Changes In Law Research Articles

Analysis of spatial and temporal variation of frost dates in Jilin Province

In order to understand the changing law of frost date (number) in Jilin Province, and to improve the early warning and forecasting ability of frost disaster, Based on the day-by-day minimum temperature data from 47 meteorological observation stations in Jilin region from 1969 to 2020, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of frost date (number) were analyzed by using linear propensity ratio, Mann-Kendall method and sliding t-test, as well as REOF. The results show that: the first frost date, the last frost date, and the number of frost-free days follow the general spatial distribution pattern of "early in the northwest and late in the southeast," "late in the southeast and early in the northwest," and "long in the northwest and short in the southeast". The overall trend of frost dates is delayed first frost date, and early final frost date and prolonged frost-free days. The years with abrupt changes in the first frost date, final frost date and number of frost-free days were 2004, 1997 and 1991, respectively. The number of frost-free days in Jilin Province was categorized into 3 regions based on REOF analysis. It can be seen that analyzing the spatio-temporal variation rule of frost can provide theoretical basis for frost prevention and disaster reduction.

Act of Grace Payments and the Constitution

This article focuses on a hitherto underexplored but increasingly important area of public expenditure: act of grace payments. Act of grace payments are voluntary, highly discretionary gifts of money made by the executive in the absence of any legal duty to do so. The expenditure on such payments in Australia has been significant, and a lack of transparency creates serious risks to integrity. Further, the cases of Pape v Federal Commissioner of Taxation, Williams v Commonwealth and Williams v Commonwealth [No 2] have transformed the constitutional framework for public expenditure. Accordingly, this article conducts a fine-grained analysis of the constitutional legality of act of grace payments at the Commonwealth, state and territory levels. The authors argue that there are significant constitutional issues with act of grace payments at the Commonwealth level, and that many state-based act of grace payments are likely to be illegal. To address these issues, and to reduce the risk that payments will be made illegally, the authors recommend several legislative and soft law changes.

Abortion Law Changes & OT Practice in the United States

Abstract Date Presented 03/23/24 This research was designed to uncover whether and how OTPs in 18 states with abortion restrictions need additional resources related to reproductive health in order to support clients. Primary Author and Speaker: Delaney Suzanne McKee Additional Authors and Speakers: Darya Nemati Contributing Authors: Emily Rothman

On diagnostics of the properties of functional-gradient composites considering rheology

Abstract The solution of inverse problems on determining the variable rheological properties of functional-gradient beams using additional information about the angle of rotation of the end section is presented within the framework of the most used models: Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko. Within the framework of the concept of complex modules, nonlinear operator equations are obtained that connect the given and sought functions (instantaneous and long-term module, relaxation time). The solution is based on the linearization method and the formulation of an iterative process, at each step of which it is necessary to solve complex-valued boundary value problems and invert completely continuous operators with complex-valued kernels. Functions reflecting the laws of change in long-term and instantaneous modules have been restored. The results of computational experiments in some special cases are presented.

Effectiveness of regulatory changes in administrative law during the war

Introduction. In the conditions of war, administrative law faces new challenges that require prompt and adequate regulatory changes. Traditional approaches to administrative regulation may not be effective enough, putting stability, security and law and order at risk. Adaptation of normative acts, procedures and mechanisms of administrative law to the conditions of war is an urgent need. The purpose of the paper is to determine the effectiveness of regulatory changes in administrative law during wartime, to analyze the impact of these changes on the functioning of state bodies and the protection of citizens’ rights, as well as to develop practical recommendations for improving the regulatory framework in wartime conditions. The results. The paper provides an overview of the main normative acts adopted in Ukraine during the war, such as the laws "On the National Security of Ukraine" and "On the Defense of Ukraine", as well as presidential decrees and resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers. Their influence on administrative practice, in particular on mobilization measures, coordination between state bodies and protection of information resources, is considered. The analysis of international experience showed that other countries also implemented similar regulatory changes to improve the effectiveness of public administration in wartime conditions. The main problems and challenges faced by state bodies and citizens in the conditions of martial law have been identified. Based on the research of Ukrainian and international scientists, specific mechanisms and approaches for adapting administrative law to the conditions of war are proposed. Conclusion. The conclusions of the paper emphasize the need for a quick and flexible response of the regulatory framework to the challenges of war. It is recommended to create legislative and organizational mechanisms that will ensure the effective work of state bodies and the protection of citizens’ rights. The paper proposes concrete measures to increase the transparency and accountability of state bodies, which are critically important in wartime conditions. Prospects for further developments include research into the long-term consequences of the implemented changes and their impact on the stability of public administration in the post-war period.

Trends in organ donation in England, Scotland and Wales in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and 'opt-out' legislation.

In May 2020, England implemented soft 'opt-out' or 'deemed consent' for deceased donation with the intention of raising consent rates. However, this coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, making it difficult to assess the early impact of the law change. Wales and Scotland changed their organ donation legislation to implement soft opt-out systems in 2015 and 2021 respectively. This study provides a descriptive analysis of changes in consent and transplant rates for deceased organ donation in England, Scotland and Wales. Logistic regression and descriptive trend analysis were employed to assess the probability of a patient who died in critical care becoming a donor, and to report consent rates using data, respectively, from the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) in England from 1 April 2014 to 30 September 2021, and from the Potential Donor Audit for England, Scotland and Wales from April 2010 to June 2023. The number of eligible donors in April-June 2020 were 56.5%, 59.3% and 57.6% lower in England, Scotland and Wales relative to April-June 2019 (pre-pandemic). By April-June 2023, the number of eligible donors had recovered to 87.4%, 64.2% and 110.3%, respectively, of their levels in 2019. The consent rate in England, Scotland and Wales reduced from 68.3%, 63.0% and 63.6% in April-June 2019 to 63.2%, 60.5% and 56.3% in April-June 2023. While the UK organ donation system shows signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of eligible potential donors and consent rates remain below their pre-pandemic levels.

‘It changed my view of assessment’: a framework for teacher-centered state standardized science assessment

ABSTRACT In the US, standardized testing in K–12 classrooms historically cultivated teacher perceptions of incoherencies with evidence-based practices and professional knowledge. In the last decade, changes in federal education law and widespread state adoption of the Next-Generation Science Standards (NGSS) have opened unprecedented opportunities for states to fully involve teachers in the creation of standardized science assessments. This mixed methods study examined how a cohort of K–12 science teachers perceived their professionalism, knowledge of the NGSS, and coherency among the NGSS and classroom science assessments after an intensive series of workshops creating NGSS-aligned items for the Illinois standardized science assessment. Despite tensions adhering to state requirements, teachers described a sense of professionalism and autonomy over the items produced, deeper knowledge of the standards, and changed views of assessment. Results can inform policymakers seeking to localize standard-aligned science test items while positively impacting science teachers’ perceptions and classroom practices.

Research on disturbance influence of goaf residual deformation on simply supported beam bridge

In order to analyze the stability of the bridge above the goaf, the disturbance influence of goaf residual deformation on the bridge is studied. Firstly, an equivalent numerical simulation method of goaf residual deformation evolution process is studied by quantitative analysis the sensitivity of residual subsidence to the rock parameters using the OAT (one-variable-at-a-time). Then, the collaborative deformation of ground, pile, and bridge floor is studied under the condition of a simply-supported beam bridge above the goaf center. Finally, the mechanism of collaborative deformation of ground, pile, and bridge floor is revealed. The results show that the goaf residual deformation process can be obtained by weakening the elastic modulus of fractured rock in the caving zone. At the final residual deformation stage, the subsidence ratio of ground to pile is about 10, and the subsidence ratio of pile to bridge floor is about 2, while the ground horizontal movement ratio of ground to pile is about 7, and the bridge floor horizontal movement can be ignored. The bridge floor is always in the positive curvature influence zone, and the pile has an inhibitory effect on the curvature deformation of the bridge floor. The compression deformation occurs between the piles locations, while the tensile deformation occurs at the pile location. The evolution of negative frictional resistance derived from goaf residual deformation is the main reason for the change in the collaborative deformation law among the ground, pile and bridge floor. This research can provide scientific support and theoretical basis for the design, construction, and protection of the bridge above the goaf center, and can also provide reference for the stability evaluation of bridge above goaf under other conditions.

Research on one-dimensional phase change heat transfer characteristics based on instrument compartment structure

To address the issue of electronic equipment failure inside the instrument compartment due to aerodynamic heating during high-speed flight. Combining the heat transfer characteristics of phase change materials, a new instrument compartment structure was proposed as the research subject based on phase change materials. While studying the heat transfer characteristics of this structure, one-dimensional phase change heat transfer theoretical model was constructed based on the Lightfoot integral equation method, and the corresponding analytical solution was obtained. To explore the temperature change law of the instrument compartment structure and verify the rationality of the theoretical model, the new thermal experiment was carried out for the instrument compartment structure. Compared with the aluminum alloy instrument compartment structure, the experimental results show that the instrument compartment structure design based on phase change materials could effectively reduce the temperature of the structure itself, and the experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical calculation results, which verified the rationality of the theoretical model and provided a scientific basis for the practical application of phase change materials in instrument compartment structures.

Research on transformer based online condition monitoring method for IPM

Abstract The Intelligent Power Module (IPM) has the integrated packaging, leading to the advantages of convenient use, safety and reliability. However, once it fails, it will cause the whole power supply system to be inoperative, and it is necessary to perform online Condition Monitoring (CM) of the IPM. In this paper, we extract the aging characteristics such as dynamic equivalent resistance, peak-to-peak value, switching frequency, and turn-off time only from the voltage and current of IPM drain–source port, and then propose a non-intrusive online CM method for the IPM based on the transformer neural network (TNN). We analyse the internal aging mechanism of the IPM, the changing law of aging features, and construct multi-dimensional aging fusion features, and then the TNN model is used to monitor early parameters drift of multi-dimensional fusion feature vectors and realize the accurate online prediction of IPM health condition. The experimental analysis results show that the fault prediction accuracy reaches 96%, and can realize the health CM under the condition of noise interference, weak aging features and few external observable points.

Enhancement effect of calcium carbide residue and rice husk ash on soft soil: Small-strain property and micro mechanism

The resource utilization of calcium carbide residue (CCR) and rice husk ash (RHA) is helpful to save resources and alleviate environmental pollution. In this research, CCR and RHA were used to modify soft clay, and the resonant column test was conducted to explore its small-strain dynamic characteristics. The micro-mechanism of CCR-RHA modified soft clay (CRSC) was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and mercury intrusion tests. The findings demonstrated that the dynamic shear modulus of the CRSC increased with the increase of RHA content and confining pressure, but decreased with the increase of shear strain. In contrast, the damping ratio presents the opposite change law. The Hardin-Drnevich (H-D) model was used to fit the dynamic shear modulus/maximum dynamic shear modulus (G/Gmax)-shear strain γ and the damping ratio D-shear strain γ. As confining pressure increased, Gmax increased but Dmax dropped in CRSC specimens with the same RHA content. The changes of the fitted G/Gmax-γ curve could be divided into progressively decrease stage and rapid decrease stage, while the changes of the fitted D-γ curve could be separated into linear stage and slow stage, with the same turning point γ = 10−4. Microscopic tests revealed that the incorporation of CCR and RHA helped to promote the hydration reaction, and the generated hydration products such as calcium silicate hydrate were able to enhance the integrity and compactness of the CRSC. The results of this research putfward solid foundation for the application of CCR-RHA in the modification of soft soil.

PH-induced changes in IgE molecules measured by atomic force microscopy.

The environment surrounding proteins is tightly linked to its dynamics, which can significantly influence the conformation of proteins. This study focused on the effect of pH conditions on the ultrastructure of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecules. Herein, the morphology, height, and area of IgE molecules incubated at different pH were imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the law of IgE changes induced by pH value was explored. The experiment results indicated that the morphology, height and area of IgE molecules are pH dependent and highly sensitive. In particular, IgE molecules were more likely to present small-sized ellipsoids under acidic conditions, while IgE molecules tend to aggregate into large-sized flower-like structures under alkaline conditions. In addition, it was found that the height of IgE first decreased and then increased with the increase of pH, while the area of IgE increased with the increase of pH. This work provides valuable information for further study of IgE, and the methodological approach used in this study is expected to developed into AFM to investigate the changes of IgE molecules mediated by other physical and chemical factors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The ultrastructure of IgE molecules is pH dependent and highly sensitive. IgE molecules were tend to present small-sized ellipsoids under acidic pH. Alkaline pH drives IgE self-assembly into flower-like aggregates.

Injuries With Electric vs Conventional Scooters and Bicycles.

Micromobility, the use of small vehicles (primarily scooters and bicycles), has become a standard transportation method in the US. Despite broad adoption of electric micromobility vehicles, there is a paucity of data regarding the injury profiles of these vehicles, particularly in the US. To characterize micromobility injury trends in the US, identify demographic characteristic differences in users of electric and conventional vehicles, and identify factors associated with hospitalization. This cross-sectional study queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a comprehensive database that collates injury data associated with consumer products from emergency departments across the US to provide national estimates, from calendar year 2017 to 2022. Data on micromobility vehicle injuries (bicycles, scooters, electric bicycles [e-bicycles], and electric scooters [e-scooters]) were obtained. Trends in injury and hospitalization counts, injury characteristics, and factors associated with hospitalization. From 2017 to 2022, the US recorded 2 499 843 bicycle (95% CI, 1 948 539-3 051 147), 304 783 scooter (95% CI, 232 466-377 099), 45 586 e-bicycle (95% CI, 17 684-73 488), and 189 517 e-scooter (95% CI, 126 101-252 932) injuries. The median age of the riders was 28 (IQR, 12-51) years; 72% were male, 1.5% Asian, 13% Black, 12% Hispanic, and 49% White. Annual e-bicycle and e-scooter injuries increased from 751 (95% CI, 0-1586) to 23 493 (95% CI, 11 043-35 944) and injuries increased from 8566 (95% CI, 5522-11 611) to 56 847 (95% CI, 39 673-74 022). Compared with conventional vehicles, electric vehicle accidents involved older individuals (median age, 31 vs 27 years; P < .001) and a higher proportion of Black riders (25% vs 12%; P < .001). Helmet use was less in electric vehicle incidents compared with conventional vehicles (43% vs 52%; P = .02), and injuries were more common in urban settings (83% vs 71%; P = .008). Age-adjusted odds of hospitalization among all Black individuals compared with White individuals was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.59-0.98; P = .04). In this cross-sectional study of micromobility vehicles, an increased number of injuries and hospitalizations was observed with electric vehicles compared with conventional vehicles from 2017 to 2022. These findings suggest the need for change in educational policies, infrastructure, and law to recenter on safety with the use of micromobility vehicles.

Study on Wetting Deformation Characteristics of Damming Materials under Triaxial Compression

The wetting deformation of dam material will lead to uneven settlement of dam body, which will harm dam safety. A large static triaxial test instrument was used to conduct a single line triaxial compression humidification test on dam material in the main rockfill area of a power station. The humidification deformation rule and its relationship with confining pressure and stress level were analyzed. The experimental results show that the wetting axial strain is inversely proportional to the stress level, and the wetting volume strain is proportional to the confining pressure. The wetting model can effectively reflect the changing law of dam materials, and the research results provide experimental basis for the calculation and design of the dam body wetting deformation.

Legal Politics of Changes to Marriage Laws in Indonesia

The research aims to analyze changes to articles in Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage which are the result of revisions to previous provisions, namely Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This research is a juridical research by analyzing legal politics regarding changes in marriage law using a statutory approach, case approach, conceptual approach, and legal comparative approach. The results of this research are: First, the revision carried out by the government still leaves legal problems, this is based on the decision of the Constitutional Court in several judicial reviews of Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. Second, the age limit regulated in Law no. 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage is not yet ideal and synergistic with other statutory provisions. Third, the purpose of the amendment to Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage is to reduce legal problems in society. On the other hand, the same problems still occurred when the previous provisions were implemented, such as the death rate for girls who married at a young age, the increasing number of requests for marriage dispensations, and the failure to achieve the marriages desired by law. However, changes to the marriage age limit provisions at least attempt to minimize cases of early child marriage in Indonesia.

Perubahan Hukum Tata Negara di Indonesia Setelah Amandemen UUD 1945

The 1945 Constitution has undergone four amendments. These amendments have brought significant changes to Indonesia's constitutional law. They encompass the transformation of the state from a unitary to a unitary state with broad autonomy, a shift in the governmental system from presidential to parliamentary-presidential, alterations in the presidential and vice-presidential election systems, changes in the judicial system, and modifications in the party system. This research aims to examine the changes in Indonesia's constitutional law following the amendments to the 1945 Constitution. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the impacts of these changes on Indonesia's constitutional system. The research employs a normative legal method, examining primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution and other related legislation concerning constitutional law. Furthermore, secondary legal materials such as books, articles, and journals related to constitutional law are also scrutinized. Based on the research findings, the alterations in Indonesia's constitutional law after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution have significantly impacted Indonesia's constitutional system, making it more democratic and ensuring greater respect for human rights.

Effect Analysis of Process Parameters on Geometric Dimensions during Belt-Heated Incremental Sheet Forming of AA2024 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of process parameters on geometric dimensions is complex during belt-heated incremental sheet forming, leading to control difficulties in the geometric dimension of parts. In this study, the geometric errors were analyzed under the action of different process parameters, and the corresponding influence law was obtained through macro- and microexperiments. On this basis, the micromorphology of the deformation region section was analyzed in detail, and the effect of process parameters on micromorphology characteristics was obtained during belt-heated incremental sheet forming. Meanwhile, the dislocation density of the deformation region section was analyzed through XRD, and the change law of the dislocation density was revealed under the action of different process parameters. Therefore, the macro and micro effect mechanism of process parameters on geometric dimensions was verified, and then the control method of the geometric dimension was obtained in belt-heated incremental sheet forming.

The effect of vertical identification card laws on teenage tobacco and alcohol use.

We study the impact of vertical identification card laws, which changed the orientation of driver's licenses and state identification cards from horizontal to vertical for those under 21years, on teenage tobacco and alcohol use. We study this question using four national datasets (pooled national and state Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, National Youth Tobacco Survey, Current Population Survey to Tobacco Use Supplements, and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). We improve previous databases of vertical ID law implementation by using original archival research to identify the exact date of the law change. We estimate models using standard two-way fixed effects and stacked difference-in-differences that avoid bias from dynamic and heterogeneous treatment effects. Using data through 2021, we do not find evidence of reductions in teenage tobacco and alcohol use. While these laws reduce retail-based purchasing, they also increase social sourcing, thus leading to no net impact on use.

An Extended Neck Position is Likely to Produce Cervical Spine Injuries Through Buckling in Accidental Head-First Impacts During Rugby Tackling

Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in rugby often occur during tackling. The underlying mechanisms leading to these injuries remain unclear, with neck hyperflexion and buckling both proposed as the causative factor in the injury prevention literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-impact head–neck posture on intervertebral neck loads and motions during a head-first rugby tackle. Using a validated, subject-specific musculoskeletal model of a rugby player, and computer simulations driven by in vivo and in vitro data, we examined the dynamic response of the cervical spine under such impact conditions. The simulations demonstrated that the initial head–neck sagittal-plane posture affected intervertebral loads and kinematics, with an extended neck resulting in buckling and supraphysiologic intervertebral shear and flexion loads and motions, typical of bilateral facet dislocation injuries. In contrast, an initially flexed neck increased axial compression forces and flexion angles without exceeding intervertebral physiological limits. These findings provide objective evidence that can inform injury prevention strategies or rugby law changes to improve the safety of the game of rugby.

Pengaturan Tata Hukum di Indonesia Kalau di Tinjau dari Kondisi Kekinian

An important part of Indonesian constitutional law is the development of state law. This article discusses the development of the legal system, especially the constitution, laws, statutory regulations, statutory regulations and regional regulations. In this case, it is important to examine how public institutions such as the government, DPR, and judiciary are involved in making, implementing, and enforcing laws. Teksini uses legal methods and library research strategies in his research, namely legal research which focuses on legal principles, including agreements, statutes, principles, norms and rules. The constitution is a list of articles governing the general organization of the state, functions, business and administration of public institutions, the territory of the state, the situation of local communities and human rights. We can not only understand what the Constitution is, but also what it teaches. One thing we can learn from constitutions is that diifferent ideas and methods are used from one country to another in implementing the constitution. Understanding changes in laws and regulations can help identify trends, issues, and reforms that can strengthen Indonesia's legal system. Apart from that, the constitution has many functions. One of its goals is to increase our citizens' interest in the Constitution by encouraging them to read the Constitution. The main goal is to increase public awareness of the Constitution.