Settlement Law Research Articles

Electronic Money in Iraq: Reality and Challenges

The aim of our research is to shed light on electronic money in Iraq and the extent of its development during the time period in which we conducted our study, which began in the year 2017, where the impact of the salary settlement law for employees in the public and private sectors, which caused an increase in the use of electronic cards used. We tried through our research this definition of money The electronic money, which consisted of (magnetic plastic cards, electronic instruments and others), and then explained the characteristics of that money from the regular money that we used to use, which is paper money or metal alike, in addition to addressing the impact of its use on the banking sector in any country, as well as we explained the advantages of using Electronic money with an explanation of its risks that may lead to some reluctance to use it. As for the second topic, we touched on the reality of electronic money in Iraq, where we worked to clarify the settlement that the Central Bank carried out with the Iraqi government and the percentages of achievement achieved until the year 2020, in addition to the spread of money changers. The mechanism in Iraq and the percentage of money transferred by companies (Zain, Asia Hawala, Nass Iraq) adding the market share of each portfolio, and then we were raised to the obstacles to the development of electronic money in Iraq, leading to conclusions and recommendations

KONSTITUSIONALITAS PERMENKUMHAM NOMOR 02 TAHUN 2019 PENYELESAIAN KONFLIK NORMA MELALUI MEDIASI

Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 2 of 2019 concerning Disharmony Settlement Laws and Regulations Through Mediation regulates the mediation process for disharmony of several regulations such as Ministerial Regulation; Regulation of Non-Ministerial Government Institutions; Regulations from Non-Structural Institutions; and Regional Regulations. Whereas if a regulation is in conflict with other regulations, then a judicial review can be conducted to the Supreme Court and this has been stipulated in the 1945 Constitution where the 1945 Constitution is the highest statutory regulation and there is no lower statutory regulation that can override the provisions The 1945 Constitution. This type of research can be classified as a type of normative research. In this study, the focus is to examine the level of synchronization of law and the principle of law, namely the principle of lex superior derogate legi inferior. Source of data used secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials, data collection techniques in this study with the literature review method, after the data collected and then analyzed to draw conclusions. From the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that, First, the authority of the Ministry of law and human rights in completing the disharmony of laws and regulations based on Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 2 of 2019 is something that violates higher legal norms or norms. Because the 1945 Constitution which gives the authority to examine the legislation under the law against the law is to the Supreme Court and not to other institutions. Second, the Supreme Court should conduct a judicial review in which the ideal concept of authority is regulated in the 1945 Constitution and not the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. If you want to test the statutory regulations, then the laws and regulations must be made in the form of laws

Land Lapse Phenomenon and Surface Subsidence Law of Shield Tunnel Passing Through Rock-Bearing Formation

When constructing subway tunnels in coastal cities, boulders with high strength and large volume are often encountered. A large number of engineering practices have shown that the existence of boulders will destroy the unity and homogeneity of the stratum. If the tunnel is not properly handled during crossing construction, it will lead to the collapse of surrounding rock; in serious cases, it may induce ground collapse, damage the surrounding buildings, and endanger the safety of people’s lives and property. Firstly, with the help of similar material simulation test, this paper reproduces the phenomenon of vault collapse and surface collapse when the tunnel passes through the boulder stratum, explores the law of stratum collapse and surface settlement caused by the boulder in the process of tunnel excavation, and puts forward the “weightlessness weak surface effect” of the boulder stratum disturbed. Then, taking the Liu-Bai inter-district tunnel project of Shenzhen Metro Line 13 as an example, Midas GTS NX numerical simulation software is used to compare and analyze the influence characteristics of surrounding rock deformation and surface settlement caused by the presence or absence of boulders in the tunnel through the stratum and verify the “weightlessness weak surface effect” of the boulder stratum disturbed. Finally, the engineering treatment measures for the Liu-Bai inter-district tunnel project of Shenzhen Metro Line 13 crossing the boulder stratum are given. The research results are of great significance to guide the prediction and treatment of collapse and surface settlement when crossing the boulder stratum in the tunnel construction project.

Performance of the three-dimensional laser scanning method to monitor the moisture content of similar material models

In mining safety and other fields, similar material simulation is the main research method to study the movement and deformation of rock formation and ground surface. However, the inaccurate subsidence laws could be obtained because the strength of the composition materials like gypsum and lime is easily affected by moisture. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the moisture content when carrying simulation experiments. This paper discussed the feasibility of indirectly measuring the moisture content of similar material models using the three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning reflection intensity through three experiments on similar material specimens. The results showed that the laser reflection intensity was sensitive to the moisture content, incidence angle, and distance with three different relationships and the influence of the two factors could be weakened through the established correction models. However, it was recommended restricting the incidence angle to less than 20° and setting the distance from 4 to 10 m to reduce the complexity of correction. The accuracy of this method reached 1.1% under the monitoring condition of 4 m and the normal incidence, which could meet the requirements for monitoring the moisture content of similar material models. The research results of the paper provide a new method to monitor the moisture content in similar material models.

Analysis of Mining Subsidence Characteristics and Deformation Prediction considering Size Parameters and Mechanical Parameters

Crushing and caving of roof strata in goaf is an important factor affecting surface subsidence. In order to study the influence law of mining under thick loose layer, overburden size parameters, and initial mechanical parameters of collapse zone on surface subsidence, the law of surface subsidence was analyzed through measured data. On this basis, with the help of FLAC3D numerical simulation software, the surface subsidence was simulated by changing the above factors, and the evolution characteristics of the maximum surface subsidence under the influence of various factors were analyzed. Based on the grey relational analysis, the relational degree between each factor and the maximum surface subsidence value is analyzed, and through multiple nonlinear regression, the prediction model of mining subsidence deformation under thick loose layer considering the influence of seven factors is established. The results show that the mining thickness has the greatest influence on the surface subsidence, and cohesion has the least influence on surface subsidence. The rationality of the subsidence prediction model is verified by an example.

Dynamic behaviors assessment of steel fibres in fresh Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC): Experiments and numerical simulations

In this research, the dynamic behaviors of steel fibre in fresh Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with different rheological characteristics are investigated. Except the experimental studies, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is employed to simulate the motion of steel fibres in UHPC slurry, while the effects of different boundary conditions and related mechanism are analyzed. The obtained results show that a new fibre settlement curve can be proposed and divided into three periods in UHPC cementitious paste, in which the buoyancy and resistance have been carefully clarified. Besides, it is observed that vibration conditions can significantly change the particle contact angle, while the shear-thinning/thickening could affect the apparent viscosity, both of which may disturb the settlement of steel fibres in UHPC. In general, this paper systematically reveals and summarizes a new law of fibre settlement in UHPC slurry, which is beneficial for a deeper understanding and controlling of steel fibre dynamic performance during casting process.

The financialization of housing in Indonesia: Actors and their roles in the transformation of housing production

There has not been a lot of focus on housing financialization literature in Indonesia, except for Lee (1996). This article focuses on the financialization of housing in Indonesia in the past thirty years, including the actors and their roles in transforming housing production. The fall of the New Order regime in 1998 spurred the process of democratization and marked the transformation of Indonesia from an authoritarian rule into a more democratic government. We offer an analytical framework that centers on the transformation of housing production due to the government system changes. We interviewed public and private developers, financial actors, and government officials in Jakarta and Surabaya. The data sources for this article also include federal and local housing regulations, unpublished and published housing reports, and local and national newspapers in Indonesia. This article contributes to the discussion of how housing policy and practice changes result in the transformation of housing production. The Housing and Settlement Law 1/2011 provides new provisions that the government needs to assist low-income residents through tax incentives, insurance permits, the provision of land and public utilities, and land title registrations. We explain how these new provisions shape actors and their roles in housing production, arguing that homeownership is central to the financialization of housing in Indonesia.

Interactions between suspended sediments and submerged macrophytes-epiphytic biofilms under water flow in shallow lakes

Suspended sediments (SS) pollution is one of the factors affecting the transfer from turbid water state to clear water state in shallow lakes. However, the interactions between suspended sediments and submerged plants are far from clear. In this study, we investigated the settlement laws of SS in overlying water and its impact on the epiphytic biofilm of Myriophyllum verticillatum and Vallisneria natans under water flow. At least 90% of turbidity can be removed from overlying water, and the decreasing trend of water turbidity fitted the logarithmic decay model in all treatments. The size distribution of SS fit the log-normal distribution model in the first 240 min after SS addition. It should be noted that the main peak particle sizes were lower in treatments with submerged macrophytes (8.71-13.18 μm) than without plants (15.14-19.95 μm). Water flow and SS addition significantly increased the thickness of biofilms attached to M. verticillatum (p < 0.05), but they together significantly reduced the biofilm thickness on V. natans (p < 0.05). SS increased the bacterial α-diversity but decreased eukaryotic one in epiphytic biofilms. However, water flow had a more significant impact on microbial communities (especially eukaryotes) than SS and plant species. The relative abundances of dominant phylum Proteobacteria, class Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, and class Verrucomicrobiae increased in epiphytic biofilms after SS addition. Co-occurrence networks reveal that photosynthetic microbes in epiphytic biofilms played an important role in microbial communities under water flow and SS, and many hub microbes were increased by SS addition but reduced by water flow. These data highlight that SS decline can be predicted by the logarithmic decay model and, SS and water flow can affect the epiphytic-biofilm on submerged macrophytes.

Investigation on several influencing parameters of Aeolian sand transport and deposition law

The movement of Aeolian sand transport is a complex gas-solid two-phase flow. Sand transport and settlement are influenced by numerous parameters. To find out the law of sand particle transport and settlement affected by those parameters, the influencing parameters were investigated by the discrete particle model (DPM) of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel tests. The simulation results revealed that when there was no obstacle and the particle size was given, the sediment transport rate increased with the wind velocity and collision recovery coefficient (CRC). However, when the wind velocity was set, it increased with the particle size. Furthermore, the sediment ratio of the particles decreased with wind velocity. When there was an obstacle in fluid domain, the sediment ratio increased with the wind velocity and the tilt angle, which also increased in size when the particle size was single. The tests results showed that the sediment transport rate increased with wind velocity and decreased with height while the sediment ratio increased with wind velocity and the obstacle tilt angle. This was further confirmed by the reflectivity variation of five aluminum mirrors and five silver mirrors.

Study on the nonlinear deformation characteristics and constitutive model of cemented tailings backfill considering compaction hardening and strain softening

The deformation characteristics of the cemented tailings backfill (CTB) has a significant influence on the stability of mine stope and surface subsidence after filling mining. An uniaxial compression experiment of the CTB containing different cement-tailings ratios (c/t) has been performed and it shows that the CTB has an obvious compaction hardening in the initial compaction stage and strain softening at the plastic yield stage. However, these nonlinear deformation characteristics of CTB are not fully understood in the previous studies. In this research, considering the nonlinear deformation characteristics, a complete constitutive model was proposed for the CTB based on the experimental stress–strain curves. This constitutive model has been programmed into FLAC3D to obtain the law of surface subsidence and assess the safety of the concentrator if the backfill method is adopted. In addition, a physical model experiment of filling mining is also carried out at the same condition. The results of these two simulation experiments show that the surface subsidence is negatively correlated with the distance between the concentrator and the collapse pit, and the maximum subsidence is less than 90 mm. Therefore, the filling mining method can effectively guarantee the safety of concentrator. This study provides a better understanding of the deformation characteristics of CTB and it also contributes to the underground filling technology of using CTB.

Migration Law and Influence of Proppant in Segmented Multicluster Fracturing Wellbore of Deep Shale Horizontal Well

Intensive stage multicluster fracturing is the main technology of deep shale gas development, but this technology is easy to lead to the uneven propagation of multiple fractures. In order to deeply analyze the influence mechanism and law of proppant flow in the wellbore on multiple fractures and propagation, Firstly, based on the theoretical knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a numerical model of solid-liquid two-phase flow of proppant migration in horizontal wellbore is established, which is calculated and solved by using the Euler-Euler multiphase-flow mixture model, and the effects of different influencing factors on the migration and distribution of proppant in wellbore are studied. Then, based on the fluid structure coupling theory, a planar three-dimensional (PL3D) numerical model of multicluster fracturing in horizontal wells is established. Taking the numerical simulation results of wellbore proppant migration as the initial condition, the influence law of proppant settlement on the fluid volume distribution among multiple clusters and the difference of multifracture geometry is clarified. The results show that the proppant content in the horizontal wellbore increases from heel end to toe end. The fracturing fluid viscosity and sand ratio are the main influencing parameters. The proppant settlement in the wellbore is also an important factor affecting the liquid and sand injection of multifracture. When considering the proppant settlement in the wellbore, the phenomenon of multifracture uneven propagation is more significant. The construction scheme of medium viscosity, large displacement fracturing fluid, large proppant size, and medium sand ratio in a certain range is conducive to promote the even propagation of multifracture. This study is helpful to guide the construction design of multicluster fracturing in horizontal wells, so as to improve the success rate of multicluster fracturing and greatly save the construction cost.

Field Test on Deformation Characteristics of Pile-Supported Reinforced Embankment in Soft Soil Foundation

In this work, the settlement deformation of the soft-soil subgrade and the deformation law of the geogrid were studied based on field tests carried out on the pile-supported reinforced embankment of the Rongwu Expressway in the Xiong’an New Area. The settlement and deformation law of the reinforcement area and the underlying layer of the pile-supported reinforced embankment, the settlement law of the transverse and longitudinal sections of the subgrade, and the deformation law of the bidirectional geogrid were analyzed. The results show that reducing the pile spacing and embankment height can effectively reduce the foundation settlement. The change in the pile spacing mainly affected the settlement in the reinforcement area, while the embankment height mainly affected the substratum settlement; the differential settlement in the subgrade cross-section was mainly caused by the settlement in the reinforcement area. The settlement at the center of the subgrade was obviously higher than that at the shoulder. In terms of the geogrid deformation law of the subgrade cross-section, the geogrid deformation at the center line of the subgrade was the largest. With the increase in the distance from the center line, the geogrid deformation gradually decreased. In terms of the deformation law of the biaxial geogrid, the tensile deformation of the geogrid in the center of two piles was greater than that in the center of four piles. The transverse tensile deformation of the geogrid was greater than the longitudinal tensile deformation. The tensile stress of the reinforced materials was calculated according to four specifications, and the applicability of various methods was evaluated.

Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Land Subsidence in Western Songnen Plain Using Multisource Remote Sensing

Abstract The exploitation of underground fluid is an important factor leading to land subsidence. The effects of mining depth, frequency, and mode on land subsidence are also different. The objective of this study was to develop a multisource method—including optical remote sensing interpretation, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)—to reveal the long-term temporal and spatial evolution law of subsidence characteristics driven by groundwater and oil extraction, as well as to reveal the formation mechanism and seasonal response law of land subsidence under the action of different driving factors. In this paper, we select the western region of Jilin Province located in Songnen Plain as the study area. The subsidence funnels in the study area are distributed in a porphyritic manner, and the distribution of the subsidence funnels has a certain correlation with the distribution of the pumping wells. In farmland areas, the subsidence is mainly caused by pumping groundwater. The annual land subsidence rate in the study area is -3.14 mm/a, and the maximum deformation rate in the study area is -22.05 mm/a. The subsidence is affected by the season, shown by the fact that it rises in the dry season and decreases in the rainy season. The subsidence in the west of Songnen Plain is caused by oil pumping and groundwater pumping, and groundwater pumping is dominant. The exploitation of underground fluid transfers the pressure borne by water or oil to the soil skeleton so as to increase and consolidate the effective stress of the soil layer and lead to land subsidence. The continuous observation of the surface in the western area of Songnen Plain is helpful to guide the safe production of agriculture and industry and ensure the smooth development of local industry and agriculture.

Pembukaan Kantor Perwakilan Diplomatik Suatu Negara oleh Maroko di Wilayah Sahara Barat Berdasarkan The Montevideo Convention (On The Right and Duties of States) 1933

The opening of a diplomatic representative office is a series of diplomatic activities carried out by the receiving country for facilitation of the sending country. The author in his research uses a framework of thinking, as follows: Non-intervention Principles and State Sovereignty Theory. In compiling the identification of the problem in this first research, How was the Opening of a Diplomatic Representative Office by Morocco in the Western Sahara Region based on The Montevideo Convention (The Right and Duties of State) 1933? Then second, what are the settlement steps for the Opening of a Diplomatic Representative Office by Morocco in the Western Sahara Region based on the International Dispute Settlement Law? This research method uses the Juridical-Normative method, the approach uses the Historicalcal Approach and the Case Approach. The results of this research are: first, the opening of a diplomatic representative office of a country by Morocco in the Western Sahara Region based on The Montevideo Convention on The Right and Duties of States is an act that is strictly prohibited because it violates articles 8 and 9 which contain elements of intervention and damage the sovereignty of a country. country. then the second, regarding the resolution of the conflict. The United Nation has made several attempts through the path of peace, but these have not found a resolution to the conflict. So it is necessary to take legal action as an ultimum remedium, namely by suing related to the actions of Morocco which carried out the inauguration of a diplomatic representative office of a country in the Western Sahara region as a result of having intervened in a country's policy.

Quantitative Study on the Law of Surface Subsidence Zoning in Steeply Inclined Extra-Thick Coal Seam Mining

The damage of overlying strata and ground surface caused by the one-time mining space is relatively severe in steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams. The unique law of surface subsidence at these conditions is still missing. Taking Huating Dongxia Coal Mine as the research background, this paper reveals the law-governing effects on rock strata and surface movement and deformation caused by steeply inclined extra-thick coal seam mining with different coal seam dip angles and coal thicknesses by using the methods of surface measurement, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. Based on the characteristics of the surface inclination deformation, the surface is divided into four areas along the tendency section line—namely, an outcrop discontinuous deformation area, an overall subsidence area, a gradual subsidence area, and a slight subsidence area. The results show that the influence of the coal seam dip angle on surface subsidence zoning in steeply inclined and thick coal seams is mainly reflected in the affected area range and the form of damage. Coal thickness has a weak effect on the form of rock strata damage and surface movement. Utilizing the influence of the coal seam dip angle and coal seam thickness on the change in the surface subsidence zoning, the calculation formulas for each area range and zoning angle in relation to the coal seam dip angle, coal thickness, mining depth, and vertical stage height are established. The research results can provide a reference to evaluate the influence of mining, especially in steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams.

Study on the stability of a large-span subway station constructed by combining with the shaft and arch cover method

Based on the actual engineering of Qingniwaqiao Subway Station of Dalian Metro Line No. 5 in China, according to the stratum characteristics of upper soft and lower hard of the station and the complex surrounding construction environment, a method for constructing a large-span underground excavation station by combing the shaft and arch cover method is presented. This method reduces the construction procedure, saves the construction space, and solves the problem of receiving shield machines in the limited construction site. However, the shaft destroys the original arch effect of the arch structure, bringing about the security of the arch cover. The construction process is studied based on numerical simulation and field monitoring data. The development law of ground surface settlement and the shaft and station's structural deformation and mechanical characteristics are investigated. Subsequently, the reinforcement effect of the reinforcement area at the opening of the arch cover and the steel pipes and anchors in the rock mass under the arch foot are analyzed. The most effective surrounding rock reinforcement scheme is determined and the optimal schemes are selected to excavate the middle pilot tunnel and remove the initial support. The results show that the middle pilot tunnel's excavation and the initial support's removal are two key stages to control the surface settlement and the shaft deformation, and the arch cover can effectively restrain the disturbance caused by the excavation of rock mass inside the station to the surface and shaft. Finally, the rationality of the numerical simulation and the applicability of the proposed method are verified by comparing the monitoring results with the simulation results. These results demonstrate the safety and feasibility of constructing a large-span underground excavation station by combing with the shaft and arch cover method, and greatly improve the construction efficiency.

Prediction of Coal Mining Subsidence Based on Machine Learning Probability Theory

Geological disasters such as subsidence caused by mining have been continuously affecting people’s production and life. Therefore, how to predict the occurrence of geological disasters such as mining subsidence is an urgent technical problem. The study of mining subsidence prediction can effectively guide the safe production of mining area, and it is of great practical significance. Probability theory is a discipline used to express uncertainty. It provides methods and axioms to quantify and deduce uncertainty, which allows us to reason when uncertainty exists. This paper mainly studies the prediction process of mining subsidence based on machine learning probability theory. In this paper, the mining subsidence problem is studied. The main research contents are as follows: through the research and analysis of the mining subsidence prediction method, the probability integral method is determined as the theoretical basis for the study. The mining parameters are obtained from the three-dimensional geological body model of the mining area, and the prediction parameters are calculated by the least square fitting. This paper makes a detailed plan for the overall design of mining subsidence prediction module, adopts the form of independent research and development and joint development with the existing software, designs five submodules according to the design objectives, principles, and functional needs of the module, and studies the application of mining subsidence prediction module. In this study, it is found that the predicted data of the maximum settlement value appear at the 23rd point, and the maximum value is 1567 mm, which is completely consistent with the change trend of the measured value. The settlement value is calculated from the edge position of the working face to the position where the chariot gradually increases, which conforms to the change law of surface movement and settlement.

Analysis and Prediction of Subway Tunnel Surface Subsidence Based on Internet of Things Monitoring and BP Neural Network.

With the acceleration of the urban development process and the rapid growth of China's population, the subway has become the first choice for people to travel, and the urban underground space has been continuously improved. The subway construction has become the focus of urban underground space development in the 21st century. During the construction of subway tunnels, the problem of surface settlement will inevitably be caused, and the problem of surface settlement will have a certain safety impact on the safe use of surface buildings. The impact of surface construction is predicted, so as to select the best construction technology and avoid the problem of surface subsidence to the greatest extent. On the basis of analyzing the principle of surface subsidence, this paper studies the optimal control strategy and process of subsidence in subway tunnel engineering. The research results of the article show the following. (1) The two sections of the pebble soil layer have basically the same subsidence trend. Among them, the first section has a larger settlement amplitude and both sides are steeper. The second section is mainly cobble clay soil. The pebble layer has good mechanical properties. If it can be well filled, its stability will be improved. The comparative analysis of the two sections shows that with the increase of the soil cover thickness, the maximum subsidence at the surface gradually decreases. The reason is that when the stratum loss is the same, the greater the soil cover thickness, the greater the settlement width. Sections 2 and 3 of a single silty clay have relatively close settlement laws, and the settlement changes on both sides of the tunnel are similar. (2) The surface subsidence caused by the excavation of the side hole accounts for more than 50% of the total surface subsidence, and the width of the settlement tank after the excavation of the side hole is increased by 8–10 meters compared with the excavation of the middle hole. (3) The prediction error of the BP neural network model proposed in this paper is the lowest among the four models, whether it is the prediction of the cumulative maximum surface subsidence or the location of the cumulative maximum surface subsidence, and the average relative error of the cumulative maximum surface subsidence is 3.27%, the root mean square error is 3.87, the average relative error of the location of the cumulative maximum surface subsidence is 7.96%, and the root mean square error is 21.06. In the prediction process of the cumulative maximum surface subsidence, the prediction error value of the Elman neural network is relatively large, and the GRNN generalized neural network and RBF neural network have no significant changes; in the process of predicting the position where the cumulative maximum surface subsidence occurs, the prediction error value of RBF neural network is maximum.

Study of Bag Grouting Pile Reinforcing Deep Soft-Soil Foundation with an Interlayer of Hard Materials on High-Speed Railway Ballast Track

High-speed railways are built in deep soft-soil foundations interlayered with hard materials. However, the hard layers cannot be penetrated by conventional foundation treatment. Moreover, the project cost is sometimes prohibitive, which is an issue for post-construction subsidence control. The bag grouting pile is a special grouting-pile-reinforcement technique for treating soft-soil foundations interlayered with hard materials. This paper conducted tests on the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou ballast track passenger railway, combining a conventional mixing-pile-foundation (not through hard layer) processing station and the bag-grouting-pile-processing subgrade line. Using field tests combined with numerical calculation, the lateral displacement, settlement and pile–soil stress were tested to obtain the working properties of the grouting-pile-composite foundation. The variation in the law of lateral displacement, settlement, and pile–soil stress of the foundation was studied. The results showed that the post-construction subsidence of bag-grouting-pile- and conventional mixing-pile-foundation control was less than 15 cm and 30 cm, respectively, which met the design requirements. The results also showed that the design scheme was reasonable (load-sharing ratio of bag-pile-foundation pile soil-based test was reasonable). The numerical calculation showed a change in pile diameter. It also showed that pile spacing could not improve subsidence-control properties, bag grouting pile can promote pore-pressure dissipation and accelerate consolidation, and pile spacing can be increased to cut project costs incurred by the pile-bearing capacity.

Influence of Sliding Structure on Water Flowing Fracture Zone and Surface Subsidence in the Antidip of Overlying Strata Area

Sliding structure refers to the process and result of rock deformation caused by the continuous downward sliding and cutting of the upper stratum under the influence of gravity. In the process of tectonic formation, the strata go through two times of sliding to the south and then sliding to the north after the over thrusting and overstretching, so that the strata of the overthrusting and underthrusting strata are opposite to the inclination of the overthrusting and underthrusting strata, forming the anticlinal tectonic zone. Nowadays, under the conventional geological mining conditions, the underwater mining technology and surface subsidence laws are quite mature, but the fracture zone and surface movement characteristics of the sliding structure and the antioverturning mining are still rarely studied. This paper analyzes the dam damage in the mining process and discusses the three-dimensional reconstruction of laser scanning and the acquisition method of settlement information. The three-dimensional laser scanning technology is compared with the traditional monitoring technology. The deformation characteristics of surface structures above 25091 working face are revealed. The 3D laser point cloud shows that the uneven sinking of the dam is obvious and is associated with the uneven damage of the dam mass. The actual observation at the site shows that the uneven settlement of the dam on the surface was noticeable during the 25091 working face retraction. The damage on the east side of the dam was more serious and was accompanied by the generation of cracks running east-west. The DEM model of part of the surface and dam above the 25091 working face was obtained by 3D laser scanning technology. The model was analyzed to obtain information on surface subsidence. The study reveals that the uneven subsidence condition of the dam is apparent, with the overall characteristics of large subsidence on the east side of the dam and small subsidence on the west side of the dam. The displacement of the maximum surface subsidence point reflects the special phenomenon of overburden fracture and surface movement under the influence of overburden reverse inclination.