Role Of Law Enforcement Research Articles

Experiences of immigrant survivors of violence with law enforcement

ABSTRACT Ongoing police brutality in the United States has forced Americans to grapple with the role of law enforcement. Negative interactions with police, as representatives of government, can leave individuals with lower feelings of political efficacy and, subsequently, lower trust in government and institutions, especially among vulnerable groups. Lower trust in government can have severe political and democratic consequences. Understanding interactions with law enforcement is thus crucial for a functioning, effective democracy. Through a civically engaged research partnership with Advocates for Immigrant Survivors, we address this issue by analyzing experiences with law enforcement among immigrant survivors of violence. We interview a diverse group of survivors about their experiences reporting crimes to police in the Houston area. We offer a descriptive analysis of our results and find that experiences with police vary widely based on factors such as immigration status, English proficiency, and gender. Through this partnership, we hope to encourage more civically engaged research to understand the experiences of vulnerable groups.

Analisis Putusan MK No. 6/PUU-XXII/2024 tentang Uji Materi Undang-Undang Kejaksaan dalam Perspektif Teori Keadilan Wahbah Zuhaili

The Prosecutor's Office plays a vital role in law enforcement as a public prosecutor, contributing to the administration of justice. This study focuses on analyzing the Constitutional Court's Decision Number 6/PUU-XXII/2024 regarding the judicial review of Article 20 of the Prosecutor's Office Law through the lens of Islamic justice principles as proposed by Wahbah Zuhaili. Employing normative legal research methods with a statute and case approach, this study relies on library-based legal materials. The findings reveal two key points: First, the Constitutional Court partially upheld the Applicant's argument, basing its judgment on Article 1 paragraph (3), Article 24 paragraph (1), and Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, which address the qualifications for appointing the Attorney General, particularly concerning individuals affiliated with political parties. Second, from the perspective of Wahbah Zuhaili's concept of justice in Islam, the decision deviates from justice rooted in transcendental values derived from the Qur'an and Hadith, as it fails to promote social welfare and collective happiness

Law Enforcement's Role in Tackling Illegal Gold Mining for Sustainable Development Goals

Illegal gold mining is a significant environmental crime, particularly in resource-rich regions like the Amazon, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. This study uses a qualitative research design to evaluate law enforcement efforts in Brazil, Ghana, and Indonesia. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving law enforcement personnel, government officials, environmental experts, and local community members affected by mining activities. These interviews aimed to uncover challenges in enforcing environmental laws, the effectiveness of ongoing measures, and local perceptions of enforcement outcomes. Secondary data comprised an extensive academic literature review, official reports, and legal documents to contextualize the findings within global trends. Case studies were selected based on criteria such as the prevalence of illegal gold mining, environmental impacts, and variations in enforcement strategies. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring issues such as corruption, resource constraints, and lack of political will. Results indicate that enforcement has had limited success in curbing deforestation, mercury contamination, and biodiversity loss, mainly due to institutional weaknesses. Enforcement measures disproportionately target small-scale miners while larger organized networks evade prosecution. This paper emphasizes the importance of addressing socioeconomic drivers through alternative livelihoods, international collaboration, and enhanced institutional capacity to achieve sustainable development goals.

A Unified Graph Theory Approach: Clustering and Learning in Criminal Data

Crime report clustering plays a critical role in modern law enforcement, enabling the identification of patterns and trends essential for proactive policing. However, traditional clustering approaches face significant challenges with the complex, unstructured nature of crime reports and their inherent sparse relationships. While graph-based clustering shows promise, issues of noise sensitivity and data sparsity persist. This study introduces a unified approach integrating spectral graph-based clustering with Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) to address these challenges. The proposed approach encompasses data collection, preprocessing, linguistic feature extraction, vectorization, graph construction, graph learning, and clustering to effectively capture the intricate similarities between crime reports. The proposed approach achieved significant improvements over existing methods: a Silhouette Score of 0.77, a Davies–Bouldin Index of 0.51, and consistent performance across varying dataset sizes (100–1000 nodes). These results demonstrate the potential for enhanced crime pattern detection in law enforcement operations.

The Role of Law Enforcement in Combating Financial Cybercrime in Tanzania: Examining the Laws and Practice

Financial cybercrime is defined as the use of the internet or computer to commit criminal activity for financial gain. Digital financial services development plays a pivotal role in economic growth despite the rise of financial cybercrime. Not only that but also mobile financial services hold great potential to expand financial access among people. While this progress lingers, some users have engaged themselves in financial cybercrimes for illegal gain. The Cybercrime Act of Tanzania 2015 provided for law enforcement officers including a Police officer with the rank of assistant inspector or an investigator of equivalent rank of inspector and above, a member of the Tanzania National Intelligence Service, Prosecutors and other authorized persons or the officer commanding station (OCS) termed as a law enforcement officer. The report of the Tanzania computer emergence response team beginning from the 9th day of June 2023 to the 15th day of June 2024 shows how financial cybercrime is seriously increasing despite the measurements taken. This paper explores the legal and practical role of law enforcement in combating financial cybercrime examining the adequacy of existing laws, enforcement limitations, and social issues that complicate intervention efforts. Highlighting legal analysis, case studies, and comparative insights, the study discusses potential reforms and offers recommendations for more effective prevention and response mechanisms. This study aims to contribute to an improved understanding of the unique challenges Tanzania faces in combating financial cybercrime that address legal, educational, and technological issues

Legal Challenges and Enforcement Strategies: Bawaslu's Role in Addressing Election Violations in Indonesia's 2024 Simultaneous Elections

Elections are a very important momentum for the community. This is because the community has the opportunity to determine the future leaders of the Indonesian nation in the next five years. Therefore, in making the election a success is not only the responsibility of Bawaslu as a supervisory institution, but also the obligation of all Indonesian people. The implementation of the 2024 election has many challenges in making the election a success, so it is necessary to have a role for Bawaslu in enforcing the law. The purpose of this study is to describe the challenges carried out by Bawaslu in enforcing violations of the law in Indonesia. The method of this research is qualitative descriptive. The results of this study show that there are four challenges for Bawaslu in the 2024 elections, including identity politics, money politics, neutralization of ASN, TNI, and Polri in election campaigns, and the spread of hoax news. In this case, it shows that Bawaslu plays an important role in law enforcement of simultaneous election violations in 2024. With the role played by Bawaslu in law enforcement, it can create a democratic and just country for the community.

ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW ON CHILD PROTECTION: ADDRESSING PARENTAL MALTREATMENT IN TANAH KARO

This research aims to examine the application of Islamic criminal law in cases of child maltreatment by parents and assess the effectiveness of law enforcement by the Tanah Karo Police, specifically in relation to Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection. The study seeks to highlight the alignment between Islamic law principles, which emphasize the protection of children, and Indonesia’s legal framework for child welfare. A qualitative approach was employed using a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis, providing comprehensive insights into the legal and social aspects of child maltreatment cases handled by the Tanah Karo Police. Findings indicate that Islamic criminal law views child maltreatment as a severe offense, prescribing punishments such as diyat (financial compensation) or hudud (fixed penalties) depending on the severity of the abuse. The Tanah Karo Police, in adherence to Article 76C of Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, has established collaborative efforts with the Office for Women's Empowerment and Child Protection as well as the Karo District Social Services to address and mitigate child maltreatment cases. This study provides a unique perspective on the integration of Islamic criminal law principles with national child protection laws, underscoring the role of law enforcement in bridging cultural, religious, and legal frameworks to protect children. The findings suggest that integrating Islamic law principles into the enforcement of child protection laws may strengthen the legal and moral mandate for child welfare, encouraging a more cohesive approach across different sectors of Indonesian society. This integration has the potential to improve collaboration between law enforcement and social services in cases of child maltreatment, enhancing support for victims and accountability for offenders.

Judicial Inefficacies and Legal Inconsistencies in Addressing Honour Killings: A Human Rights Analysis of Pakistan's Legal Framework

In Pakistan, honor killings are tied to consequences, such as property disputes and other difficulties that occur after the death of the victim, as well as to shame and cultural practices. The annual growth in the honour killing justification can be traced to the faulty operation of the state's organs. The media manages to report on the crimes despite the fact that tribal councils are frequently more powerful than courts in Pakistan, where the number of recorded cases is exceptionally low because they typically involve the victim's own family. We undertook the research study to enhance awareness of honour crimes and educate the public, as well as to examine the causes of judicial injustice, the corrupt role of law enforcement, and defective legislation. We have also established that Islam condemns honour killing. Data was acquired with a supplementary technique. The issue arose about the judicial interpretation of a contentious plea, flawed legislation, human rights violations, and obligations, both national and international, notwithstanding notable amendments to criminal law post-2004. Tribal councils currently possess the authority to conduct business autonomously, owing to the comprehensive resolution of legislation, judicial interpretation, and police corruption that contributed to these issues. The flawed legislation highlighted the judges' empathy, as demonstrated by established precedents in their interpretation of provocation grounds that offenders exploit to obtain reduced sentences for egregious offences.

LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW THE ENFORCER’S CONSCIENCE

The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the role of law enforcement in the Indonesian constitutional system, specifically focusing on how the enforcement of laws aligns with the personal conscience and ethical judgment of law enforcers. The study utilizes secondary data gathered through literature reviews, drawing from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, such as legislation, books, journals, and articles. The collected data is analyzed following the Miles and Huberman (2014) model, which includes processes of data reduction, data display, and data verification, to derive conclusions pertinent to the research questions. It sheds light on how ethical considerations influence decision-making, offering insights into the moral dimensions of the law enforcement beyond formal legal frameworks. Furthermore, this study contributes to discussions on judicial integrity and accountability, providing a foundation for evaluating how personal conscience impacts the fairness and effectiveness of law enforcing. It also offers practical recommendations for strengthening the ethical standards and professional judgment of judicial officials in Indonesia. Comparative studies on how different countries' judicial systems integrate human rights and democratic values into their law enforcement structures could provide valuable insights for reforming Indonesia's judicial system to meet global standards of justice and fairness.

Data Evidence Collection and Legal Norms in Administrative Law Enforcement

With the rapid development of data technology, data evidence collection has become a key means of improving efficiency and accuracy in administrative law enforcement. However, the widespread application of data evidence collection has introduced new challenges related to legal compliance and privacy protection. This paper analyzes the core role of administrative law enforcement in modern society and the practical challenges it faces, explores the specific application scenarios and operational processes of data evidence collection in administrative law enforcement, and evaluates the current legal norms related to data evidence collection. Drawing on international experience, this paper proposes recommendations for improving data evidence collection legal norms in China, aiming to provide legal support and technical assistance for administrative law enforcement practices. The study seeks to offer references and guidance for the reasonable application of data evidence collection in administrative law enforcement and the development of legal norms.

Europol cooperation in Hungarian law enforcement

Aim: The aim of the article is to present the practical aspects of Europol’s role in Hungarian law enforcement. Methodology: We have collected knowledge about the operation of Europol, its services and support of law enforcement by studying the available EU and Hungarian regulations, as well as performing the former management tasks of Europol Hungarian Liaison Bureau, and practical implementation of the tasks of the crime coordinator assisting domestic procedures. Findings: Europol’s law enforcement services provide Hungarian law enforcement agencies with opportunities that cannot be provided by other agencies. In addition to supporting specific investigations, the institutional system also provides IT, strategic and financial support to countries. Value: The study provides operational, practical insights into the possibilities of cooperation with Europol, which will allow the staff of the criminal and judicial authorities to have a deeper insight into the more effective detection and investigation, as well as answers on the individual services and their future, also interpreted in the context of the readers.

Exploring the impact of religious culture on financial constraints: The moderating role of environmental responsibility, innovation, and law enforcement on SMEs

This study explores the role of religious culture in alleviating financial constraints for SMEs, emphasizing the moderating effects of environmental responsibility, innovation, and law enforcement. By analyzing data from 2,833 SMEs across diverse geographic regions with varying religious influences from 2011 to 2020, we discovered that firms in areas with strong religious cultural networks experience fewer financial constraints. The moderating mechanisms of enhanced environmental responsibility and innovation contribute to a more favorable economic policy environment. These findings suggest that financial products tailored to respect religious cultural dimensions can more effectively address the financing challenges faced by SMEs. Therefore, policymakers and financial institutions should consider cultural factors when designing economic support mechanisms.

A One Health Approach to Public Safety: A Review of Police Canines in the United States.

Working dogs are an essential part of modern society, and police canines (K9s) in the United States are amongst the most recognizable of all working dogs. Given the dearth of published data on active police canines in the U.S. and the calls for police reform, an interdisciplinary effort is necessary to comprehensively understand how these dogs are best used for the benefit of society. This review paper relies on veterinary public health expertise to present a comprehensive overview of police canine use by municipal law enforcement in the United States, including known impacts and gaps in knowledge. The existing literature from animal-assisted interventions (AAI) provides evidence to ensure working dog well-being, while human-animal bond research contributes to officer safety and canine partnership. Lastly, law enforcement and public health agendas (LEPH) assure the team's successful efforts in built environments and local neighborhoods. These frameworks acknowledge the complexity of police dog use, spanning from punitive to public relations, which mirrors the role of law enforcement in U.S. society. This paper proposes the use of a One Health framework to ensure police canine contributions to society, including suggested approaches to partner municipal police with veterinary medicine and public health, and integrate One Health in promoting public safety for local communities.

Role of law enforcement, governance, and digital transformation in risk control and management at Vietnamese commercial banks

Risk control and management are essential tasks necessary to ensure the safe and sustainable development of commercial banks, especially in today’s digital business environment. This study aims to identify the factors and their impact on risk control and management through intermediary variables, including law enforcement, corporate governance, and digital transformation, using the partial least square – structural equation modeling. Data for the study were collected through interviews assessing the perceptions of 765 managers in 35 Vietnamese commercial banks. The results indicate that factors directly affecting law enforcement include digital transformation, awareness of risks related to new technologies, training in law and technological knowledge, employee capabilities, monitoring and inspection procedures, size and complexity of bank operations, and corporate governance. However, only law enforcement and corporate governance have an indirect intermediary impact on risk control and management (digital transformation did not show a statistically significant impact). These findings highlight that, according to managerial perceptions in commercial banks, current digital transformations have not significantly influenced risk control and management, emphasizing the need for further enhancement in this area moving forward. This study makes a positive contribution to the development of models and measurement systems, laying the foundation for similar experimental research in the field of commercial banking in various countries in the future. AcknowledgmentThis study is the result of collaboration between a group of scientists from the Faculty of Law – Hue University and Duy Tan University. The authors would like to acknowledge the support and facilitation provided by both institutions for the publication of this research. Furthermore, this work is conducted within the framework of project code B2023-ĐHH-03 under decision No. 2036/QĐ-BGDĐT dated July 22, 2022.

Police Involvement in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Qualitative Exploration of Law Enforcement Roles and Contributing Organizational Factors

Objectives Many American police organizations respond to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study sought to: 1) explore variation in the role of police in OHCA across emergency medical systems and 2) identify factors influencing this variation. Methods We conducted a qualitative multisite case study analysis using data collected through semi-structured key informant interviews and multidisciplinary focus groups with telecommunicators, fire, police, emergency medical services, and hospital personnel across nine Michigan emergency systems of care. Sites were sampled based on return of spontaneous circulation rates, trauma region, geography, rurality, and population density. Data were analyzed to examine police role in OHCA and the organizational factors that contribute to these roles. Transcripts and coded data were explored using iterative thematic analysis and matrices. Results Interviews included approximately 160 public safety informants of varying administrative levels (i.e., field staff, mid-level managers, and leadership). Across systems, police played four on-scene roles in OHCA response: 1) early responder, 2) resuscitation team member, 3) security, and 4) information gathering. Less consistently, police performed supplementary roles as telecommunicators and cardiac arrest educators. We found that factors including administrative structure of the police agency, resources (e.g., human and material), organizational culture, medical training, deployment and response policies, nature of response environment, and relationships with other prehospital stakeholders contributed to the degree certain roles were present. Conclusions Police serve numerous on-scene and supplementary roles in OHCA response across jurisdictions. Their roles were influenced by multiple factors at each site. Future studies may help to better understand the value of and how to optimize police engagement in OHCA response.

First Sero-Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Infections in the Police Dogs and Their Trainers in Iran.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Toxocara spp. are two types of parasites that can infect humans and various animals, including dogs. Police dogs and their trainers have a vital role in law enforcement, and their health and well-being are crucial for them to effectively carry out their duties. No study has yet been conducted on the prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among police dogs and their trainers in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the sero-molecular prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections in police dogs and their trainers in Tehran, the capital of Iran. In Tehran province, the anti-narcotics police have nearly 200 well-trained police dogs. Each dog is assigned a dedicated trainer and upon completing missions, is housed separately in a designated area. In the present study, a total of 150 samples were gathered. These included 50 blood samples from randomly selected police dogs, 50 fecal samples from the same dogs, and 50 blood samples from their trainers. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was performed to detect T. gondii antibodies in dog blood samples and the ELISA system was utilized to identify anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera of the dog trainers. A specific segment of the SAG2 and ITS genes were amplified via nested-PCR in order to molecularly detect T. gondii in human blood samples and Toxocara spp. in dog fecal samples. Regarding serological findings, the prevalence of T. gondii in dog and human blood samples was 4% (2/50) and 10% (5/50), respectively. According to reports, the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in human blood samples was 6% (3/50). No statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of the examined parasites and variables (age, sex, and breed) in dogs, as well as the age variable in military personnel. Molecular findings showed that out of the 50 dog fecal samples and 50 human blood samples, there was no presence of Toxocara spp. and T. gondii, respectively. Understanding the prevalence of parasitic infections helps public health officials assess the risk to human and animal populations. This information can guide the development of prevention and control measures to reduce the spread of these infections. Overall, the prevalence of parasitic infections, particularly T. gondii and Toxocara spp., in police dogs and their trainers remains uncertain and necessitates further in-depth research.

Law Enforcement of E-Ticket Cases at the Bantul District Prosecutor's Office

Law enforcement of E-Tilang cases has an important role in maintaining traffic order and security in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the role of the Bantul State Attorney's Office in enforcing the law of e-tickets or electronic tickets for traffic violations and the obstacles to the role of the Bantul State Attorney's Office in enforcing the law of e-tickets or electronic tickets for traffic violations. The research method used in this research is empirical legal research. The approach used in this research is a juridical-empirical approach, namely analysing the legal problems that have been formulated by combining legal materials both primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials which are secondary data with primary data obtained in the field through interviews. This research is a new contribution to the understanding of law enforcement related to the E-Ticket case at the Bantul District Attorney's Office. From a series of previous studies, various points of view have been studied in depth. This research aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role and constraints of E-Ticket law enforcement, as well as highlighting innovations and best practices in the context of traffic law enforcement. This research shows that the role of the Bantul State Attorney's Office in enforcing the law of e-tickets for traffic offences is as a protector of personal data, a guarantor of legal certainty and justice, and as an executor. Obstacles in the implementation of its role include the absence of detailed legal rules governing the implementation of electronic-based law enforcement, then in the aspect of resources, still limited technological infrastructure, such as unstable internet access and inadequate computers, in terms of human resources which are still very limited, another inhibiting factor is from the community, the lack of public awareness and understanding of the importance of orderly traffic..

Kedudukan Hukum Justice Collaborator dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia

Justice collaborators play an important role in law enforcement. The role or function of a justice collaborator includes disclosing a criminal act or the impending occurrence of a criminal act, so that the return of assets resulting from criminal acts can be achieved to the state, providing information to law enforcement officials, providing testimony in the judicial process. The aim of this research is to analyze the legal position of justice collaborators in the criminal justice legal system in Indonesia. This research uses a type of normative juridical research by analyzing primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of the research are that the legal position of justice collaborator has a very important role in uncovering a well-organized criminal act, or a particular criminal case, so that the suspect or defendant's request to become a justice collaborator must be granted. considered based on the evidence at trial in this case. It is within the judge's authority to grant the justice collaborator's request, because this will affect the sentence. In conclusion, justice collaborators are not regulated in the criminal procedural law book in Indonesia, but are regulated in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, as well as Joint Regulations for Law Enforcement Officials and Witness and Victim Protection Institutions concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Complainant, Reporting Witness and Perpetrator Witness Working Together.

Exploring Paulinian’s Demonstrated Competencies in Selected Industries: Basis for Enhancement of Outcomes-Based Education of St. Paul University Surigao

This study evaluated the employability skills of graduates across various academic programs at St. Paul University Surigao using a mixed-method explanatory design, wherein the study focused on the effectiveness of their Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) strategies. The findings revealed that SPUS programs generally equipped their graduates with strong technical competencies essential for their respective fields. However, there exists a need for continuous enhancement in employability skills across all programs to ensure that the graduates are prepared to meet the evolving demands of various industries. For the Nursing program, while their graduates excelled in clinical skills, improvements in communication abilities were found necessary to better align with healthcare industry requirements. Similarly, it was found that the Criminology program prepared its graduates well for law enforcement roles, however, they need to strengthen their research capabilities. Moreover, the Secondary Education Major in English program effectively integrated technological proficiency and ethical standards but there were opportunities for enhancing the graduates’ linguistic and literary knowledge. Additionally, the Mining Engineering program equipped its graduates with critical technical competencies but required further development in problem-solving skills and industry trend awareness. Likewise, the Information Technology program imparted robust technical skills, however, it should increase focus on the communication and teamwork abilities of its graduates. With this, SPUS should prioritize regular curriculum reviews and updates based on industry feedback. In addition, practical skills development such as hands-on learning experiences and workshops is crucial for enhancing employability skills across all disciplines concerned in this study.

Exploring Paulinian’s Demonstrated Competencies in Selected Industries: Basis for Enhancement of Outcomes-Based Education of St. Paul University Surigao

This study evaluated the employability skills of graduates across various academic programs at St. Paul University Surigao using a mixed-method explanatory design, wherein the study focused on the effectiveness of their Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) strategies. The findings revealed that SPUS programs generally equipped their graduates with strong technical competencies essential for their respective fields. However, there exists a need for continuous enhancement in employability skills across all programs to ensure that the graduates are prepared to meet the evolving demands of various industries. For the Nursing program, while their graduates excelled in clinical skills, improvements in communication abilities were found necessary to better align with healthcare industry requirements. Similarly, it was found that the Criminology program prepared its graduates well for law enforcement roles, however, they need to strengthen their research capabilities. Moreover, the Secondary Education Major in English program effectively integrated technological proficiency and ethical standards but there were opportunities for enhancing the graduates’ linguistic and literary knowledge. Additionally, the Mining Engineering program equipped its graduates with critical technical competencies but required further development in problem-solving skills and industry trend awareness. Likewise, the Information Technology program imparted robust technical skills, however, it should increase focus on the communication and teamwork abilities of its graduates. With this, SPUS should prioritize regular curriculum reviews and updates based on industry feedback. In addition, practical skills development such as hands-on learning experiences and workshops is crucial for enhancing employability skills across all disciplines concerned in this study.