Law Enforcement Officers Research Articles

Relationships between physical training and marksmanship performance in tactical law enforcement officers

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess relationships between dynamic shooting accuracy and physical training behaviors in tactical police officers.Design/methodology/approachSeventy tactical police officers from various agencies completed a survey including information on general experience, firearms training and physical training. Participants completed dynamic shooting drills with pistol and a rifle.FindingsOfficer’s overall shooting performance was associated with years of experience in special operations as more accurate shooters had 6–10 years of experience. Operators in the highest shooting quartile were likely to participate in shooting competitions. Operators at the 50% ranking or above were more likely to train at the department or agency gym.Research limitations/implicationsAll subjects were males, no cause/effect relationship established, no data on caffeine and alcohol consumption or sleep behaviors. Years of experience, competition shooting, and training were all related to higher level shooting performance.Practical implicationsThe data support deliberate practice, accountability, and camaraderie contribute to high-level performance and safety for tactical law enforcement officers.Originality/valueThis research highlighted marksmanship performance and the connection between training habits and lifestyle. These findings highlight the need for training specific variables so that operators perform at a higher level and enhance their skills for dynamic shooting performance in a tactical unit.

POLICY BRIEF: TACKLING THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND LEGAL IMPACTS OF ONLINE GAMBLING IN INDONESIA

Online gambling has rapidly become a pervasive issue in Indonesia, fueled by increased internet access and the widespread use of smartphones. This policy brief provides a comprehensive analysis of the social, economic, and legal impacts of online gambling in Indonesia, while offering actionable policy recommendations to mitigate its negative effects. This research synthesizes findings from six key studies and integrates insights from thematic analysis conducted through stakeholder interviews, including perspectives from psychologists, legal experts, law enforcement officials, and community leaders. The analysis highlights significant mental health challenges associated with online gambling, particularly among teenagers and family leaders, such as increased stress, anxiety, and family disintegration. Economically, online gambling leads to financial ruin for many families, resulting in debt accumulation, loss of assets, and broader community-level economic instability. Legally, the study identifies critical gaps in Indonesia's regulatory framework, which struggles to address the complexities of online gambling in the digital era. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive policy interventions, including updates to legal frameworks, enhanced law enforcement capabilities, public education initiatives, and community-based support systems. By implementing these strategies, Indonesia can more effectively combat the negative impacts of online gambling, protect vulnerable populations, and promote a healthier, more secure society.

Criminal Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Sexual Intercourse with Biological Children

Criminal law enforcement is important in dealing with cases of incestuous sexual relations involving children, aiming to uphold justice and protect victims from harm. The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of law enforcement in the jurisdiction of Tabanan Police in handling cases. Using empirical research methods, this study analyzes legal principles such as the rule of law, legislation theory, legal protection, legal responsibility, and legal effectiveness. This research focuses on a specific case documented in Police Report No. LP-B/35/VII/2020/B: LP-B/35/VII/2020/Bali/Res Tbn, in which the perpetrator, MSP, was charged with violating Article 81(3) of the Child Protection Law, in conjunction with Article 64(1) of the Criminal Code, or alternative provisions under the law. The results showed that there are significant challenges hindering effective law enforcement, particularly the lack of qualified law enforcement officers compared to the number of cases, which hinders optimal case handling in the jurisdiction of Tabanan District Police. This research argues that effective law enforcement is essential not only to sanction perpetrators but also to ensure justice and protect child victims from violence and crime. The implications of this study underscore the need for increased competence among law enforcement officials to effectively handle such sensitive cases. By bridging the gap between legal provisions and law enforcement, this research advocates for systemic improvements to strengthen the law enforcement framework in combating the crime of incest against children.

Application of The Principle of Justice in Islamic Civil Dispute Resolution in Indonesia

This article discusses the application of the principle of justice in the resolution of Islamic civil disputes in Indonesia by using qualitative methods through literature studies and research in libraries. Justice is one of the important aspects in the resolution of Islamic civil disputes to ensure that individual rights are defended in accordance with the principles of fair and balanced Islamic law. This study explores various sources of literature related to Islamic civil law practice, justice, and dispute resolution in Indonesia. In the context of Islamic civil law, justice refers not only to compliance with formal law, but also to the moral, ethical, and social justice aspects that underlie Islamic teachings. This article reviews the concept of justice in Islam which includes individual rights, protection of the public interest, and dispute resolution mechanisms that prioritize mediation and peace. The results of the study show that the application of the principle of justice in Islamic civil dispute resolution in Indonesia still faces various challenges, such as obstacles in the implementation of the law, a culture of conflict resolution, and limited access to the judicial system. Nevertheless, measures to improve justice in Islamic civil dispute resolution continue to be developed, including through increasing understanding of Islamic law, training for law enforcement officers, and promoting alternative dispute resolution that is deliberative.

Some aspects of tactical medicine in service and combat activities of police officers under the conditions of the legal regime of martial state: problem issues in critical situations and combat conditions

The article highlights the problematic issues of tactical training of law enforcement officers in today’s conditions, considers the actual problems and challenges that law enforcement officers may face during the performance of official duties and the provision of first aid in combat conditions and emergency situations. The issue of the interaction of the National Police of Ukraine with other rescue services at the scene for the effective provision of first aid was considered. It is noted that the interaction of the police and other rescue services at the scene of the event in the conditions of martial law requires a special approach and careful planning. It is necessary to ensure a clear coordination of actions, an appropriate level of protection for the personnel of the rescue services, and to take into account the peculiarities of work in the conditions of hostilities. Effective interaction between different services will minimize the consequences of emergency situations and ensure the safety of the population in the conditions of martial law. The article highlights the algorithm of actions for providing assistance to injured persons by police officers under fire, considers the key issues of training law enforcement officers to provide effective first aid in conditions of martial law or extreme situations in general. The authors of the article emphasize the importance of unified training programs for police officers in tactical medicine, which should include both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Special attention is paid to ensuring a high level of readiness of police officers for quick and effective response to emergency situations and saving lives in the conditions of an aggravated conflict. Service situations in which police officers may find themselves are often accompanied by conflicts and their escalation, up to “fire contact” with the offender. Therefore, for the training of police officers, the section of tactical medicine is the most relevant, which teaches the basic skills of providing self- and mutual aid in combat conditions, which are primarily aimed at eliminating the preventive causes of death, taking into account the threat from combat operations or an active shooter. Unfortunately, there are infamous cases of the death of police officers while performing law enforcement tasks, which indicates the need for mandatory integration of first aid standards into their training and operations in various tactical situations. In addition, it is important to note that training police officers in tactical medicine will not only help them provide effective care to victims, but will also increase their level of safety while performing their duties. Therefore, unified training programs for police officers in tactical medicine should be an integral part of the training of law enforcement officers.

Characterization of the content and level of human rights protection in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

The article examines the content and level of human rights protection in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. It analyzes various aspects of the border agency’s operations, including organizational and legal foundations, methods and forms of control, and personnel training. The importance of clarifying the content of international human rights documents and standards for the effective work of border guard agencies and units is thoroughly discussed. The authors emphasize that knowledge and understanding of these provisions are crucial for law enforcement officers in their daily activities. Emphasis is placed on the fact that understanding the requirements of these documents helps ensure that the actions of the border agency comply with international standards and norms regarding human rights protection. Additionally, it is noted that such activities contribute to the formation of appropriate approaches and behavior among law enforcement officers when dealing with citizens, detaining individuals, and resolving conflict situations. Accordingly, understanding and utilizing international standards is an important element in the professional activities of border guards to ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms. Various approaches and strategies that can be applied to ensure and protect human rights and freedoms during the operational activities of the border service are analyzed. Possible ways to further enhance the effectiveness of this work are highlighted, including improving legislation, increasing personnel qualifications, and implementing new methods and technologies for working with people. Attention is drawn to the importance of developing and implementing a comprehensive approach to ensuring human rights and freedoms in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, which takes into account various aspects of its functioning and human needs. Such an approach allows optimizing the work of the service with maximum protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms. The conclusion is made about the necessity of restructuring the relationship between border guards and people on the basis of partnership, as well as improving the forms, methods, and means of ensuring human rights and freedoms. It is important that the service personnel adhere to international human rights standards in their activities and continually enhance their competence in this area. The need to improve the efficiency of the border service requires a thorough and systematic scientific analysis of its organizational and legal foundations in this field.

Asystemic Application of the System of Law

In the prism of a specific act of law enforcement, an urgent problem of systemic relations between norms and principles of various branches of law that are outside the traditional institution of bluntness has been identified. The theses were substantiated that the application of the rule of law should be based on a systematic approach to the entire legal space, that compliance or enforcement of a prescription within one branch of law should not be a tort-forming factor in another branch of law, the norms of one branch of law objectively cannot prohibit what is permitted by the norms of another branch of law; if this is the case, then this indicates a systemic problem of the legal space. And this question is addressed not so much to the legislator as to the law enforcement officer, the answer to it is in the plane of professional legal understanding. Only the formation of a systematic approach to the application not of a single rule of law, but of normative legal prescriptions in a system of corresponding links with the provisions of other norms of various branches of law can serve as a guarantee of proper law enforcement.

Kedudukan Hukum Justice Collaborator dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia

Justice collaborators play an important role in law enforcement. The role or function of a justice collaborator includes disclosing a criminal act or the impending occurrence of a criminal act, so that the return of assets resulting from criminal acts can be achieved to the state, providing information to law enforcement officials, providing testimony in the judicial process. The aim of this research is to analyze the legal position of justice collaborators in the criminal justice legal system in Indonesia. This research uses a type of normative juridical research by analyzing primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of the research are that the legal position of justice collaborator has a very important role in uncovering a well-organized criminal act, or a particular criminal case, so that the suspect or defendant's request to become a justice collaborator must be granted. considered based on the evidence at trial in this case. It is within the judge's authority to grant the justice collaborator's request, because this will affect the sentence. In conclusion, justice collaborators are not regulated in the criminal procedural law book in Indonesia, but are regulated in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, as well as Joint Regulations for Law Enforcement Officials and Witness and Victim Protection Institutions concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Complainant, Reporting Witness and Perpetrator Witness Working Together.

Penegakan Hukum Pidana terhadap Praktek Prostitusi Terselubung pada Panti Pijat Tradisional di Indonesia

Traditional massage parlors have changed dramatically. Several traditional massage parlors in Indonesia have been in the spotlight in recent years due to the covert prostitution practices that occur in these places. This practice involves sexual services offered as part of traditional massage services, and it has become a serious problem affecting various aspects of society. The problem discussed is how the practice of covert prostitution in traditional massage parlors in Indonesia cannot be fully criminalized under Articles 296 & 506 of the Criminal Code and how criminal law is enforced against the practice of prostitution in covert massage parlors in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to analyze the practice of covert prostitution in traditional massage parlors in Indonesia which cannot yet be fully criminalized under Articles 296 & 506 of the Criminal Code and analyze criminal law enforcement against the practice of prostitution in covert massage parlors in Indonesia. The theories used in this thesis are law enforcement theory and legal certainty theory. The research method was carried out using a statutory approach which was carried out by examining all laws and regulations relating to the legal issues being handled as well as approaching cases that occurred in the practice of disguised prostitution in massage parlor activities. Problems in the Effectiveness of implementing Articles 296 and 506 of the Criminal Code in law enforcement against prostitution in massage parlors is very dependent on the joint efforts of various parties, availability of resources, and commitment to crack down on this crime consistently and fairly. According to the author, criminal law enforcement against the practice of prostitution in hidden massage parlors in Indonesia currently does not yet have full legal certainty in the application of Articles 296 and 506 of the Criminal Code and related laws. Furthermore, related to the law enforcement factor which is less than optimal, according to the author, the legal system in the crime of prostitution does not work properly, especially related to the legal culture of individual officers who have not made efforts to enforce the law. The suggestions in the research are the need for cooperation between the government, community sponsored organizations (NGO ),child protection institutions and civil society in dealing with the problem of prostitution and improving the legal culture or culture where there must be a mental improvement of government officials and law enforcement officials so that there are no more unscrupulous individuals playing in law enforcement efforts against hidden massage parlors under the guise of prostitution.

The recreational and economic value of Florida beaches

Florida is the world’s top travel destination and. if it were its own country, it would have more tourist visits than any other country. Its sandy beaches extend a shoreline length almost as great as the combined lengths of sandy beaches in California, Texas, and North Carolina. Florida’s beaches are easily America’s recreational playground. Every year, Florida beaches attract approximately 70% more day visits than combined attendance at national parks, college and professional sports, amusement parks, cruises, and NASCAR events. Beach tourism plays a huge role in Florida’s economy. Manufacturing and residential construction are major industries in Florida, but their revenues are each a fraction of beach-oriented tourist spending. Florida’s farmland, ranches, and forests cover 75% of its land area, but beach-oriented tourist spending is more than 10 times the total receipts of all Florida agriculture and forestry. Beach-oriented tourists generate $23.3 billion in tax revenues annually. These tax revenues are more than double the combined salaries of Florida K-12 public school teachers, law enforcement officers, and instructors at colleges and universities. Some Florida beaches have sand deficits because dams on rivers have blocked sand that normally would flow to the coast, and navigation projects have diverted sand out of the littoral system to ebb and flood shoals. Beach nourishment has then been needed to restore and maintain the beaches. Beaches widened by nourishment have not only been a magnet for tourists, but have also protected bil- lions of dollars of shore infrastructure from hurricanes. Beach nourishment has been a bargain, with beach-oriented tourists in Florida generating six times more tax revenues each year than have been spent on Florida beach nourishment during the 80 years from 1944-2023 (in 2022 dollars to account for inflation). Most Florida beach nourishment has been placed in the past 50 years, and beach-oriented tourists have generated $310 dollars in tax revenues and $1070 in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annually for every $1 spent on beach nourishment. Miami Beach is a good example of the economic benefits of beach nourishment. It had almost no beach in the mid-1970s because of erosion, causing tourism to drop rapidly and itself to become a “seedy backwater of debt-ridden hotels.” Beach nourishment starting in 1978 caused a boom in tourism, and today Miami Beach has the most valuable property in Florida — worth more than the value of all Florida cropland. Miami Beach has had a return of $550 in tourist-generated taxes and $3900 in GDP for every $1 spent on beach nourishment.

Pengaturan dan Kewenangan Polisi Pamong Praja dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Gelandangan dan Penduduk Pendatang di Kabupaten Badung

The linkage between the Civil Service Police Unit officers with appropriate agencies whose activities have a close connection in creating a conducive environment between local government and the people can perform activities in a safe, peaceful, orderly and applicable in areas with motivating people to create the rule of law. This needs to be pursued so that the police authority of the civil service as a law enforcement officer in fostering peace and order will be based on the activities and supervision of extension, no longer be a matter of the sanctions, penalties or fines. Be aware that in creating an orderly and safe condition, not just the responsibility of the Municipal Police alone, but public participation is crucial the achievement of order and peace. Given the number of homeless and migrants who are not registered in the registry office or the competent authority, in addition to the lack of government attention to the homeless, so the implication raises public order and public tranquility be disturbed. Principal issues to be addressed in this study is the First, the setting and the authority of the Municipal Police and the Homeless curb migrants in Badung, and constraints faced in the Municipal Police enforcing rules on homeless and migrants. This study is the approach taken by the normative approach to law (statute approach), approaches the concept (conceptual research), case-based approach (case approach) the nonnative analysis shows that the police authority of the civil service is based on the principles of the law, the nonns applicable law, whereas the juridical conceptual analysis regarding the effectiveness of law enforcement. Based on the results of the discussion, setting and Municipal Police Authority in carrying out duties and discipline Homeless Population entrants subject to the provisions of Law No. 32 of 2004, and regulations Badung District No. 4 of 2001 on public order. Constraints faced by local governments in the enforcement of rules against bums and penduduku immigrants are human resource constraints the police civil service itself is still not professional and legal culture of society that still considers the work is still a beggar or bum culture.

ВИКТИМОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ, СОВЕРШЕННЫХ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ (ЦИФРОВЫХ) ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article presents the general characteristics of victimological prevention of crimes committed using in-formation (digital) technologies. The authors emphasize that the study of criminal law and criminological features of digital crime is justified and necessary at the present stage of development of society and the state. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the modern world is more focused on the transi-tion to the digital space. And since modern crime actively uses information (digital) technologies for its criminal purposes, a law enforcement officer engaged in combating digital crimes needs theoretically grounded research on this topic. The purpose of this work is to reveal the victimological features of the prevention of certain types of digital crimes, as well as the study of criminologically significant characteristics of modern digital crime and the development on this basis of key measures aimed at preventing crimes committed in the infor-mation space. In this study, the authors focus on the basics of victimological prevention of digital crime. The article discusses what basic measures should be taken by citizens to protect themselves from becoming a victim of a digital (cyber) crime. The prevalence of the use of modern digital technologies is beyond doubt, and a person using ITT can easily become a victim of cybercrime or simply suffer due to the lack of basic rules of digital security. In this regard, the basics of victimological prevention are an important component of the prevention of digital crime. This study is intended for researchers interested in the issues of criminal law counteraction to crimes committed using information (digital) technologies.

Legal Analysis of the Application of Restorative Justice in Narcotics Abuse Offenses Involving Minors

This research aims to determine and analyze restorative justice arrangements in criminal acts of narcotics abuse for children as well as obstacles and solutions in implementing restorative justice in criminal acts of narcotics abuse for children. The research method used in this research is normative juridical. The results of this research show that restorative justice in handling and resolving narcotics crimes committed by children and efforts to resolve problems related to the use of diversion tactics in juvenile narcotics crimes in general have not run optimally in accordance with the provisions of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the justice system. children and the formal criminal justice system. Research recommendations to law enforcement officials that it is best to implement Restorative Justice in handling criminal acts of narcotics abuse by children in Indonesia should take a comprehensive approach.

The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on social and economic welfare in Uganda

BackgroundAs a measure to slow down the transmission of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), governments around the world placed their countries under various stringent lockdown measures. Uganda is one of the countries that had a strict lockdown in Africa. This qualitative study explored the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown in both an urban (Kampala) and rural (Wakiso) setting in Central Uganda.MethodsThe study used focus group discussions (FGDs), household interviews, and key informant interviews (KIIs). 14 FGDs were conducted among several stakeholders including community health workers, health professionals, and members of the community. 40 household interviews were conducted among low, middle, and high-income households, while 31 KIIs were held among policy makers, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector. Data were analysed thematically in NVivo 2020 (QSR International).ResultsFindings from the study are presented under six themes: family disruption; abuse of children’s rights; disruption in education; food insecurity; impact on livelihoods; and violation of human rights. The study found that the COVID-19 lockdown led to family breakups, loss of family housing, as well as increased both caring responsibilities and gender-based violence especially towards females. Children’s welfare suffered through increased child labour, sexual exploitation, and early marriages. The extended closure of schools led to delayed educational milestones, poor adaptation to home-based learning, and increased school drop-out rates. Increased food insecurity led to changes in feeding patterns and reduced food varieties. Livelihoods were negatively affected hence people depleted their savings and capital. Unlawful detention and beating by law enforcement officers increased during the lockdown.ConclusionFuture pandemic planning needs to consider the consequences of lockdown on the social and economic wellbeing of communities hence put in place appropriate mitigation measures during and after the outbreak.

The Important Role of Social Media in Improving the Performance of Law Enforcement Apparatus in Indonesia

The very rapid development of the number of Internet and social media users in Indonesia is affecting all communication and interaction spaces in society. One of them can be a strength in controlling the performance of law enforcement officials. This article attempts to explain the important role of social media in efforts to improve the performance of law enforcement officials in Indonesia. The method used in this research is qualitative research on empirical law with data collection techniques carried out by literature study. The results of the research show that the important role of social media in efforts to improve the performance of law enforcement officials includes as a fast disseminator of information, as advocacy and support for certain cases, as a public pressure provider on officials and the government, exposing cases that are not exposed by conventional media, as media for monitoring accountability and transparency, and as a place for inclusive discussion and debate. The important role of social media should not be overshadowed by the negative impacts of social media such as societal polarization, unequal access, hoaxes and fake news, intimidation and verbal violence. Therefore, anticipation is needed such as digital literacy, social media regulations, education and awareness as well as increasing empathy and sympathy using social media.

Silent Struggles: Traumatic Brain Injuries and Mental Health in Law Enforcement.

To determine the prevalence of head injuries (HIs), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive symptoms in law enforcement officers (LEOs) and (2) the association between HIs and psychological health conditions. County-level survey administered via Research Electronic Data Capture. A total of 381 LEOs completed the survey (age=43±11years; 40 [11%] females; time as LEO=1-50years, median=15years). Cross-sectional study. We examined the prevalence of HIs (the Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method), PTSD (PTSD Checklist-Civilian [PCL-C]), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]). We used Mann-Whitney U and chi-square analyses to compare PTSD and depressive symptoms between those with and without a HI history. There were 282 (74%) participants who reported a lifetime history of 1 or more HIs; 116 (30%) sustained 1 or more HIs on the job. PCL-C scores ranged 17 to 85 (median=27); 33 (10%) participants met or exceeded the clinical cutoff score of 50 to indicate a positive PTSD screening. Participants with a HI history (median=29) had higher PCL-C scores than those with no HI history (median=24; P <.001), but the proportion of participants who met the clinical cutoff for PTSD was not different between those with (n =28, 11%) and without (n =5, 5%) a HI history (X2=2.52, P =.112, odds ratio=2.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-5.83). PHQ-9 scores ranged 0 to 20 (median=3); 124 (36%) participants reported mild or greater depressive symptoms. Participants with a HI history (median=3) had higher depressive symptoms than those with no HI history (median=2; P =.012). The proportion of participants with mild or greater depressive symptoms was higher among those with a HI history (n =99, 39%) than without (n =25, 27%; X2=4.34, odds ratio=1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.93). HIs are prevalent in LEOs, which may have consequences for their performance, well-being, and career longevity. PTSD and depressive symptoms are higher in those with a HI history, suggesting LEOs need better traumatic brain injuries and mental health resources.

Interviewing and interrogation practices and beliefs, 20 years later: A national self-report survey of American police.

This survey examined current law enforcement beliefs and practices about interviewing and interrogation to gauge whether they have evolved given the research and training developed over the past 20 years. We hypothesized that police beliefs and practices would have evolved along with research findings over the past 20 years. We surveyed 526 law enforcement officers about the practices and beliefs regarding interviewing and interrogation. We asked questions about officers' beliefs about rates of true and false confessions, time spent in the interrogation room, beliefs about their ability to detect deception, training experience, practices of recording interrogations, and their self-reported use of interrogation techniques. Overall, when we compared our survey with Kassin et al.'s (2007) seminal survey, we found both similar results and evolving positive trends. The average interview was reportedly 1.6 hr, virtually no different from that in Kassin and colleagues' study. In addition, our sample reported that 26.2% of innocent suspects at least partially falsely confessed. Further, whereas Kassin and colleagues found that fewer than one in 10 interrogations were video recorded, we found that now more than half of interrogations are recorded in this way. In a geographically diverse sample of U.S. law enforcement officers, we found significant positive trends toward knowledge and practices informed by research generated over the past decades on interviewing and interrogation. Although causality could not be determined, these findings indicate an evolution of the U.S. law enforcement mindset in a more science-based direction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Implementation Of Restorative Justice Approach In The Settlement Of Narcotics Crime Cases

The phenomenon of narcotics abuse is a serious problem that requires special handling, especially in Indonesia. Traditional approaches that emphasize criminal punishment have not proven to be fully effective in resolving this problem. This study examines the implementation of the restorative justice approach in resolving narcotics crime cases at the Bintan Police. The restorative justice approach emphasizes victim rehabilitation, perpetrator rehabilitation, and reconciliation between perpetrators and victims as an alternative to prison sentences. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal arrangements that support the restorative justice approach in narcotics cases, evaluate the implementation of this approach in the Bintan Police, as well as identify the obstacles faced and formulate relevant solutions. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach, involving in-depth interviews with police officers, medical personnel, and other related parties, as well as analysis of applicable legal documents and policies. The results of the study show that although there are efforts to implement a restorative justice approach in the Bintan Police, the implementation is not optimal. The main obstacles faced include a lack of adequate rehabilitation facilities, limited understanding among law enforcement officials, and social stigma against narcotics addicts. The study found that better coordination between institutions, intensive training and socialization, and improved rehabilitation facilities are needed to overcome these barriers. Based on these findings, the suggestions given include increasing the capacity and quality of rehabilitation facilities by the government, further training for police officers on restorative justice approaches, and educational campaigns for the community to reduce stigma against narcotics addicts. With these steps, it is hoped that the restorative justice approach can be applied more effectively, providing a more humane and recovery-oriented solution in handling narcotics cases at the Bintan Police.

Characteristic features of robberies against residential property committed by organised groups in rural areas

The relevance of the subject under study lies in the fact that under martial law, the problem of robberies against citizens’ homes is exacerbated, specifically, their danger increases due to the greater probability of members of an organised criminal group having firearms than in peacetime. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of robberies against residential premises in rural areas committed by organised groups, to establish the factors which influence the choice of the victim of a future attack by the perpetrators, and to identify preventive measures to reduce the commission of such crimes. To address these issues, the study employed a set of methods of scientific cognition: systemic-structural, comparative, statistical, and systemic. The study found that a characteristic feature of such attacks is that they are committed by a group consisting mainly of fellow villagers with internally stable, long-term, trusting relationships, with a willingness to systematically commit violent crimes against individuals. They are characterised by a hierarchy and preparation for robberies in rural areas. It was established that during preparation for a robbery, to obtain the necessary information, offenders often study the routes of the village, find out information about its inhabitants, and select a victim. They can even speak directly to the potential victim and/or their neighbours. Therefore, interviewing villagers during the investigation of such a criminal offence is a significant step in identifying the perpetrators. The study identified factors that influence the commission of robberies in rural areas (presence of valuable property of the victim; remoteness of their residence, absence of neighbours; planned power outages, physically vulnerable person, etc.). To commit attacks on people’s homes in rural areas, attackers choose several villages in relatively familiar areas, which may be located in one region or in another region with which they border. It was noted that this complicates the work of law enforcement agencies in investigating this type of crime. The practical value of this study lies in the consideration by law enforcement officers of the theoretical results of this study regarding the impact on the choice of victims by criminals and the established characteristics inherent in such robberies

Connected to the cloud at time of death: a case report

BackgroundOur case report provides the first clinical evaluation of autopsy practices for a patient death that occurs on the cloud. We question how autopsy practices may require adaptation for a death that presents via the ‘Internet of Things’, examining how existing guidelines capture data related to death which is no longer confined to the patient's body.Case presentationThe patient was a British man in his 50s, who came to the attention of the medical team via an alert on the cloud-based platform that monitored his implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The patient had a background of congenital heart disease, with previous ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, for which the ICD had been implanted two years earlier. Retrospective analysis of the cloud data demonstrated a gradually decreasing nocturnal heart rate over the previous three months, falling to a final transmission of 24 beats per minute (bpm). In the patient post-mortem the ICD was treated as medical waste, structural tissue changes precluded the effective evaluation of device hardware, potential issues related to device software were not investigated and the cause of death was assigned to underlying heart failure. The documentation from the attending law enforcement officials did not consider possible digital causes of harm and relevant technology was not collected from the scene of death.ConclusionThrough this patient case we explore novel challenges associated with digital deaths including; (1) device hardware issues (difficult extraction processes, impact of pathological tissue changes), (2) software and data limitations (impact of negative body temperatures and mortuary radio-imaging on devices, lack of retrospective cloud data analysis), (3) guideline limitations (missing digital components in autopsy instruction and death certification), and (4) changes to clinical management (emotional impact of communicating deaths occurring over the internet to members of family). We consider the implications of our findings for public health services, the security and intelligence community, and patients and their families. In sharing this report we seek to raise awareness of digital medical cases, to draw attention to how the nature of dying is changing through technology, and to motivate the development of digitally appropriate clinical practice.