Law Enforcement Research Articles

Santa María Academy: Shaping the Heroes of Today with Tomorrow's Technology

Santa María Academy has successfully integrated advanced technology into its educational framework to enhance the learning experience of its students, preparing them for future careers in law enforcement and the military. The academy's innovative approach includes personalized coaching, interactive resources, and smart tools that cater to individual student needs. By leveraging artificial intelligence and real-time performance monitoring, Santa María Academy has significantly improved student outcomes, motivation, and engagement. This case study explores the key elements of their success, including the implementation of personalized learning plans, interactive podcasts, a smart syllabus, and a real-time performance dashboard. The academy's model serves as a benchmark for educational institutions aiming to merge traditional values with cutting-edge technology to produce well-rounded and highly skilled graduates.

Compensation to Ex-Wives for Domestic Violence in Indonesia

This paper examines divorce lawsuits caused by domestic violence committed by husbands against wives, focusing on the rights of women as victims. In such cases, wives can file for divorce and demand compensation for the physical and psychological harm they have suffered. The study employs a qualitative approach with an analytical descriptive method, using the library method to gather and analyze both primary and secondary literature, including legal documents, laws, scientific articles, and case reports. The research aims to identify patterns, challenges, and solutions related to legal protection for victims of domestic violence in divorce proceedings. The findings reveal that while there are legal provisions for compensation, significant challenges remain, such as social stigma, economic dependence, and limited access to legal resources, which complicate women's ability to claim their rights. Additionally, societal attitudes and gaps in law enforcement further hinder the realization of justice for victims. The study concludes that public awareness campaigns and stronger advocacy are essential to empowering women and ensuring their rights are protected throughout the divorce process. It also emphasizes the need for stricter law enforcement to hold perpetrators accountable and provide justice for victims. This research contributes to improving legal and social frameworks for the protection of women facing domestic violence.

Effectiveness of Legal Protection for Whistleblowers in Corruption Cases in Indonesia

Combating corruption is a crucial priority for Indonesia, which strives to improve the quality of governance and institutional integrity. Whistleblowers play a vital role in uncovering corrupt practices, often serving as the initial source of information that reveals systemic and organized corruption. However, whistleblowers face significant risks, including intimidation and retaliatory actions. Effective legal protection is essential to shield them from these risks and encourage the public to report corruption. This study aims to review the effectiveness of legal protections for whistleblowers under Indonesian legislation and explore measures that can be enhanced to ensure their safety and well-being. Utilizing a literature review method, this research finds that although regulations exist to protect whistleblowers, their implementation remains inadequate. Obstacles such as lack of legal awareness, insufficient resources in law enforcement agencies, and a culture of fear of retaliation hinder optimal protection. Specific legal reforms, increased capacity of law enforcement agencies, and education and cultural changes that support whistleblowers are needed to improve the effectiveness of protection. Strengthening legal protections will better motivate whistleblowers to report corruption, supporting creating a more transparent and accountable government.

“We're tired of this Weber guy!”—Force experts, police reforms, and the violence of standardization

AbstractSince the mid‐2000s, the use‐of‐force continuum—a global standard for providing law enforcement with guidelines on the proportionate use of force—has been central in Turkish police training and reporting practices. Liberal police accountability tools, like the use‐of‐force continuum, rely on standardization to prevent police violence. Yet these techniques still result in maimed bodies and psyches and police impunity. Rather than taking the standardization of police force simply as a failed project, a sham, or a mere techno‐fix, I examine how powerful actors like police align with such standards and how they start thinking and acting through them while repurposing them. Drawing on 18 months of fieldwork between 2015 and 2017 among the Turkish National Police, I show how the transnational standardization of police force has in fact enabled police in Turkey to redefine and ultimately reclaim the violence they are professionalized in as what I call “force experts.” Force defies standardization in both theory and practice; however, what sanctions police violence now is not just technical standardization but the expert framing of the democratically reformed police force. This is the violence of standardization, especially in contexts where governments retool reforms to criminalize suspect Others whom they perceive as a “threat” to their rule.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This systematic review, based on 37 articles, explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in criminal justice, focusing on its applications in predictive policing, judicial risk assessments, and surveillance, as well as the associated ethical and regulatory challenges. AI has demonstrated substantial potential for improving efficiency and accuracy in criminal justice systems, from optimizing law enforcement resource allocation to providing data-driven risk assessments that support judicial decisions. However, the review identifies significant ethical issues, especially related to algorithmic bias, which can perpetuate existing societal inequalities and disproportionately affect marginalized communities. Concerns around transparency and accountability are prevalent, as the "black-box" nature of many AI algorithms complicates public understanding and trust in AI-driven outcomes. Surveillance tools, including facial recognition and behavioral analysis, enhance real-time threat detection but raise privacy and civil rights concerns, highlighting the need for regulatory oversight. Gaps in legal frameworks suggest the urgency for standardized policies that address data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and accountability in AI applications. The findings underscore that interdisciplinary collaboration, transparent practices, and comprehensive regulatory measures are essential to responsibly integrate AI into criminal justice, balancing technological advancements with justice, equity, and public trust.

Harnessing Digital Strategies to Combat Cryptocurrency-Enabled Crimes: Addressing Money Laundering, Illicit Trade, and Cyber Threats

Purpose: This research explores how advanced digital strategies can be harnessed to combat cryptocurrency-enabled crimes, focusing on the use of blockchain analysis, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and enhanced regulatory frameworks to detect, trace, and prevent illegal transactions on cryptocurrency platforms. Materials and Method: The study examines the challenges law enforcement and regulatory bodies face due to the pseudonymous nature of cryptocurrencies and their cross-border complexities. It analyses emerging digital tools that facilitate the de-anonymization of transactions and enable real-time monitoring of suspicious activities. Case studies from recent high-profile cryptocurrency crimes, such as the Silk Road shutdown and recent ransomware attacks, are utilized to highlight the effectiveness of these digital strategies. Findings: The findings indicate that a multi-layered approach, which combines technological innovations with global regulatory efforts, is essential for mitigating risks associated with cryptocurrency as a facilitator of cybercrime. Advanced analytics and regulatory techniques are identified as key resources for detecting and preventing illicit activities. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research demonstrates practical implications for law enforcement agencies in developing strategies that integrate advanced digital tools to improve their capabilities to manage and investigate cryptocurrency-related crimes. From a policy perspective, the study highlights the importance of creating adaptive regulatory frameworks that can evolve alongside cryptocurrency technology to effectively address the unique challenges it presents in combating cybercrime.

Does Civil Forfeiture Fight Crime? Evidence From New Mexico

This study examined civil forfeiture's impact on crime rates. Proponents of civil forfeiture, which allows law enforcement to take and permanently keep property without a criminal conviction, claim it is an essential crime-fighting tool, particularly in the War on Drugs. Critics challenge the crime-fighting efficacy of civil forfeiture while warning the policy violates individual liberties. Previous research has associated increases in civil forfeiture with higher rates of drug arrests, but to date, few studies have examined the impact of a major civil forfeiture reform. Using a 9-year panel of monthly crime rates, this study measured the impact on crime of legislation that eliminated civil forfeiture in New Mexico. This study did not find sufficient evidence to conclude civil forfeiture effectively fights crime. Specifically, when New Mexico eliminated the policy, crime rates did not worsen compared to control states. These findings hold important implications informing the policy debate surrounding civil forfeiture.

Regulation Act of Torture in Criminal Code: Opportunity and Challenge to Improve Human Rights Situation in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges with regulating the criminal act of torture in Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP). The provisions regarding the criminal act of torture in the Criminal Code certainly open up opportunities in efforts to eliminate the practice of torture in Indonesia. The provisions of Article 530 of the current Criminal Code and the explanatory section stipulate that this article directly derives from the provisions in the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. On the other hand, all efforts and mechanisms to eliminate the practice of torture in Indonesia still require many steps to be taken. This research was conducted using a normative juridical method with a statutory approach. This research also provides an explanation of several gaps from previous similar studies by explaining several novel analyses, such as: (1) the application of sanctions to perpetrators must be adjusted to the provisions of international instruments, (2) revision of various articles in the Criminal Procedure Code which has the potential to perpetuate the practice of torture, and (3) the urgency to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT). The conclusion of this research is an explanation that the regulation of criminal acts of torture in the provisions of the new Criminal Code needs to be appreciated, but of course it is not enough. The state must have high commitment and political will to revise the Criminal Procedure Code openly and involve the community, ratify OPCAT, implement national legal provisions, and ensure law enforcement against perpetrators.

Information Hiding and Digital Transformation: Strategies for First Information Reports (FIR) and Police Records

Throughout the last few years, it has become increasingly obvious that everything is moving from a traditional world to a digital one. In order for police organizations to remain competitive, they need to keep up with the rapid technological advancements that are taking place in order to stay ahead of the competition. The First Information Report (FIR) in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries is a legal document which provides police with information about an apparent crime which has been reported to them by the victims of crimes. It is part of the police's investigation process. The police still have a difficult time getting accurate information from victims in terms of what exactly occurred during the incident, which makes getting accurate information from them very difficult. The filing of a police report presents a wide range of challenges as far as police organizations are concerned. There is a major challenge in the investigation of crimes involving victims concealing information about critical knowledge subsets and the complexity of these sets from the police authorities. For police records to be managed effectively it requires an organisational transformation that is driven by well-established digital strategies that offer an overall view and full transparency of both the knowledge about FIRs as well as the access to them. There is no doubt that an organization such as a police force cannot underestimate the importance of adopting the right technologies and frameworks as part of its digital transformation strategy in order to be able to meet the needs of its customers. The challenge of solving the long-standing problem of police organizations with limited resources concealing knowledge is going to be a long-term task that can be quite challenging. This paper presents several strategies and best practices which can be adopted by law enforcement organizations so that they can successfully transform digitally and achieve their goals through the implementation of these strategies and best practices.

Mitigating Bias Due to Race and Gender in Machine Learning Predictions of Traffic Stop Outcomes

Traffic stops represent a crucial point of interaction between citizens and law enforcement, with potential implications for bias and discrimination. This study performs a rigorously validated comparative machine learning model analysis, creating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to predict the results of traffic stops using a dataset sourced from the Montgomery County Maryland Data Centre, focusing on variables such as driver demographics, violation types, and stop outcomes. We repeated our rigorous validation of AI for the creation of models that predict outcomes with and without race and with and without gender informing the model. Feature selection employed regularly selects for gender and race as a predictor variable. We also observed correlations between model performance and both race and gender. While these findings imply the existence of discrimination based on race and gender, our large-scale analysis (>600,000 samples) demonstrates the ability to produce top performing models that are gender and race agnostic, implying the potential to create technology that can help mitigate bias in traffic stops. The findings encourage the need for unbiased data and robust algorithms to address biases in law enforcement practices and enhance public trust in AI technologies deployed in this domain.

The Dynamic Consequences of State Building: Evidence from the French Revolution

How do radical reforms shape economic development over time? In 1790, the French Constituent Assembly overhauled the kingdom’s organization to establish new local capitals. In some departments, the choice of local capitals over rival candidate cities was plausibly exogenous. We study how changes in administrative presence affect state capacity and development in the ensuing decades. In the short run, administrative proximity increases taxation and investments in law enforcement. In the long run, capitals obtain more public goods and grow faster. Our results shed light on the dynamic impacts of state building following one of history’s most ambitious administrative reforms. (JEL D70, H41, H71, O18, O43)

Analysis of the Role of Law in Environmental Dispute Resolution: A Case Study in Urban Areas

The objective of this research project is to conduct an in-depth examination of the role of law in environmental dispute resolution within the context of urban Yogyakarta. By employing a qualitative methodology, this study examines the factors affecting the implementation of environmental legislation and the efficacy of legal instruments in addressing disputes. This study seeks to elucidate the role of law in environmental dispute resolution in Yogyakarta, examine the obstacles and impediments encountered in the implementation of environmental law, and analyse the efficaciousness of the existing dispute resolution mechanisms. To this end, it employs qualitative methods, with a particular focus on primary data obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings demonstrate that, despite an adequate legal framework, the efficacy of environmental dispute resolution is constrained by challenges inherent in law enforcement, public awareness, and economic considerations.

Relations between the State and Business in the Conditions of the “Developmental State”

Aim. To identify the mechanism of state regulation of private enterprise initiative operating in the “developmental states” of East and Southeast Asia, which ensures consistently high rates of economic growth and an increase in public welfare.Tasks. Based on a comparative analysis, to determine the characteristic features of the model of relations between the state and business in the “developmental states”, to reveal its strengths and weaknesses, the role of the ruling elite in its functioning.Methods. The central concept is the “developmental state”, the elements of which are revealed by Zia Onish, the concepts of “planned-rational state” (C. Johnson), “built-in autonomy” (P. Evans), “neopatrimonial state”, “cohesive capitalist state” and “fragmented multi-class state” (A. Koli). The model of the relationship between the state and business is based on works related to Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.Results. It has been established that in “developmental states” the relations between the state and business are built into the political structure of society, in which centralized governance allows states to ensure political stability, reduce transaction costs for private entities, motivate entrepreneurship and create additional opportunities for economic development, and as a result - increasing the welfare of society.Conclusions. The example of the countries of East and Southeast Asia shows that the success of a “developmental state” is possible only when the political settlement enables the ruling elites to have the law enforcement capabilities to conduct an effective, nationally-oriented industrial policy necessary for the further improvement of the country’s technological capabilities. The rapid economic development of “developmental states”, which has led to talk of a “miracle”, raises the question of the possibility of using this experience in other regions of the world, including the EAEU countries.

Environmental protection tax policy and corporate risk-taking: Evidence from China

The fight against pollution problems has sparked a myriad of Environmental Protection Tax (EPT) policies by governments across the globe. However, it remains unclear whether and how EPT affects the level of corporate risk-taking. To narrow the gap, this research selects the EPT policy implemented in 2018 as a quasi-natural experiment to test the effect of EPT on the level of corporate risk-taking by using the sample of Chinese listed firms from 2014 to 2022. The result finds that EPT could dampen the level of corporate risk-taking. Mechanism analysis shows that, the increased market attention, elevated financing costs, and raised investment in end-of-pipe pollution control are the mechanisms by which EPT reduces the level of corporate risk-taking. The “market pressure hypothesis” and “resource dependence hypothesis” of corporate risk-taking can help us better understand these three paths. Moreover, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that the disincentive effect is more pronounced in small enterprises, and those with high financing constraints and low institutional investor ownership. Meanwhile, the disincentive effect is also more pronounced for enterprises located in regions with underdeveloped digital financial inclusion and strong law enforcement. Overall, our findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of EPT on corporate risk-taking at the micro level and provide valuable insights for targeted policy enhancements.

Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Terhadap Masyarakat Adat Yang Melakukan Eksploitasi Di Wilayah Pesisir

Introduction: Environmental law enforcement is one of the processes carried out to provide legal certainty. In principle, indigenous peoples always carry out exploitation in coastal areas, so law enforcement is needed so that it can run optimally, where this experiences obstacles in the process and causes environmental law enforcement to not run effectively.Purposes of the Research: To find out the enforcement of environmental law against indigenous communities who exploit coastal areas and the obstacles in enforcing environmental law for indigenous communities in coastal areas.Methods of the Research: The method used in this study is normative- juridical, which focuses on the main law by examining theories, concepts, legal principles, and laws and regulations related to this research.Results of the Research: Environmental law enforcement can run well through criminal, administrative and civil aspects. Enforcing environmental laws for indigenous communities against exploitation in coastal areas has become very difficult. This is influenced by legal factors, law enforcement, facilities and infrastructure, society and culture itself. These five factors are one of the things that causes environmental law enforcement to not run optimally. For this reason, there must be cooperation between regional governments and law enforcement in order to prevent prolonged exploitation and cause marine areas to become damaged and not well controlled, so that regional governments must coordinate with stakeholders in the regions, in this case the environmental services and village governments. locally to follow up on problems in coastal areas resulting from sand and coral mining by indigenous communities.

Has the application of sanctions against financial institutions involved in money laundering had a deterrent effect?

Money laundering is one of the crimes that has a wide impact, both economically and socially. With the increasing complexity of global financial networks, financial institutions must be more responsible in preventing money laundering practices. The existence of strong and transparent financial institutions is essential to maintain the integrity of the financial system. Using normative juridical research methods, this study analyzes the regulations that govern sanctions and law enforcement practices. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the sanctions applied have provided a deterrent effect to financial institutions that violate the law. The results of the study show that although there are several institutions affected by sanctions, in general, the implementation of sanctions has not been effective in providing a significant deterrent effect. These obstacles arise due to the lack of strict supervision, weak international cooperation, and inconsistencies in law enforcement. In addition, the proactive attitude of financial institutions in fulfilling reporting obligations also needs to be improved. Therefore, reforms in the sanctions system and improved law enforcement mechanisms are needed to create a stronger deterrent effect against financial institutions involved in money laundering

Implementasi Penegakan Hukum Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2014 terhadap Perlindungan Hukum dan Kendalanya pada Orang dengan Gangguan Jiwa di Kota Semarang

The number of people with mental disorders in Semarang City continues to increase. The large number of people with mental disorders in Semarang needs to be addressed seriously to prevent causing discomfort in social activities. Therefore, the author compiled a journal titled "Implementation of Law Enforcement Law Number 18 of 2014 concerning Legal Protection and Constraints on People with Mental Disorders in Semarang City." This journal aims to uncover issues related to how the implementation of Law Number 18 of 2014 on law enforcement against legal protection for people with mental disorders in Semarang City and what factors cause people to experience mental disorders in Semarang City. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method with a socio-legal juridical approach. The data used in this study was obtained using data collection techniques through interviews conducted with Mrs. Lela Dwipayana, S.H. as the Social Rehabilitation Staff of the PMKS Guidance Service Sub-Coordinating Social Welfare Services. The results of this study found that Law Number 18 of 2014 on Mental Health has protected people with mental disorders by being handled by the Social Service in Semarang City.

Kemanfaatan, keadilan, dan kepastian hukum restorative justice pada ketentuan perpajakan

Restorative justice has been implemented in tax provisions, namely the KUP Law and the PPSP Law which regulate tax collection, audits and investigations. Restorative justice is further reaffirmed in the Law on Harmonization of Tax Regulations (UU HPP), which is known to be contained in the explanation of Article 40B clause (3), Article Article 44B clause 2a and Article 64 clause (2). It is estimated that tax law enforcement with a restorative justice approach can be a more comprehensive and sustainable solution in dealing with violations. Dispute resolution is focused on efforts to reconcile the parties, in this case between countries positioned as victims and parties who commit violations. This is done with the aim of creating a better climate of compliance and reducing protracted problems. This journal article was prepared in order to analyze the value of benefit, justice and legal certainty regarding the implementation of the article on restorative justice regulated in the UU HPP for violations that have the potential to harm the country's economy. By using non-doctrinal legal research methods based on theory and application to regulations, it is hoped that the results of theoretical analysis related to the principles of restorative justice can provide further insight into how the values of benefit, justice and legal certainty are applied as law enforcement, especially in the field of taxation.

Perbedaan komitmen karier ditinjau dari data demografi pada anggota kepolisian

The Indonesian National Police is a state apparatus responsible for maintaining security, public order, and law enforcement, as well as protecting and serving the community in safeguarding the Republic of Indonesia. Career commitment refers to an individual's dedication to their work in pursuit of career goals through active participation. Those who are committed to their careers strive to achieve their objectives. This study aims to examine the differences in career commitment among police officers based on demographic data. Utilizing a quantitative approach with a comparative research design, the study involved 125 police members from one of the police agencies in Pasuruan Regency, East Java. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants. The study used the Career Commitment Measure (CCM) as the assessment tool. The findings indicate that there are significant differences in career commitment related to demographic factors such as career development stages, length of service, and educational background.

How effective is legal protection in Indonesia in handling investment fraud cases compared to other countries?

Legal protection for investors is crucial in preventing the negative impact of rampant investment fraud, especially in the digital era that facilitates access to information. The ever-growing phenomenon of investment fraud shows the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection in Indonesia in dealing with investment fraud cases, with a normative juridical approach that examines relevant regulations in Indonesia and compares them with other countries such as the United States and India. This method is used to understand the weaknesses and challenges in the implementation of existing laws. The results of the study show that although Indonesia has a comprehensive legal framework, such as Law Number 8 of 1995 on the Capital Market and the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (UU ITE), challenges in law enforcement and public education are still significant obstacles. Unlike the US and India, which implement strict sanctions and have strict supervision, legal protection in Indonesia still needs reforms to increase the deterrent effect for actors and strengthen public trust in the investment system.