In this book I discussed and criticized different legitimation for lawmaking, including ancient and contemporary Chinese theories, as well as Western representative perspectives on lawmaking. From my previous discussion we saw that the reality and popular theories of lawmaking in China were not for communicative lawmaking and did not provide mechanisms to build dialogues between the top (the legislature, the Party and the rich persons) and the down (common people). I also disclosed the links between contemporary justifications of collective lawmaking and the essential topics of Chinese legalism. I focused on the origin of Chinese top-down lawmaking model: Chinese legalism. Chinese legalism was a historic school arguing against Confucianism in its hypothesis of human nature. It denied the necessity of ‘loving’ people but focused on punishments. In Chinese legalism people were in nature ‘bad’ so that it was better to use harsh punishments to control them. In such an instrumentalist philosophy and its political design, rights and freedom for individuals were not important.