Law Enforcement Officers Research Articles

Use and perceptions of involuntary civil commitment among post-overdose outreach staff in Massachusetts, United States: A mixed-methods study.

Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) is a legal process by which people are compulsorily admitted to substance use treatment. This study explored views about and promotion of ICC procedures for substance use disorders among public health-public safety post-overdose outreach programs and their outreach team members in Massachusetts, USA. In this mixed-methods study, survey data were collected from post-overdose outreach programs in 2019, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with outreach team members in 2019 and 2020. Massachusetts, USA. We received 138 survey responses and conducted 38 interviews with post-overdose outreach team members (law enforcement officers, recovery coaches, social workers and harm reductionists) who were majority male (57%) and white (66%). We used the survey instrument to categorize programs as more (discussed ICC at 50% or more of outreach encounters) or less ICC focused (discussed ICC at less than 50% of outreach encounters) and to identify program characteristics that corresponded with each categorization. Semi-structured interviews explored staff perceptions of ICC effectiveness. Among 138 programs, 36% (n = 50) discussed ICC at 50% or more of outreach encounters. Discussing ICC at a majority of visits was positively associated with abstinence-only program philosophies (36% v. 6%, P < 0.001) and collaborating with drug courts (60% v. 30%, P < 0.001), but negatively associated with naloxone distribution (48% v. 75%, P < 0.001) and referring to syringe service programs (26% v. 65%, P < 0.001). Qualitative interviews identified three themes: 1) some programs viewed ICC as a first line tool to engage overdose survivors in treatment; 2) other programs considered ICC a last resort, skeptical of its benefits and concerned about potential harms; 3) families commonly initiated discussions about ICC, reportedly out of desperation. Promotion of involuntary civil commitment (ICC) appears to vary widely across post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts, USA, with approaches ranging from seeing it as a first step to treatment to being a tool of last resort. Demand for ICC among family members may relate to inadequate access to voluntary treatment. Family interest in ICC appears to be driven by inadequate availability of treatment and other services. ICC at post-overdose outreach visits should be limited, if used at all.

Autonomy of the will: evolution of juridical doctrine and legal norms

In the article on the basis of statistical methods, the use of the term “autonomy of will” in judicial acts by the law enforcement officer is characterized. It is noted that the meaning of the relevant legal category is not sufficiently defined, which is the reason for its relatively rare (in comparison with “freedom of contract”) use in the texts of court rulings. Amendments made to civil legislation concerning decisions of assemblies, pre-contractual relations and the procedure for changing and terminating multilateral agreements are interpreted as the result of a change in the legal paradigm supported by a legislator. Deeply realized over the years of the functioning of the market economy, reinforced by data from related fields of scientific knowledge, the ability to regulate public relations in a decentralized manner by the will of many people has changed the ideas about the nature of the autonomy of participants in civil turnover, the nature of centralized regulation of public relations and the meaning of legal norms.

Law Enforcement on Fishery: Prohibition of Trawl Nets as an Effort to Protect Small Fisherman Fairly

The sea and its resources, especially fishery resources, are a gift from God Almighty for the welfare of all Indonesian people. Based on the state's right to control the earth and the natural resources contained therein, which originates from Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the government must regulate fishery resources for the greatest prosperity of all people. The use of fishery resources is carried out with various legal products ranging from laws, government regulations, and presidential decrees to ministerial rules. Regulations on using fishery resources include prohibiting using trawl nets to catch fish in certain waters. This prohibition aims to prevent damage to the marine environment, ensure the sustainability of fishery resources, and protect small fishermen. However, in its implementation, it is still hampered by the problem of law enforcement, which is hindered by disharmony of regulations, the availability of professional law enforcement officers, and the lack of support for facilities and infrastructure considering the vast area of law enforcement. One thing that is no less important in enforcing the law on the prohibition of the use of trawl nets is the low legal awareness of fishing communities, especially industrial fishermen who only care about themselves without paying attention to the preservation of marine ecosystems, the sustainability of fishery resources, and the protection of small fishermen or traditional fishermen.

The Cartel Mystique: Race and the Social Construction of the Cannabis Grower

Racialization of the drug trade has been an ongoing feature of drug‐related moral panics for over a century. In the latter part of the twentieth century, public anxieties about ongoing economic changes made immigrants and Mexican drug cartels convenient scapegoats in the context of moral panics about cannabis and cannabis growers. In this research, I focus on the social construction of cannabis growers in the Emerald Triangle of Northern California, with a particular focus on the cartel grower construct. Through a content analysis of news media coverage, government and law enforcement reports, and field notes from personal communications with law enforcement officers and government officials, I identify racialized constructions of growers in the region. I also explore the relationships between local narratives and the broader cannabis discourse. In this “post‐prohibition” moment, this discourse impacts U.S. cannabis policy conversations and fuels anti‐immigrant rhetoric.

Playing with fire: Socioeconomic factors and deliberate wildfires in Texas

Deliberately setting fires, also known as arson, is one of the primary causes of human-caused wildfires in the US. Arson fires pose a significant threat, contributing to the human-caused wildfire problem in the southern US. Since more than 90% of wildfires in the South are human-caused, it is particularly important to examine the factors that influence the distribution of arson wildfires in this region. While most research has combined arson fires together with other human-caused wildfires, a smaller body of studies has focussed specifically on fires started by arson. The focus of this study is to understand the key factors associated with the distribution of intentional wildfires in Texas. We examine the relationship between a combination of key socioeconomic factors and environmental factors and, arson wildfires using Negative Binomial models. As expected, our results indicate that road density, unemployment rate, and crime rate are positively associated with arson fires, and the number of law enforcement officers and wage rate are negatively associated with arson wildfire incidences. The higher percentage of forest cover in a county and higher temperature regimes are also positively associated with arson fire occurrences. As such, we conclude that arson wildfires are more likely in areas with high accessibility to wildlands. Similarly, counties with high unemployment rates and consequently high crime rates are more likely to suffer from arson wildfires. Our results clearly show that a higher presence of law enforcement officers in a county deter arsonists. Similarly, financial well-being as indicated by the higher wage rates in a county plays an apparent role in curbing arson wildfire occurrences. Thus, the results from this study provide valuable insights to policymakers, land managers, and fire prevention specialists to develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing arson risk in Texas and beyond.

Law enforcement officer perceptions of the Good Samaritan law and their role in the opioid epidemic in the United States

PurposeGood Samaritan laws were enacted to reduce overdose deaths by lowering the barriers to reporting for victims and witnesses and allowing law enforcement officers to carry and administer Narcan to those suspected of an opioid-related overdose The purpose of this study is to understand how officers perceive the impact of opioid overdose reduction initiatives in the United States and their role in the opioid epidemic.Design/methodology/approachMixed methods were used in two phases to examine perceptions among law enforcement officers in a Massachusetts police department. First, qualitative methods were used to interview nine patrol officers during participant observations in the form of ride-alongs. Second, patrol officers and officers who volunteer with the department opioid outreach program were surveyed.FindingsOfficers generally held mixed feelings about the state’s Good Samaritan law. They saw the importance of saving the lives of those experiencing an overdose and keeping other first responders safe, but also in enforcing laws against possession of illegal drugs that presents a public safety threat, including the accidental exposure to fentanyl. Despite mixed feelings, officers still believed it to be important that they are trained and able to administer Narcan since they are often the first to arrive on scene.Originality/valueThis study adds to the research on officers’ perceptions of their role in the opioid epidemic, their ability to administer Narcan and the impact of Good Samaritan laws on their community.

‘We Don’t Have Any Honor Because We Are khwaja sira’: Police Violence and Discrimination Against the Khwaja Sira Community in Swat, Pakistan

Abstract This qualitative study examines police violence and discriminatory policing practices targeting the third gender community, known in Pakistan as khwaja sira. Employing a phenomenological analysis, we conducted a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 45 khwaja sira in Mingora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the interview transcripts: two distinct themes emerged regarding the lived experiences of khwaja sira in Swat, Pakistan: experiencing multiple forms of violence by police; and managing abuses of policing power. Findings shed light on the challenges khwaja sira face regarding police violence and misconduct, including neglect from law enforcement officers to register their cases, biased practices within police precincts, and discrimination associated with their engagement in sex work or their gender nonconformity. Findings underscore the need for comprehensive interventions aimed at addressing police violence experienced by the khwaja sira community.

Predictive Models of Brake Reaction and Steering of Police Officers in Critical Driving Situations

Motor vehicle crashes involving police vehicles significantly impact law enforcement officer (LEO) safety, often occurring during high-risk maneuvers like pursuit driving and sudden lane changes. These incidents are exacerbated by LEOs’ interaction with in-vehicle technologies, including Mobile Computer Terminals. Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) could mitigate these risks, though existing ADAS algorithms are not tailored to the unique work demands. To address these challenges, our study develops predictive models for LEO braking and steering in critical situations, based on a driving simulator experiment with police officers. Both braking and steering models were constructed and identified as effective in predicting police officer braking response and steering. The models can be practically applied as part of ADAS systems to deliver warnings at appropriate times, adapting to police officer demands in critical driving situations. Study implications contribute to the wider body of knowledge on surface transportation, occupational safety, and the use of adaptive models.

Lack of Consent to Sexual Intercourse and the Fault of the Rape Survivor under U.S. Criminal Law

The greatest attention to the lack of consent to sexual intercourse as a mandatory feature of rape is paid under the US criminal law. This issue is closely related to the main changes in US state legislation that have occurred as a result of a departure from the traditional understanding of rape as a crime. There are three approaches to understanding the term «consent» in doctrine and legislation, namely, «no means no», «yes means yes» and a negotiation model. Each model imposes features on the process of establishing the fault of the subject and the rapist’s possible error in consent. Difficulties arise when the subject and the victim are intoxicated. Based on the experience of the United States, recommendations are formulated that are useful for the Russian legislator and law enforcement officer. It is not necessary to consolidate any model of consent to sexual intercourse in the criminal law, as well as to abandon signs of the use of violence, the threat of its use or the use of the helpless state of the victim. It is required to distinguish harassment and overcoming the will of the victim, to assess the silence of the victim, victim’s words and actions, finding out whether the victim’s will was distorted. A woman has the right to withdraw her consent after sexual intercourse starts, in which case, if there are other signs of a crime, the continuation of sexual intercourse against the will of the victim is qualified as rape.

Features of the use of throws in the section demonstration of applied technology hand-to-hand combat

Actuality. A characteristic feature of hand-to-hand combat is the technique demonstration section. Applied hand-to-hand combat fully corresponds to the specifics of solving operational tasks without and with the use of weapons by representatives of various military and law enforcement agencies. It is known that in certain types of martial arts, throwing is a means of achieving an advantage over an opponent, so these technical elements are often used to solve competitive or operational-service tasks. Athletes from hand-to-hand combat during competitive activities, as well as law enforcement officers during the performance of operative tasks quite often use throwing equipment. But, despite the similarity of technical performance, the use of throwing technique in the application section of hand-to-hand combat has its own characteristics. It is clear that the characteristics of hand- to-hand combat require new approaches to the construction of the training process of the combat direction, which differ from the classical types of martial arts. Research results. Competitive activity from the applied section of hand-to-hand combat fully corresponds to the specifics of solving operational-service tasks without and with the use of weapons by representatives of various power structures. Throwing technique is one of the main tools for solving a competitive task. The use of the throwing technique depends on the type of attack and has its own characteristics and patterns for effective execution. The most versatile throwing action is the rear leg throw. In certain types of threats: with a knife or a gun - the use of throwing techniques is impractical. Catching and reaching create conditions for the use of a large number of options for various throws, most of which are performed with the help of the body. Conclusions. It has been established that in hand-to-hand combat, throws are an important component of the technical arsenal for solving competitive tasks, both in the duel section and in the technique demonstration section, but the features of hand-to-hand combat do not create an opportunity to immediately throw the opponent, it is necessary to carry out preliminary offensive or defensive actions with a simultaneous reduction of the distance and by capturing or covering individual parts of the opponent's body or clothing. The main feature of the performance is maintaining balance in the rack position for further technical actions. The use of throws from certain classification groups depends on the type of attack. Threats in the form of captures and captures have the greatest variability for the use of throws, and a universal and effective means of using counterattacking actions (throws) from various types of attack from a practical point of view is the back step. In case of a threat with a knife or a gun, taking into account the specifics of this type of attack, the use of throwing techniques to repel the attack is impractical.

Regula Et Mensura: Philosophical Exploration of Moral Position in The Indonesian Legal System According to The Thoughts of Thomas Aquinas

The relationship between law and morals in the perspective of legal thought focuses on the conflict between positivism and natural law. The main problem concerns whether or not there is a relationship between the two rules which influence the existence and validity of legal rules so that they bind members of society. The aim of this research is to find out the legal system in Indonesia and how the position of moral values is towards the legal system in Indonesia and its practice in the justice system in Indonesia. The research method used in this writing is a normative juridicial method, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials and examining laws and regulations related to the problem. The results of this study indicate that the moral position is very influential on the legal system in Indonesia and in its enforcement, because the morale of law enforcement officials is needed to archive true justice. Good law enforcement requires implementation that is directed at the process of archiving goals which includes the actualization of values/morals towards law enforcement officials or often referred to as the legal structure that underlines and becomes a reference for the behavior of law enforcement processes, which is aimed at at achieving legal goals. To elements of good law enforcement.

Autism Training for Law Enforcement Officers: Perceptions From the Field.

Autistic individuals and law enforcement officers are likely to engage under various circumstances within the community. Therefore, law enforcement officers require training on supporting those with autism and better understanding autistic behaviors. Aims for this study include: (1) developing and delivering high quality professional development on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to support autistic individuals during encounters with law enforcement officers, and (2) examining how law enforcement officers respond to the professional development session. For this study a four-hour, in-person training on autism for law enforcement officers was developed. Law enforcement officers (n = 27) attended the training session. Subsequently, participants completed an open-ended survey gathering perceptions related to the topics covered in the training, thoughts on the feasibility and applicability of content, and transfer to future safety encounters involving autistic individuals. Data was analyzed using a qualitative approach including concept driven thematic coding with constant comparisons. Data yielded themes on experiences with the autistic community, strategies learned from the training, thoughts on specific content, and feedback on the training format. Overall, law enforcement officers reported they felt better prepared, more knowledgeable on the autistic community, and believed the strategies were feasible and applicable to the field. These findings point to the importance of training on autism and that law enforcement officers found it was time well spent. Future directions include examining how training transfers to practice in the field and ways to connect law enforcement officers with the autistic community outside of emergency response.

New Technologies in Search and Seizure

The Fourth Amendment and court cases interpreting it provide guidelines for how law enforcement should legally approach searching for and taking evidence in criminal investigations. Though it originally applied to physical intrusion by law enforcement, current—and likely future—intrusions are more virtual in nature. Law enforcement officers no longer need to walk onto someone's property to search for criminal activity because various technologies now provide similar or more in-depth information. Technological innovations have stretched the bounds of the Fourth Amendment. Although public opinion cannot answer the policy implications, it can speak to what the public reasonably expects of the police. In general, limited research demonstrates that the public has concerns about the way law enforcement officers can use technology in their investigations, but those concerns are not strong enough to decrease individuals’ technology use.

Certain aspects of combination of practical disciplines "Fire training" and "Special physical training" in institutions of higher education with specific learning conditions

The article discusses the impact of external and internal factors on the effectiveness of higher education systems, particularly in the context of training future law enforcement officers. It is noted that ensuring quality student training requires consideration of specific learning conditions, such as requirements for firearms and physical training. The article analyzes the role of disciplines such as «Firearms Training» and «Special Physical Training» in shaping the professional skills of future law enforcement officers. The importance of these disciplines in ensuring societal security and enhancing the combat readiness of law enforcement officers in various conditions, including wartime, is highlighted. Specifically, the necessity of firearm proficiency and the ability to effectively utilize it in situations requiring law enforcement intervention is discussed. It is also noted that preparation for armed conflicts and security maintenance requires students to have a high level of physical fitness and firearm interaction skills. In the context of contemporary challenges related to increasing crime rates and wartime, the importance of combining education with firearms and physical training to develop a well-rounded law enforcement personality is emphasized. The authors emphasize that this combination helps students become prepared for real-life situations they may encounter in their future careers. The conclusion underscores the need for continuous improvement of law enforcement professionals’ skills in contemporary conditions, including tactical-specialized, firearms, and physical training. The importance of physical education and sports as a means of promoting a healthy lifestyle is also emphasized. Additionally, it is noted that present conditions and periods of wartime require law enforcement officers to possess special skills and abilities beyond routine duties. Such situations may necessitate additional training for law enforcement personnel with elements of military preparation, including terrain orientation, grenade throwing, obstacle overcoming, engineering preparation, and other important aspects.

Demonstration of an End-To-End Workflow Using Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe-Mass Spectrometry (ASAP-MS) With Real-Time Sample Recognition Software for the Identification of Falsified and Substandard Pharmaceutical Tablets.

Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are a subclass of falsified and substandard medicines. They are illicit products, purporting to be genuine medicines, that are made and sold by criminal organisations. They represent a significant risk to patient safety, as well as a financial and reputational threat to the companies who make the genuine medicines. It is essential to have analytical methods to determine if suspect samples seized by law enforcement agencies are counterfeit, with mass spectrometry (MS) being a commonly used technique in forensic cases. Speed-to-answer is vital to enable law enforcement agencies to progress investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical companies so that they can notify health authorities of the circulation of counterfeit medicines. In this work, an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP)-MS was assessed as a fast and simple-to-use approach to analyse tablets on a commercially available instrument. Complementing the analytics with real-time sample recognition software demonstrated that the classification of tablets as authentic or counterfeit could be achieved quickly (< 2 min) and without the need for MS interpretation skills. Authentication of five tablets (two authentic pharmaceuticals, one placebo and two counterfeits containing the correct active pharmaceutical ingredient [API] but at lower quantities than in the genuine medicine and with different excipient contents) of unknown origin was achieved with 100% success. This creates the opportunity to deploy the end-to-end workflow as a tool for non-scientists, such as law enforcement officers and border control staff, for use in-territory to obtain fast answers and make data-led decisions to control the illegal trading of medicines.

Using of secret cooperation in combating corruption crimes: problematic issues of court practice

It is indicated that, during the investigation of corruption crimes, there is usually a need to conduct covert investigative (investigative) actions in view of the specifics of corruption criminal offenses, a significant level of their latency, committed in the context of a conspiracy, as well as the status of the subjects of these crimes, who in certain cases are aware with the methods of work of law enforcement agencies. The article examines the problematic issues of judicial practice of using secret cooperation in criminal proceedings regarding corruption crimes. It has been established that law enforcement officials, when engaging in confidential cooperation in criminal proceedings regarding corruption crimes, face difficulties related to: 1) risks of disclosing information about persons who carry out tacit cooperation; 2) risks of provocation to commit a corruption crime; 3) procedural registration of a person’s consent to be involved in tacit cooperation in conducting NSRD and the decision of the authorized body. These problematic issues are solved in different ways in operational, investigative and judicial practice and indicate that there are still challenges in combating corruption crimes that require the efforts of both law enforcement agencies and scientists aimed at solving them. It is extremely important to prevent the provocation of a criminal offense by a person involved in confidential cooperation when countering corruption crimes using the institution of tacit cooperation. Despite the fact that there are grounds for not recognizing the obligation of a person’s written consent to involve him in confidential cooperation and conducting NSRD in criminal proceedings regarding corruption crimes, the presence of such consent can still serve as a certain argument in favor of the absence of provocation on the part of the person involved in confidential cooperation and recognition of evidence as admissible.

The system of international legal norms and principles – the basis of legal regulation of the activities of national law enforcement bodies

It is indicated that the introduction of advanced international and European norms regarding the functioning of law enforcement agencies into Ukrainian legislation is a key indicator that the country not only declares a sustainable course for the democratization of all aspects of public life, but also takes concrete measures for its implementation. Ukraine has made significant progress in this direction, but there are still a number of challenges, the legal analysis of which will contribute to the further approximation of the domestic system of law enforcement agencies to global and European standards. In this context, one of the priority areas of scientific research is the justification of the need to update and improve the ethical codes of conduct of law enforcement officers based on international standards. This task becomes particularly relevant in view of the need for constant improvement of professional ethics and standards of behavior in the law enforcement sphere. This approach will not only improve the efficiency of law enforcement agencies, but also strengthen public trust in them, which is crucial for building the rule of law and civil society. In addition, it will allow Ukraine to demonstrate its commitment to the principles of the rule of law and the protection of human rights in the international arena. The article examines the system of international legal norms and principles that form the basis of legal regulation of the activities of national law enforcement agencies. Two groups of international standards are distinguished. The first group includes international legal acts that declare human rights and freedoms, primarily those that may be violated by the unethical behavior of law enforcement officers as representatives of state bodies. The second group represents international legal standards of professional and ethical behavior of employees of a specific law enforcement agency, the norms of which directly indicate the proper behavior of law enforcement officers in a specific area of law enforcement activity (judicial, prosecutorial, police, investigative, etc.). The main emphasis is on the need to cover the rules of professional ethical behavior of employees of all law enforcement agencies without exception, including those legally endowed with special rights and competence.

Prevention of corruption in the acts of the national police of Ukraine: administrative and legal dimension

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the existing issue of preventing corruption among police officers is not only a problem of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, but also a national issue, in particular. The purpose of the article is to analyze the typology of corruption in the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine. In the context of scientific intelligence, a number of general scientific and sectoral methods are applied, in particular, the method of analysis, synthesis, historical and logical, dialectical, historical and synergistic, systemic methods. It is noted that corruption in police bodies is a phenomenon that poses a risk not only to established members of the structural divisions of law enforcement agencies, but also to one that, in its individual content, exerts a negative influence on the breakdown of social relations, the breakdown of the state, which presents individual rights as such on the dominance of the doctrines of the rule of law, equality of all before the law, which are characteristic of a democratic legal state. The article states that the prevention of corruption in the ranks of law enforcement officers is a component of the state’s general anti-corruption policy, which correlates with the state’s intentions to prevent this negative phenomenon, includes its own strategy for the development of public and legal relations regarding the neutralization or localization of the actions of officials of the NP of Ukraine (factors ) corruption and consequential influence with the support of the congruence of the legal toolkit in order to achieve the set goal, which is established in the field of implementation of the tasks set before it by the National Police of Ukraine. At the same time, an important factor in preventing corruption offenses among police officers is the growth of their civic consciousness. Attention was drawn to the fact that corruption offenses among police officers are an extremely dangerous phenomenon, which, unfortunately, is characteristic of foreign police officers as well. It is noted that corruption can be overcome under circumstances when each police officer will feel a direct responsibility for the fulfillment of a common desire - the formation of a police that is actually independent from corruption. It is noted that a significant number of foreign countries managed to form a modern effective mechanism for preventing corruption offenses among police officers. Considering the European choice of our state, there is a definite need to develop and implement an innovative anti­corruption policy taking into account the positive factors of the existing international experience.

Removing the arrests unlawfully seized by the state or private enforcement officer on the vehicle that belongs to one who is not a debtor under enforcement proceedings

To date, there is a legal problem in Ukraine, which is the result of a large number of illegal actions of state and private enforcement agents related to the seizure ofa vehicle that once belonged to the debtor in enforcement proceedings, but which at the time of the enforcement proceedings commencement or the imposition of the relevant arrest is the ownership of another person who is not a debtor under enforcement proceedings. Illegal actions of law-enforcement officers and the imperfection of the legislation of Ukraine violate the property rights of bona fide purchasers, do not allow them to take actions regarding the registration of the vehicle in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, and force them to go to court to protect their rights. However, it should be noted that in most cases, legal ignorance and imperfect justification of the legal position become the basis for refusing to grant such a claim. In this regard, this article presents the results of a scientific and legal study of the issue, identifies the gaps in the legislation of Ukraine that led to this problem, and also provides recommendations for lawmakers to perform changes to the legislation of Ukraine that could address the issue. Additionally, the article provides legal conclusions on determining the ownership of a vehicle (in particular, the moment of transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer), taking into account the peculiarities of vehicle registration in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, as well as on determining the legal status of such a vehicle registration procedure means and determination of the legal status of the actions of state and private enforcement officers regarding the seizure of the transport property of a person who is not a debtor in enforcement proceedings. In addition, the paper provides legal conclusions regarding the existing options for applying to the courts with requests to remove the wrongful seizure from the vehicle.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO REPORT WRITING PROFICIENCY IN AMERICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT: A THEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Purpose: This thematic literature review explores the critical role of competent writing skills in law enforcement, examining its impact on career progression, agency reputation, and legal proceedings. The purpose is to synthesize existing literature to identify research gaps and suggest directions for future studies. Methods: Google Scholar, ERIC, and the Jerry Falwell Library searches were conducted to capture a broad range of studies involving police report writing, its impact on officers, law enforcement agencies, and the criminal justice system, and writing improvement strategies. Although not required for this review, the work followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: The initial search yielded numerous qualitative and quantitative studies. This review categorizes the findings into themes of the importance of writing proficiency, the influence of organizational culture, training and education, and technological integration, highlighting the variability and scope of the existing literature. Conclusions: The review shows the need for well-structured research to substantiate the factors contributing to effective law enforcement report writing. It recommends areas for in-depth exploration in future systematic reviews or primary studies, especially longitudinal studies on the effects of targeted training programs, organizational culture shifts, and technological integration on writing proficiency. Application in Law Enforcement: For trainers and instructors, integrating comprehensive report writing programs into training for law enforcement officers can enhance professional skills and accountability. Effective report writing improves documentation accuracy, supports legal proceedings, and enhances career progression. Incorporating targeted report writing training can holistically enhance the performance and professionalism of law enforcement officers.