial questions for understanding not only the structure of the English labour market but also the political contours of rural society between different classes, and for further evaluating the overall role of the laws of settlement for the industrial and urban growth of the time. Focusing on the critical period 1751–1834, this article seeks to answer the questions through a careful reconsideration of the Oxfordshire settlement material.

Social Insurance and Public Assistance: The Influence of Gender in Welfare Thought in the United States, 1890-1935

ions did not tend toward the philosophical; very little ethical argumentation or grounding in social or political theory appeared. Writers spoke the language of actuarial computation and administration and argued from a logic that assumed profit motives as the only motives (despite, ironically, the socialist affiliations of several prominent social insurance advocates). Altruism was not only absent but was implicitly denied force as a social motive.37 WHEN WELFARE ADVOCATES SOUGHT TO DERIVE THEIR ARGUMENTS from fundamental principles, the relevance of gender appeared again, albeit less dramatically. Men more often made rights claims. Frederick Wines spoke of a natural right to relief as early as 1883.38 In The Scientific Spirit and Social Work (1920), Arthur James Todd began with the chapter Natural Rights and Social Wrongs and found the origins of modern social work not in the church, the peasant moral economy, the paternal bond between lord and peasant, or anything of the English tradition, but in The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Tom Paine. There is no forcing of analogies or misreading of history when I say that modern social-reform movements and social work represent a series of concrete attempts to define and redefine the Rights of Man [emphasis in original].39 Prefiguring Franklin Roosevelt, Todd listed some new rights: to a decent income, to organize for economic protection (unions), to leisure, to education, to recreation, to health (including sanitation, preventive hygiene, protection from impure and adulterated food), to decent 36 William Hard, Pensioners of Peace, in Bullock, Selected Articles on Compulsory Insurance, 118-41. Of course, it is possible that was the pseudonym for a real person, but if so, my point still holds, for Hard was not interested in the actual facts of his life, only in the hypothetical situation of Smith under public insurance. 37 See, for example, Paul Douglas, Family Allowance System as a Protector of Children, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 121 (September 1925): 16-24; Abraham Epstein, Insecurity: A Challenge to America (1933; rpt. edn., New York, 1968); Abraham Epstein, The Challenge of the Aged, rev. 2d edn. (New York, 1928); I. M. Rubinow, Social Insurance with Special Reference to American Conditions (New York, 1913); I. M. Rubinow, ed., The Care of the Aged: Proceedings of the Deutsch Foundation Conference (Chicago, 1931); I. M. Rubinow, The Quest for Security (New York, 1934). 38 Frederick Wines, Laws of Settlement and the Right to Public Relief, in NCCC Proceedings (1898): 223. 39 Arthur James Todd, The Scientific Spirit and Social Work (New York, 1920), 2. AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW FEBRUARY 1992 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.176 on Tue, 26 Jul 2016 04:09:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement

Cette réplique à l'article de K. D. M. Snell ‘Le droit d'établissement des pauvres et le droit è l'assistance publique’ qui argue qu'il y a une ‘identification invariable’ de I'assistance publique et la résidence depuis le milieu du 17è. et le milieu du 19è. siècles, démontre que les preuves fournies par Snell ne corroborent pas son argument. Ainsi cette réplique évalue les rapports de Snell concernant la nature, la teneur, le nombre et la provenance des documents d'établissement. Elle suggère également que la thèse qui ramène la définition des perspectives économiques des pauvres à l'accès a de l'argent – fût-ce celui de leur salaire ou celui dû aux impôts pour les pauvres – ignore les structures fondamentales de l'économie au début des temps modernes.

The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England

In the eighteenth century, parish officers used the laws of settlement to regulate the immigration of the poor to their parishes. Their regulation went well beyond ridding their parishes of indigent immigrants. Parish officers monitored the immigration of the non-indigent poor; they insured that their parishes acquired the documents which guaranteed that a poor immigrant would not become the responsibility of the parish to which he had immigrated; and they even removed non-indigent immigrants from their parishes, using their parishes' funds to pay for sending these immigrants back to the parishes which were legally responsible for their welfare.1 To the modern observer, such regulation of migration from one parish to another may seem odd, so odd that some historians have assumed that this regulatory activity did not occur.2 Obviously, then, the parishes' regulation of immigration was part of a world now lost. Regulation of immigration by parish officers disappeared in 1795, when parliament abolished the legal foundations for this practice.3 In detective stories, discovery of the circumstances and implications of a disappearance reveals the structure of the world in which it occurred. So may it be with the regulation of immigration.

Erratum

The title to Figure 2 in Norma Landau, ‘The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent’, Continuity and Change, 3 (3), 1988, p. 396 should read: FIGURE 2. Number of removal orders appealed to Quarter Sessions (5-year moving average).