Obedience Of Law Research Articles

An Applicability of Islamic Social Finance for The Ex-Offenders Independence: A Study on Gresik Local Prison

The study attempts to uncover and discuss Islamic social finance focusing on waqf and zakat in elevating and raising the social and economic breakthrough of ex-offenders in the Gresik region. The qualitative ethnography study employs useful and frequent observational method in combination with document analysis and interviews with key informants concentrating on Islamic social finance and ex-prisoners’ life hurdles. The findings concluded that the circle of problematic reoffending, criminality re-entry and its related vulnerability can be overcome and decimated through communal voluntarism action utilizing the benefit of zakat, waqf, and generous expertise contribution to nurture and raise the ex-offenders to be independent professionals and businessperson. Not only does the employment securitization ensure prolonged law obedience but also the wealth and prosperity management and planning ascertain and attain joyful and decent life continuation after a prison sentence.

Reconstruction of social environment influences on the development of future teachers’ citizenship competencies

It is presented the results of the empirical study on the social environment influences on the development of future teachers’ citizenship competencies. It is reconstructed the structure and determined the modality of the direct, indirect, and mediated forms of the environment influence aimed at restriction, motivation, and approval of citizenship practices. It is found that the mediated forms (facilitation, encouragement, approval, support, celebration, recognition, etc.) prevail in the structure of the environment influences. These forms are not oriented toward practice correction or development. It is significantly more seldom that the environment uses the direct (restriction by norms, rules, regulations, judgments, customs), and indirect (motivation by prompting, explanation, clarification, specification, providing arguments, reinforcement) influence forms, which have much stronger development potential. There are analyzed the peculiarities of the environment influences on establishing citizenship practices relating to different groups of competencies: value, motivational, relational, cognitive, and identification ones. The direct influence forms by their orientation and modality often do not meet the criteria of the developing environment, which particularly refers to the restriction of such practices as openness; law obedience, and reporting; trust; confrontation’s and extreme judgments’ avoidance. At the same time, it is turned out to be a small segment of the motivational influences which stimulate the critical attitude to information, trust to government institutions and authorities, avoidance of confrontation, refusal from the «common good to one’s own benefits» idea, and from domination. Among those that meet the criteria of the developing environment in the best way are the influences oriented at the establishment of citizenship self-identification practices, values of solidarity, and self-organization to solve common problems. The future research will focus on the determination of the directions and means of adjustment of the environment influences in order that their character and structure may better meet the developing environment criteria

WAYS OF RENDERING HUMOROUS EFFECT IN THE TARGET TEXT based on D. Nuhr’s work «Das Geheimnis des perfekten Tages»

The article studies humor in D. Nuhr’s work «Das Geheimnis des perfekten Tages», the ways of its expression, as well as the specificity and variety of German humor. It highlights the main ways of rendering the humorous effect in the process of translation from German into Ukrainian. Humor is a complicated and wide-spread phenomenon of our life, and, therefore, it is investigated in different branches of science. The cognitive abilities of a person enable them to comprehend and create the comic, and these abilities are based on memories, associations and comprehension of metameanings. Being a multifaceted category, humor cannot exist beyond a communicative situation created by a person, and, that is why discourse as a process of natural human communication has become an object of thorough research in the modern language studies. Verbal ways of making the humorous effect in the above-mentioned type of discourse are varied and the effect is produced by using these ways at different language levels. The most common means of producing comic and humorous effects in D. Nuhr’s works are such stylistic devices as metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, etc. Dieter Nuhr is a representative of the German mentality, which is characterized by certain traits. These characteristic features include: pedantry, law obedience, excessive cleanliness and excessive frugality, which are ridiculed in the works of Dieter Nuhr. The author’s irony is a difficult subject for linguistic study, as it is one of the types of the comic category and it is represented by a large number of stylistic means and objects of ridicule, for decoding which the researcher needs to have not only background knowledge, but also good orientation in modern German discourse. A linguocultural study of German humor based on the texts of Dieter Nuhr is carried out with the aim of developing ways of interpreting it for representatives of foreign cultures.

IRONY AS AN IMMANENT COMPONENT OF DIETER NUHR`S ARTISTIC WORLDVIEW

This article is devoted to the study of the features of the artistic worldview of the modern German satirist writer Dieter Nuhr. The artistic worldview reflects the specifics of the author's picture of the world, which focuses on spiritual and value meanings. These meanings are expressed in the form of artistic images-concepts. The concept, in turn, is a mental and linguistic reflection of the concept of the world, which is a multilateral, semantic entity with a value, figurative and conceptual component. The concept does not have a clear structure; it is abstract in its form, but is verbally expressed using linguistic means. The notion of a concept is closely related to the mentality of both an individual and an entire nation. Dieter Nuhr is a representative of the German mentality, which is characterized by certain character traits. These include: pedantry, law obedience, excessive cleanliness and excessive frugality, which in the works of Dieter Nuhr are ridiculed. Irony is a means of realizing the subjective-appraisal modality and represents the art form of the author's appraisal position, therefore it is the main weapon in the arsenal of Dieter Nuhr. He resorts to it to identify urgent problems that require urgent solutions. These include political, religious, social and domestic problems. The author’s irony is a difficult subject for linguistic study, as it is one of the types of the comic category and is represented by a large number of stylistic means and objects of ridicule, for decoding which the researcher needs to have not only background knowledge, but also good orientation in modern German discourse. A linguocultural study of German humor based on the texts of Dieter Noor is carried out with the aim of developing ways of interpreting it for representatives of a foreign cultural society.

Maaseutuhallinnon arjen todellisuus – puhetta byrokraattisuudesta

The everyday reality of rural administration – talk about bureaucracyThe article analyses bureaucratic discourse in everyday rural administration, utilising Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory and the notions of dysfunctional bureaucracy by Robert K. Merton. The word bureaucracy has a negative connotation in implementing business funding within partially EU financed rural development programmes. The research contains 38 interviews with rural administration actors and entrepreneurs. Critical discourse analysis revealed three discourses: law obedience, programme as a host and wholeness missing. The results established that the bureaucratic model of rural administration produces many undesired consequences.

THE ROLE OF RULE OF LAW IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CIVILIZED SOCIETY: AN ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN

Unsurprisingly, human being needs smooth, peaceful and a regularized system not only to survive, but to live well. To get it, human being has been continuously struggling since early times. Many written and unwritten efforts in this regard are found among which, the first written one is the Magna Carta of 1215. The Article 39 of the Magna Carta (1215) declared, “no freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or diseased exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon nor send upon, except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land”. Ibn-e-Khaldun opines that the construction and deconstruction of society depends upon law. If on one hand, obedience of law rises empires then discarding it is equal to digging grave for empires. Sustainability of civilization is subject to rule of law. Those societies which follow laws strictly in their daily routine they are in the line of developed nations. Today Europe is in the epoch of greater civilization because they adopted the rule of law in its true spirit. Once Muslim world was civilised one until they believed on rule of law, equality and justice but fell down when started disobeying the principles of the rule of law. Since its very inception, “might is right" is the prevailing phenomena everywhere in Pakistan. Each and every department and even on individual level, the rule of law is not respected. No one cares to respect and follow rule of law that

Integrating theories of law obedience: How utility-theoretic factors, legitimacy, and lack of self-control influence decisions to commit low-level crimes

AbstractWe conducted two studies using a sample of students (Experiment 1, N=84) and the general public (Experiment 2, N=412) to assess the relative and unique effects of factors suggested by three major theories of law obedience: a utility-theoretic deterrence theory (Becker, 1968), the general theory of crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), and the legitimacy model (Tyler, 1990). Six different types of low-level crime were considered. The probability of breaking the law increases with factors predicted by each of these theories, namely detection probability, expected fine, self-control, and legitimacy. All four factors uniquely contribute to predicting law obedience, effects are mainly additive, and no stable interaction effects are observed. The relative influence of the investigated factors varies between types of low-level crimes. This indicates that an integrative theory of why people obey the law needs to consider factors from various theories and allow for the relative influence of factors to differ among crimes. We observe systematic deviations from a basic utility-theoretic approach to law breaking. Individuals’ tendency to obey the law is much higher than predicted by an approach taking into account detection probability, expected fines, and benefits only. The robust effects of interindividual differences concerning legitimacy and self-control as well as the finding that the tendency to break the law decreases with increasing benefit of the crime also conflict with a basic utility-theoretic approach to law-obedience.

Drivers and Outcomes of Green Tourist Attitudes and Behavior: Sociodemographic Moderating Effects

ABSTRACTThis article reports the findings of a study, conducted among 234 foreign tourists who visited Cyprus, that aimed to identify the drivers and outcomes of eco‐friendly attitudes and behavior. Using structural equation modeling, the authors confirmed that deontological status, law obedience, and political action of tourists positively influence the adoption of an environmentally friendly attitude. In turn, these effects are conducive to eco‐friendly behavior, which ultimately enhances tourist satisfaction. Certain sociodemographic characteristics of tourists—namely, gender, age, education, and income—had a moderating effect on the link between deontological status, law obedience, and political action on the one hand and eco‐friendly attitudes on the other hand. Tourist nationality also had a control effect on tourist eco‐friendly attitudes.

Antecedents and outcomes of consumer environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviour

With the intensification of problems relating to the environment, a growing number of consumers are becoming more ecologically conscious in their preferences and purchases of goods. This paper presents the results of a study conducted among 500 Cypriot consumers, focusing on the factors that shape consumer environmental attitudes and behaviour, as well as on the resulting outcomes. The findings confirmed that both the inward and outward environmental attitudes of a consumer are positively influenced by his/her degree of collectivism, long-term orientation, political involvement, deontology, and law obedience, but have no connection with liberalism. The adoption of an inward environmental attitude was also found to be conducive to green purchasing behaviour that ultimately leads to high product satisfaction. On the other hand, an outward environmental attitude facilitates the adoption of a general environmental behaviour, which is responsible for greater satisfaction with life. The findings of the study have important implications for shaping effective company offerings to consumers in target markets, as well as formulating appropriate policies at the governmental level to enhance environmental sensitivity among citizens.

Obedience to Law: Exploring the Views of Natural and Positive Law Theorists

“Civil disobedience is not our problem, our problem is civil obedience. Our problem is that numbers of people all over the world have obeyed the dictates of the leaders of their government and have gone to war, and millions have been killed because of this obedience. Our problem is that people are obedient all over the world in the face of poverty and starvation and stupidity and war and cruelty. Our problem is that people are obedient while the jails are full of petty thieves, and all the grand thieves are running the country. That’s our problem.The words of Howard Zinn are a good reflection of some of the views different people have held on the issue of obedience to law. The quandary is not new and has been a subject of examination from the days of early philosophers of law up to date. To these early philosophers, the position held depended on the school of thought which one sought to propagate and the same is mirrored in present day arguments where depending on one’s view on obedience to law, it is possible to determine from which school of thought they borrow from.Whereas there are those who advocate for strict obedience of the law regardless of whether it is good or bad in the views of the subject, others have held the position that it is only the just laws which ought to be respected and thus obeyed. These two positions are held by the positivists and the natural law theorists respectively.Within the two schools of thought, different scholars have tried to come up with reasons as to why law should be obeyed or otherwise and the qualifications to the obedience of law. The two schools of thought however agree on the fact that laws should be obeyed and their departure is to the modalities of the obedience. To understand and appreciate the reasoning of behind the positions held by the two groups, one might need to first look at the various arguments that have been put forward as to why people should obey the law. Anthony D'Amato in his examination on the obligation to obey the law in a case study of the death of Socrates comes up with three reasons, first, a citizen may have assented to that law either expressly or impliedly and thus agreed to obey it. With regards to this, it has been said to be extremely difficult if not impossible to find express consent and as such, consent has been implied from actions such as voting or accepting the benefits of living within a state.Secondly, the compulsion to obey the law is put in consequentialist terms. The idea behind this justification is to try and picture how a society in which people disobeyed the law would look like. According to Freeman,5such a society would easily slide back to the Hobbesian state of nature which was a state of perpetual war of every man against his neighbor. The third reason is that the citizen may have been the recipient of benefits conferred by other citizens and therefore it is arguable that he should have an obligation to obey the laws enacted by those citizens. Freeman refers to this as the ‘free rider’ and the argument is that it is wrong for those who may have benefited from the state no to respond with obedience to the law.An analysis of the views of naturalists and positivists on obedience to law discloses merger of opinions at one point or the other as expressed by various theorists. Positivists for example advocate for absolute obedience of the law as posited by the sovereign but we still see some positivists like Hart who have stated that injustice must be resisted. According to Hart the right of resistance would be based upon the assumption that unjust provisions do not constitute positive law of if one agreed, that such unjust provisions were indeed law, then they were too reprehensive to be applied or to command anyone’s obedience.On the other hand, Even the theorist most faithful to natural law has at one point made an argument on obedience that has some positivist element. Aquinas for example did say that if law contradicted the law of God one should obey God’s law rather than human law, however where a law is rendered unjust merely because it offends the public good, then it might be better to simply obey. This paper seeks to sample these views in order to give the reader a deeper understanding on the behaviour of people with regards to obedience to law or otherwise.

Common Law Obedience in a Regulatory State

American Business Law JournalVolume 47, Issue 1 p. 75-108 Common Law Obedience in a Regulatory State Nim Razook, Nim Razook University of Oklahoma aDavid Ross Boyd Professor of Legal Studies and Robert M. Zinke Chair in Energy Management, the University of Oklahoma.Search for more papers by this author Nim Razook, Nim Razook University of Oklahoma aDavid Ross Boyd Professor of Legal Studies and Robert M. Zinke Chair in Energy Management, the University of Oklahoma.Search for more papers by this author First published: 16 February 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2010.01089.xCitations: 3 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume47, Issue1Spring 2010Pages 75-108 RelatedInformation

Organizational culture in police organizations: preliminary analysis of the possibilities of changes

This article aims an approach concerning the organizational culture and the identification of the main difficulties faced while adapting the society’s needs and the law obedience by the Military Police, more specifically in the State of São Paulo. The procedures applied were the exploring research, based on the revision of the organizational culture literature and the observation and information gathering in the Military Corporation. The main results showed that the Military Police presents a complex organizational culture, due to the heterogeneity of its component subgroups. Other important fact was the necessity of training the policemen (multipliers), responsible for transmitting the old and new values created by the Corporation Command, as a way of shaping up the organizational culture to the new participants. At last, the Corporation should be open to include new quality systems in the attending procedures, aiming a more effective and democratic participation of the community.

Positive General Prevention (Chosen Theories)

Positive General Prevention (Chosen Theories)

Responsibility analysis: A methodology to study the effects of drugs in driving

In order to study the role of drugs in driving, a responsibility analysis was developed to allow an assessment to be made of the driver's culpability or responsibility in an accident. Factors possibly mitigating drivers' responsibility in each accident were identified and scored. Factors considered were: condition of road, condition of vehicle, driving conditions, accident type, witness observations, road law obedience, difficulty of task, and level of fatigue. If a sufficient number of mitigating factors were identified a driver would be found to be either partly or totally exonerated from blameworthiness and scored either as a contributory or nonculpable driver. If drugs present in a driver contributed to accident causation, it would be expected that they would be overrepresented in culpable drivers, i.e. those drivers not exonerated from blame. A total of 341 driver fatalities occurring in Victoria were analysed for blood alcohol content (BAC). Twenty-nine percent had a BAC over .05% (the legal limit in Victoria). Alcohol-positive drivers were statistically overrepresented in the culpable group ( p < .001), in single-vehicle accidents ( p < .05) and those accidents in which vehicles left the road for no apparent reason ( p < .001). Odds-ratio estimation of relative risk of culpable and nonculpable drivers showed that the relative risk rose disproportionately to BAC.

Consumerist criminology: Leslie T. Wilkins. Barnes & Noble (81 Adams Drive, box 327, Totowa, New Jersey 07511), 1984, 184 pp., hardcover—$28.50.

In order to study the role of drugs in driving, a responsibility analysis was developed to allow an assessment to be made of the driver's culpability or responsibility in an accident. Factors possibly mitigating drivers' responsibility in each accident were identified and scored. Factors considered were: condition of road, condition of vehicle, driving conditions, accident type, witness observations, road law obedience, difficulty of task, and level of fatigue. If a sufficient number of mitigating factors were identified a driver would be found to be either partly or totally exonerated from blameworthiness and scored either as a contributory or nonculpable driver. If drugs present in a driver contributed to accident causation, it would be expected that they would be overrepresented in culpable drivers, i.e. those drivers not exonerated from blame. A total of 341 driver fatalities occurring in Victoria were analysed for blood alcohol content (BAC). Twenty-nine percent had a BAC over .05% (the legal limit in Victoria). Alcohol-positive drivers were statistically overrepresented in the culpable group (p < .001), in single-vehicle accidents (p < .05) and those accidents in which vehicles left the road for no apparent reason (p < .001). Odds-ratio estimation of relative risk of culpable and nonculpable drivers showed that the relative risk rose disproportionately to BAC.

Paying for the Elephant: Property Rights and Civil Order on the Overland Trail

THERE is a theme currently fashionable among historians, apparently so self-evident it needs no proof. Premised on the assumption that Americans are a violent people, it leads to a variety of conclusions that to one degree or another can be summed up in the truism that throughout their history Americans have been more prone to lawlessness than law. There are several reasons why the violence theme has recently become popular. The presentism of the civil-rights and Vietnam disturbances is a major one, the American compulsion for national selfflagellation a traditional one, and the fact that non-American historians find it useful a minor but persistent one. Comparisons with other countries, after all, can be good for the national ego. The relatively colorless history of Canada gains interest and significance from the mere assertion that Canadians settled their western provinces in more orderly fashion and with less loss of life than was true for the United States. Canada's history of Indian affairs is told largely in terms of comparative success, and Canada's nineteenth-century frontier is proven to have been a relatively law-abiding one by a comparison with the nineteenth-century frontier that lay to the south. Now, in the most recent use of the national-violence comparison, we are told that Canada's mining camps were more orderly than California's. The fact that Canadian authorities repeatedly warned miners that the law was to be obeyed or they would be deported from the gold fields, coupled with the rigid prosecution of serious crimes, made the British Columbia frontier clear of the type of lawlessness so rampant in California in 1849.1 Apparently one need only state the proposition that America's mining frontier was lawless to prove it. Perhaps we are fooled by appearances or conclude that prevailing law-enforcement conditions dictated the degree of law obedience that existed in a nineteenth-century American community. The discovery of gold at a time so soon after the ter-