Law Enforcement Community Research Articles

Canadian Rural Youth and Role Tension of the Police: ‘It’s Hard in a Small Town’

This article presents findings from a case study examining youth perceptions of the police in rural areas of Eastern Canada. A total of 20 semistructured focus group discussions were conducted with 60 youth from Canadian rural Atlantic areas, who were purposively recruited, with groups stratified by age and gender. Discussions centered on role tension regarding the police’s role, that is, along a continuum between law enforcement and public protection versus community policing and crime prevention. Our discussions highlight the arguably ironic view that it is harder to maintain trust when there are strong personal relations with the police. Discussions highlight the ‘pros and cons’ of informal familiarity with police officers, especially the presence of school resource officers and policing in the context of monitoring youth on modes of transportation germane to rural Atlantic Canada (i.e. skidoos). Implications from this study suggest that when dealing with youth, identifying and addressing youth perceptions of the police role can help improve police–youth interactions.

Efficient Waste Transportation and Recycling: Enabling technologies for smart cities using the Internet of Things

The advent of modern wireless telecommunications and the revolutionary development of ubiquitous computing have led to the rapid growth of a novel paradigm: the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is a collection of devices connected through the Internet with access to computing that enables automated decision making without human intervention. A smart city is a municipality that leverages the use of information and communication technologies in general, and the IoT in particular, to optimize daily operations, such as traffic, transportation, power, water supply networks, waste transportation, law enforcement, education, health care, and other community services. Smart cities around the world are taking advantage of modern technologies to improve their services and enhance the quality of service and welfare for their citizens.

Synthetic Cathinone Analogues Structurally Related to the Central Stimulant Methylphenidate as Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors.

Synthetic cathinones are, primarily, stimulant drugs of abuse that act at monoamine transporters (e.g., the dopamine transporter or DAT) as releasing agents or as reuptake inhibitors. In the past few years, the emergence of >150 new synthetic cathinones has attracted considerable attention from medical and law enforcement communities. threo-Methylphenidate (tMP), used clinically for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy, is also a DAT reuptake inhibitor. tMP is somewhat structurally similar to abused cathinone stimulants, and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of tMP have been well-defined. Hence, available tMP literature might assist in understanding the SAR of synthetic cathinones, about which less is known. In the present study, we synthesized and examined eight 2-benzoylpiperidine analogues (4, 6-12) to determine if tMP SAR might be applicable to cathinone SAR. The benzoylpiperidine analogues were evaluated in a competition assay using live-cell imaging against APP+ in HEK293 cells stably expressing hDAT and in cells coexpressing DAT and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. All compounds were found to be DAT reuptake inhibitors, and a significant correlation was obtained between the potency of the benzoylpiperidines and tMP binding data (r = 0.91), suggesting that the SAR of tMP analogues might be directly applicable to certain synthetic cathinones as DAT reuptake inhibitors.

Decision Making in the Process against Children Diversion Dealing with the Law Has not Aged 12 Years

This study aims to examine and analyze the concept of decision making in the diversion process for children facing the law who are not yet 12 years old; and law enforcement decision making in the diversion process for children who are faced with a law that is not yet 12 years old (Study of the Chairperson of the Mataram District Court Number: 22/Pen.Div/2017/PN Mtr). The concept of decision making in the diversion process for children facing the law that is not yet 12 years old is the judge in imposing sanctions for children considering recommendations in the social research report made by community counselors to express and find data and information objectively about the development and background of life children from various sociological, psychological and other aspects while still paying attention to the best interests of the child. Law enforcement of decision making in the diversion process against children who are faced with a law that is not yet 12 years old emphasizes restorative justice which is the goal in the implementation of the diversion of cases of children facing the law. Law enforcement officials both Investigators, Community Guidance and Professional Social Workers conduct deliberations to reach a decision based on restorative justice that prioritizes the best interests of children.

Traffic Effectiveness by Law Enforcement Community Through Which are Ticketed Traffic Law in Police of Pekalongan

This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of enforcement by the Traffic through ticketed to the people who violate traffic in the jurisdiction of Police Pekalongan and analyze barriers to enforcement by the Traffic Police Pekalongan against people who commit traffic violations, as well as the solution.The method used is empirical juridical approach or in other words the socio-juridical. Specifications research is descriptive. In this study the analysis used is qualitative analysis.The results of this study were: 1) The enforcement of the law by speeding ticket Satlantas through to the people who violate traffic in the jurisdiction of Police Pekalongan have been effective. Law enforcement jurisdiction over a speeding ticket in Pekalongan Police can provide a deterrent effect against traffic offenders, violations be reduced and the number of traffic accidents decreased. 2) Obstacles and solutions enforcement by the Traffic Police Pekalongan against people who commit traffic violations include: Offenders traffic still does not have a deterrent effect because until now there are many traffic violations, the lack of personnel in the line of duty, inadequate number of vehicles Pekalongan is owned by traffic Police, there are still people who do not know about the traffic rules, there is still a cultural one, that there are parents that when her son gets ranking in school, then bought a motorcycle as a gift. The solutions or efforts made to overcome obstacles in enforcement by the Traffic Police Pekalongan: Enforcing the law indiscriminately through seminars and trainings, submitted a letter to the leaders for additional personnel, proposed the budget and facilities and amenities, add socialization schedule traffic rules, instilling a culture of orderly traffic among early age.Keywords: Law Enforcement; Traffic Ticketed; Traffic Violations.

Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl.

The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid "on-the-spot" fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at -0.235 and -0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the "point of need".

EFFECTIVENESS OF COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION IN COLLECTIVE ROYALTIES OF MUSIC AND COPYRIGHT WORK ON KARAOKE BUSINESS ACHIEVEMENT BASED ON LAW NUMBER 28 YEAR 2014 ON COPYRIGHT

He effectiveness of Collective Management Organization (CMO) in charge royalties on business karaoke questionable, this relates to the birth of Act No. 28 year 2014 about copyright which regulate in particular the CMO. Because there are still many karaoke business which still has not fulfilled the obligation to pay royalties of works of copyright music and their songs (karaoke company) exploitation for commercial business interests. This research aims to: (1) know the role of business in addressing CMO karaoke that doesn't pay royalties, (2) know the effectiveness of CMO administering royalties on the karaoke business person under law No. 28 Year 2014, (3) knowing the efforts in improving polling CMO royalty on the karaoke business. This type of research is the Juridical Sociological (Empirical) approach to legislation as well as interviews. The results of this study showed that the effectiveness of the CMO administering royalties have not been effective because it is based on the theory of legal effectiveness Soerjono Soekanto. Efforts in improving the collection of royalties already attempted CMO. The conclusions of this research that is not yet effective because CMO factor law enforcement community and culture that Indonesia is still not law abiding. Her advice is a strict law enforcement and awareness of the law business karaoke should be improved so that effective in running in CMO.

ГОРОДНИЧИЕ КАК ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ ГРУППА: ОТ ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫХ ОБРАЗОВ К РЕАЛИЯМ ПРОВИНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОСТИ В ДОРЕФОРМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

The article analyses the sociocultural image of provincial governors of the pre-reform epoch, the majority of whom were retired military men. The author concludes on the partial conformity of governors’ literary images to their real prototypes. By the material of the Middle Volga region and the Trans-Volga region it is shown that in the first half of the XIX century, governors affirmed themselves as a professional group but there was no professional law-enforcement community based on common interests, professional knowledge, and unified ethical standards.

Development of the Behavioural-Biomedical Law Enforcement Stress Discordance Model (B2LESD): An epidemiological criminology framework (LEPH2018)

The stressors associated with the law enforcement profession have become a focal point of discussion as the reporting of police misconduct has been increasing. Simultaneously researchers are exploring the relationship between police stress, as manifested through physical behavior, and health outcomes. While the current definitions and theories shed some light on the pathways of police stress leading to police misconduct, the emergence of more critical, interdisciplinary theories is essential and needed so as to better understand its underlying causes scientifically and practically. Relevant studies conducted from year 2008 to present were searched and collected, through a number of databases, to investigate the relationship between stress and police misconduct. The results of the final sample of ten studies were utilized to refine a conceptual model that serves as a guiding framework to more accurately provide a conceptual picture of police stress-exposure and the role of the bio-psycho-social and environmental contributors that impact the police work environment, thereby influencing the stress experienced by police officers that lead to police misconduct. We use the Epidemiological Criminology framework to understand the biobehavioural impact of stressful exposure on health and wellness of law enforcement officers. This framework intends to help the law enforcement, research, policy, and practice community to understand more effectively the bio-psycho-social and environmental health effects within the context of the behavioural and biomedical disparities of police officers, who are likely to experience high levels of stress while on duty—leading to the development of stress-reduction interventions for police officers.

The Opioid Epidemic: Moving Toward an Integrated, Holistic Analytical Response.

In many jurisdictions, public safety and public health entities are working together to enhance the timeliness and accuracy of the analytical characterization and toxicology testing of novel synthetic opioids. The improved sharing and early detection of these analytical data are intended to inform surveillance, interdiction efforts, patient intervention and treatment, all of which are critical to curbing the opioid epidemic. Forensic practitioners working to identify novel synthetic opioids struggle to provide timely results when encountering new or unknown substances, such as the fentanyl analogs. These compounds, which mimic heroin in pharmacologic effect but can be far more potent, are inconsistently present in chemical identification libraries, and are currently largely unavailable as reference materials for analytical comparison. Additionally, federal, state and local governments as well as nongovernmental organizations require potency, toxicity and potential-for-abuse data to evaluate the potential health risks of emerging drug threats. Subsequent scheduling efforts and criminal prosecutions also require these thorough drug characterization studies. Pilot programs have demonstrated that early communication of real-time drug toxicity and analytical data significantly impacts the successful response to emerging opioids. High-quality, real-time, national-level data on chemical composition, toxicological test data, drug toxicity and overdoses, and analysis of seized materials by law enforcement are needed to track drug trends. However, the USA still lacks a national system to coordinate and communicate toxicology, medical and medical examiner and coroner data with the broader medical and law enforcement communities. Opportunities to address these gaps as well as recent advancements collected through interagency efforts and technical workshops in the toxicology and analytical chemistry communities are presented here. Opportunities for partnership, increased communication and expanding best practices to move toward an integrated, holistic analytical response are also explored.

Whole-of-community interventions to reduce population-level harms arising from alcohol and other drug use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Whole-of-community interventions aim to reduce alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and harms by mobilizing community leaders, organizations and policy-makers to respond effectively to AOD use. The aim of this review is to estimate the effectiveness of whole-of-community interventions in reducing population-level harms arising from AOD use. A systematic review of electronic databases CENTRAL, Embase, Medline, Medline in Process and PsycINFO was conducted from database inception to August 2017. Eligible trials had a parallel comparison group, implemented interventions in two or more community settings, and reported data on AOD use or harms. Intervention settings included schools, sporting clubs, police and law enforcement agencies, community centres, local media and retail premises. Twenty-four trials from 63 publications were included (n=249 125 participants). Outcomes from AOD consumption (quantity and frequency), AOD-related crime and AOD-related accidents, injuries and hospital admissions. Data were pooled using random-effects inverse variance meta-analysis in Review Manager version 5.3. Risk of bias was mostly high, due to lack of random allocation, selective reporting and significant attrition. Meta-analyses indicated significant reductions in risky drinking [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Scale (AUDIT) >8; three trials (7 data points), relative risk (RR)=0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.62-0.99)], but found no impact on past-month alcohol use (five trials, RR=0.95, 95% CI=0.89-1.02), binge drinking (five trials, RR=0.97, 95% CI=0.89-1.06) or 12-month marijuana use (two trials, RR=0.98, 95% CI=0.86-1.11). Narrative synthesis indicated some reductions in AOD-related assault rates and arrests, but were equivocal for quantity of alcohol consumed, 12-month illicit drug use, assault or abuse, motor vehicle accidents and hospital admissions. Interventions to reduce alcohol and other drug use and harms applied to whole communities have resulted so far in small reductions in risky alcohol consumption, but have had little impact upon past month alcohol use, binge drinking or 12-month marijuana use and the studies have been subject to high risk of bias.

Reconstructing ADS data hiding in windows NTFS: A temporal analysis

The Windows NTFS file system supports for alternate data streams (ADS) to provide compatibility with files in the Macintosh file system. ADS can be used for hidden channels of storing and exchanging information on machines without altering their original functionality or contents. Executables in ADS can be executed from the command line. It is common for attackers to hide malware in cover media (files or folders) by ADS creation, modification or overwriting. The temporal information is significant when the computer is on. The attributes of $SI and $FN in the Master File Table (MFT) hold the following four forensically interesting EMAC-time stamps. Timestamp dynamics refers to any influence that adds, changes, obscures, contaminates, or obliterates timestamps, regardless of intent. Getting precise information about the file metadata in the MFT is important to the assessment of the scenario of the offense.The study of file metadata and ADS manipulation assists in establishing timestamp patterns and correlating activities from timestamp evidence. Some experimental processes were conducted to identify EMAC-time stamps in $SI and $FN, collect experimental observations in MFT, examine hidden channels, analyze timeline scenario, and present artifacts and non-artifacts to reconstruct the incident. This study explores the temporal analysis facing the law enforcement community and discusses the application of Forensic Toolkit (FTK) software to copy with the increasingly ADS feature in digital forensic investigations. This study also establishes some timestamp rules on ADS manipulation, enhances the performance of investigations, and helps investigators reconstruct an incident. It is beneficial for investigators to evaluate an accident if an attacker has manipulated ADS to conceal his offense.

Cryptocurrencies—A Forensic Challenge or Opportunity for Law Enforcement? An INTERPOL Perspective

The anonymous and decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies has turned them into a powerful weapon in the cyberarsenal of national and international criminal groups by facilitating their illicit activities while evading prosecution. However, despite the numerous challenges that the international law enforcement community faces when investigating cryptocurrencies, a number of investigation opportunities do exist.

Prevention of Criminal Prostitution in Indonesian Fitness Center

This article’s purpose is to discuss the prevention of prostitution crime under the guise of gym and fitness center. This study is a normative legal study conducted through literature study or library research using conceptual approach, statute approach and case approach. The results of the study and discussion indicate that prevention of prostitution crime under the guise of fitness place can be done by means of criminal law (penal) and non penal facilities (facilities outside of criminal law). Prevention of criminal acts, especially the crime of prostitution, must be adjusted with the law of development plan which is part of the national development. The process of reforming or establishing a law enforcement is carried out through a formulation / legislation policy, whereas law enforcement and institutional enforcement processes are carried out through the application / judicial appeals and criminal proceedings carried out under the exclusion / administration policy. Constraints in the prevention of criminal prosthesis are due to several factors namely legal factors (law), law enforcement factors, community factors and cultural factors. The legal factors relating to the Penal Code are not directly regulated on the prosecution of prostitution as a form of crime. Law enforcement factors that form the parties or impose the law in this case indicated otherwise tacitly involved in prostitution activities by providing leaks that will be held operations or raids against prostitution activities. Factors of the environment where the law is applicable or applied, the public lacks awareness and few who are willing to be invited to share and the cultural factor as the result of the work, inventiveness, and the sense that is based on human interaction in life.

PERANAN PENEGAK HUKUM TERHADAP HAK CIPTA KARYA MUSIK DALAM BENTUK JUAL BELI VCD BAJAKAN DI KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU UTARA

The copyright protection of music released in VCD form is a royalty rights of the songwriter. Legislation on Intellectual Property Rights is stipulated in the Copyright Act Number 28 of 2014. Piracy is the Unauthorized Copy of Works and / or Related Rights products and the distribution of such multiplication products widely to obtain economic benefits. The role of law enforcement in Labuhanbatu Utara District is needed to protect the copyrights of music works, however, the police officers never conduct regular raids against pirated dealers and sellers of VCDs. There are many actors who influence the rampant dealer and the sale of pirated VCDs in Labuhanbatu Utara Regency is a factor of law enforcement officers and community factors who prefer to buy pirated VCDs than the original VCD because the price is cheaper. Keywords: Copyright, Musical Works, Pirated VCDs

The Organizational and Practical Considerations of Starting a Crime Analysis Unit: A Case Study of a Midwestern Police Department

In recent years, the concept of evidence-based policing has become commonplace in academic and practitioner-minded literature. The law enforcement community acknowledges the benefits of using data to guide policing strategy, yet still takes the acceptance of data analysis for granted when integrating it into the daily operations of police departments. How can data analysis be implemented in a way that provides value to police department managers and patrol officers delivering service? This article examines the start-up of a crime analysis unit in a large, Midwest police department in 2015. Using a case study analysis, the article examines some of the early successes and the potential pitfalls of a new crime analysis unit. Specifically, the article will examine the importance of culture change, the recruitment and selection of crime analysts, and the ongoing effort to provide value to department customers, as well as the community. The case study will focus academically on how change occurs within police organizations, but moreover on practical considerations that will be of great benefit to practitioners wishing to start a crime analysis unit or to improve an existing one. The article will add to the field of crime analysis by combining the insights of practitioners and the perspective of academics.

Nonfatal Injuries to Law Enforcement Officers: A Rise in Assaults

Limited studies exist that describe nonfatal work-related injuries to law enforcement officers. The aim of this study is to provide national estimates and trends of nonfatal injuries to law enforcement officers from 2003 through 2014. Nonfatal injuries were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Occupational Supplement. Data were obtained for injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments from 2003 to 2014. Nonfatal injury rates were calculated using denominators from the Current Population Survey. Negative binomial regression was used to analyze temporal trends. Data were analyzed in 2016-2017. Between 2003 and 2014, an estimated 669,100 law enforcement officers were treated in U.S. emergency departments for nonfatal injuries. The overall rate of 635 per 10,000 full-time equivalents was three times higher than all other U.S. workers rate (213 per 10,000 full-time equivalents). The three leading injury events were assaults and violent acts (35%), bodily reactions and exertion (15%), and transportation incidents (14%). Injury rates were highest for the youngest officers, aged 21-24 years. Male and female law enforcement officers had similar nonfatal injury rates. Rates for most injuries remained stable; however, rates for assault-related injuries grew among law enforcement officers between 2003 and 2011. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Occupational Supplement data demonstrate a significant upward trend in assault injuries among U.S. law enforcement officers and this warrants further investigation. Police-citizen interactions are dynamic social encounters and evidence-based policing is vital to the health and safety of both police and civilians. The law enforcement community should energize efforts toward the study of how policing tactics impact both officer and citizen injuries.

The Temporal Degradation of Illicit Contaminants in Latent Fingermarks Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been shown to be a rapid, non-destructive analytical technique capable of detecting trace amounts of exogenous particulate in fresh latent fingermarks. Fingermarks identified at a crime scene however, are rarely fresh and are likely to have been deposited days or even weeks before forensic analysis, leaving them prone to decomposition. In this study latent fingermarks were contaminated with trace amounts of the improvised explosive precursor’s ammonium nitrate and sodium chlorate, and the addictive narcotic cocaine. The latent fingermarks where then aged in natural daylight conditions over a 30 day period and intermittently analysed using FTIR spectromicroscopy. Exogenous particulate was identified using spectroscopic imaging of each fingermark, and spectra obtained from the samples were compared to control spectra to confirm the identification of the contaminant. This study demonstrates that these contaminants are detectable within latent fingermarks up to at least 30 days after deposition, with only ammonium nitrate showing signs of decomposition, and that fingermark chemistry has a minimal effect on their molecular integrity. This information has broad implications for the law enforcement community as it suggests that the detection of exogenous particulate within latent fingermarks is possible long after a suspect has handled an illegal substance. This study also confirms the use of spectroscopic imaging to provide a chemical signature for these illicit compounds weeks after deposition, and an image of the fingermark ridge pattern that can then be used for identification purposes.

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION IN MEDIA AND REAL LIFE

The general public and members of the media have expressed an interest in the body of legislation. This is the result of previous and current interactions with members of the law enforcement community, criminals, and innocent people. This is not an unusual occurrence in the world of criminal justice; in the past, people who were wrongfully accused and then cleared have been executed, as have others who were falsely charged and then cleared. On both sides of the system, there have been outstanding and less-than-great performances. The media regularly exaggerates or minimizes the gravity of police-involved incidents. This information is critical to the purpose of this research in various ways, particularly in connection to the alleged CSI Effect. Is it true that CSI and other forensic material displayed on television and in the media use real or false effects or a combination of the two? The facts and data presented in this abstract will be the topic of additional, and in-depth research.

Use of synthetic stimulants and hallucinogens in a cohort of electronic dance music festival attendees

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS), often characterized as unregulated psychoactive compounds designed to circumvent existing legislation, have become mainstream on the illicit drug market. Because of their physical and mind-altering properties, NPS may be deliberately or inadvertently ingested at electronic dance music (EDM) festivals to enhance the attendees’ appreciation of the music and overall experience. Their widespread use at EDM festivals have been well documented and several adverse events and fatalities associated with NPS ingestion have been reported in the United States. The diversity and rapid turnover in the prevalence of any particular NPS at any given point of time has created several challenges for public health officials, law enforcement, and forensic science communities. Epidemiological studies are often published long after drugs have cycled through the peak of their popularity with users and the scope of testing frequently failing to detect, identify or report the most recently available drugs. The aims of the study included discovering emerging NPS, ascertaining their overall prevalence and determining patterns of use and trends within this targeted population.Over the course of two years, biological samples were collected from 396 (126 blood samples; 227 urine samples; and 384 oral fluid samples) EDM festival attendees. Additionally, survey data regarding prescription and recreational drug use within the last week were collected with follow-up questions related to what substance(s) the person had ingested, amount taken, when the substance was last taken and perceived effects. All biological samples were screened and subsequently confirmed and/or quantified, when appropriate. In response to survey questions, 72% of the participants reported using a recreational drug or medicinal substance within the last week. Users most commonly reported using marijuana and alcohol, followed by “Molly” and cocaine. Of the 396 individuals tested, approximately 75% of the population was positive in at least one biological specimen for drugs and/or alcohol. Of those positive samples, 36% were confirmed to contain one or more NPS and/or 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). High rates of turnover and spikes in popularity related to NPS are supported by samples confirming positive for alpha-PVP in 2014, however, one year later not a single case was positive for alpha-PVP, and instead increasing numbers of subjects were positive for ethylone.