Law Constraints Research Articles

Thermodynamics of fluctuations based on time-and-space averages.

We develop nonequilibrium theory by using averages in time and space as a generalized way to upscale thermodynamics in nonergodic systems. The approach offers a classical perspective on the energy dynamics in fluctuating systems. The rate of entropy production is shown to be explicitly scale dependent when considered in this context. We show that while any stationary process can be represented as having zero entropy production, second law constraints due to the Clausius theorem are preserved due to the fact that heat and work are related based on conservation of energy. As a demonstration, we consider the energy dynamics for the Carnot cycle and for Maxwell's demon. We then consider nonstationary processes, applying time-and-space averages to characterize nonergodic effects in heterogeneous systems where energy barriers such as compositional gradients are present. We show that the derived theory can be used to understand the origins of anomalous diffusion phenomena in systems where Fick's law applies at small length scales, but not at large length scales. We further characterize fluctuations in capillary-dominated systems, which are nonstationary due to the irreversibility of cooperative events.

Scaling laws of the energy confinement time in stellarators without renormalization factors

The most widely accepted unified scaling law for the energy confinement time in stellarators is a power law that contains a normalization factor for each individual device (and even for each sufficiently different magnetic configuration in a single machine). In the last decade, new and very powerful data analysis tools, based on symbolic regression (SR) via genetic programming (GP), have become quite consolidated and have provided very interesting results for tokamak configurations. The first application of SR via GP to the largest available multimachine stellarator database permits us to relax the power law constraint as an alternative to the use of renormalization factors. This approach, implemented with well-understood model selection criteria for the fitness function based on information theory and Bayesian statistics, has allowed convergence on very competitive global scaling laws, which present exponential terms, but do not contain any renormalization coefficient. Moreover, the exploratory application of SR via GP has revealed that the two main types of magnetic topology, those with and without shear, can be much better interpreted using two different models. The fact that these new scaling laws have been derived without recourse to any renormalization increases their interpretative value and confirms the dominant role of turbulence in determining the confinement properties of the stellarator. On the other hand, the techniques developed emphasise the need to improve the statistical basis before drawing definitive conclusions and providing reliable extrapolations.

BPS monopoles and dyons in generalized BPS Lagrangian method

We generalize BPS Lagrangian method and rederive BPS equations for monopoles and dyons from the Lagrangian of SU(2) Maxwell-Higgs model in four dimensional spacetime. We show that in the BPS Lagrangian method the Gausss’s law constraint does not necessary to be imposed beforehand. We find that the BPS Lagrangian has non-boundary terms which in turn gives us some constraint equations. These constraint equations can be reduced by taking the standard BPS equations for Monopoles and Dyons, which turns out to be the Gausss’s law constraint in the BPS limit.

Thermalization of Yang-Mills theory in a ( 3+1 )-dimensional small lattice system

We study the real-time evolution of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in a ($3+1$)-dimensional small lattice system after interaction quench. We numerically solve the Schr\"odinger equation with the Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian in the physical Hilbert space obtained by solving Gauss law constraints. We observe the thermalization of a Wilson loop to the canonical state; the relaxation time is insensitive to the coupling strength and estimated as ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{eq}}\ensuremath{\sim}2\ensuremath{\pi}/T$ with temperatures $T$ at steady states. We also compute the vacuum persistence probability (the Loschmidt echo) to understand the relaxation from the dynamics of the wave function.

The logical foundations of constitutional democracy between legal positivism and natural law theory

Rejecting all knowledge claims concerning right and wrong in matters practical James Buchanan concurred with legal positivism that invalid law cannot be identified by its substantive content but only by an inherited defect in its factual creation. Beyond correct creation Buchanan proposed as a quasi-natural law constraint that unanimity in the shadow of individual veto power must at least be conceivable if a norm is to be law. The emerging hybrid conception of constitutional law is symptomatic for Buchanan’s never-ending but ultimately futile efforts to incorporate Kantian ideals of interpersonal respect into constitutional economics without imposing them as personal values.

Southeast Asia’s human rights institutions and the inconsistent power of human rights

This article argues that continuing ambivalence about the importance of rights in Southeast Asia is not based on a perception that rights are a hegemonic ideological imposition of the West, or on a desire on the part of some states to preserve the ability to treat domestic populations however they wish, unhampered by the constraints of international human rights law. Instead, I contend that ambivalence has to do with uncertainty in the application of rights. I use two case studies (Brunei’s introduction of a strict form of Islamic law in 2013; and the attack by Myanmar’s military forces on the country’s minority Muslim population, the Rohingya, in 2017) to test whether rights in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Human Rights Declaration can be specified to an extent that would allow the Declaration to fulfill its role as a common framework for human rights cooperation in Southeast Asia.

Coordinative coupled attitude and orbit control for satellite formation with multiple uncertainties and actuator saturation

This paper studies the coordinative coupled attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) of a satellite formation composed of one microsatellite and two 3U CubeSats. It is described as a highly nonlinear and coupled system subject to actuator saturation and multiple uncertainties including parametric perturbations and external disturbances. To address this issue, the centralized architecture and leader-following method are adopted in the formation firstly. The closed-loop system of each satellite member is divided into orbit and attitude control loops respectively. The coupling relationship between orbit and attitude is introduced as a constraint of the control law. Then a robust controller consisting of a nominal controller, a robust compensator and an advanced proportional–derivative (APD) controller is proposed to achieve high-accuracy formation control. The robust compensator is constructed from an auxiliary system and a finite-time observer to compensate the influence of an equivalent lumped disturbance. The APD controller is developed to achieve desired performances under actuator saturation. Stability analysis indicates that both relative position errors and attitude tracking errors can converge asymptotically. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of proposed control law in both relatively-stationary and fly-around scenarios.

A universal model describing the structure and functions of living systems

ABSTRACT Can Life be explained based on the fundamental Laws of Nature? This question is central in Science since its answer could unify Physics and Biology and open new routes for Medicine. The present study introduces a clear and well-documented hypothesis addressing the unified description of all living systems. The proposed universal model is based on two established characteristics of Life. First, the concept of Functional Self-similarity (FSS) is introduced. As shown by several authors, all living systems can be classified in a multi-level hierarchy of increasing complexity. Systems in all hierarchical levels are characterized by a small set of the same attributes defining Life. This observation implies the existence of an elementary living system (i.e., a quantum of Life) having all the necessary functionalities of living systems. Secondly, the non-equilibrium nature of living systems implies that they should be able to process information since such a function is required for reducing entropy. Therefore, all living systems necessarily perform logical operations similar to electronic circuits. This conclusion, which is based on the requirement to overcome the constraints of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, indicates a close correspondence between living systems and information processing machines, namely computers. Consequently, important theoretical principles and concepts regarding computer design may also apply in the study of living systems. The above considerations lead to the Hypothesis of a Universal Architecture (UAH).

Koncept kulturnih blaga prema pravu EU i poljskom pravu kulturnog nasleđa

"National treasure" is one of the key notions of cultural heritage law. It is of particular relevance for the European Union in the context of the free movement of goods in the Single Market and the permitted exceptions to this freedom. In principle, it refers to those objects "possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value" whose preservation is in the vital cultural interest of the Member State concerned. Hence national law constraints on their import and export do not violate treaty obligations in force so long as such constraints are not arbitrary or do not constitute disguised restrictions on trade between Member States. The question arises, however, as to the practical meaning of this notion, i.e. whether Member States can freely determine what constitutes a "national treasure". This article seeks to answer that question by analysing how the notion of national treasures was transposed into the Polish legal system in 2017, and what the consequences of this recent regulatory intervention might be.

Peran Karang Taruna Bunga Bakung Dalam Pelestarian Hutan Adat Melalui Kearifan Lokal

ABSTRACT
 The purpose of this research is to describe the role and to find out the obstacles of Karang Taruna in Sajau Village in preserving customary forests based on local wisdom. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that the role of Karang Taruna in the preservation of customary forests in Sajau Village was to collaborate with customary institutions, village government, and the Sajau Village community to monitor, report, and enforce customary law based on local wisdom. Constraints in the preservation of customary forests are due to internal factors of the Sajau Village community taking wood in the customary forest without the permission of the customary institutions and the Sajau Village government and external factors there are people who do not know the boundaries of the customary forest, and the company is interested in buying customary forest land. The conclusions of the research are (1) the role of Karang Taruna in the preservation of customary forests, namely: Coordination with the village government and the Sajau Village customary institution to make and stipulate customary rules, conduct supervision, maintain customary forests, enforce customary law (2) Constraints in the preservation of customary forests, namely: Threats from within the village, communities from outside the village and threats from companies.
 Keywords: Adat, Forest, Wisdom, Youth Organization.

Big-data-driven pre-stack seismic intelligent inversion

Seismic inversion is an image formation process for the spatial structures and physical properties of underground rock strata according to the seismic data observed on the surface or in wells under the constraints of known geological laws and drilling and logging data. It is an important component of geophysical inversion. The inversion of reservoir parameters using seismic data is a non-linear problem. Therefore, the use of linear or quasi-linear methods to solve this problem makes it easy to fall into local optimal solutions. In contrast, intelligent optimisation algorithms based on the global optimum have strong local and global optimisation abilities and good convergence. Thus, they can improve the calculation efficiency and are suitable for geophysical inversion problems with multiple parameters and multiple extremums. In this study, the pre-stack seismic inversion problem is considered as the research object. According to the non-linear characteristics of the problem, the pre-stack seismic intelligent inversion method with a hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed, which solves the problems for which the standard genetic algorithm may easily fall into local optimums, resulting in an indistinct inversion effect, especially an unsatisfactory optimisation effect for density parameters. The experimental results show that the inversion parameters fit well with the theoretical model logging curve. In view of the high data volume in inversion, a new parallel strategy is proposed and combined with the MapReduce framework. This strategy can reduce the operating time while maintaining the diversity of the population. The strategy is implemented on the Hadoop platform and its effectiveness is verified.

Funding Pandemic Prevention: Proposal for a Meat and Wild Animal Tax

Market prices fail to properly account for the risk of zoonotic diseases associated with animal agriculture and cross-border trade in domesticated and wild animal products, the magnitude of which is demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Corrective measures are required to internalize the cost of pandemics. Communicable disease prevention and mitigation is a global public good and contributions to its production should be made at the international level. To compel states to pay for costs resulting from domestic consumption patterns that are externalized to other countries, this paper proposes a global contribution regime based on state consumption of animal products. We lay out the technical aspects of a cost-internalizing tax that could accomplish this goal and demonstrate its feasibility in light of existing trade law constraints. The paper concludes that the proposed cost-internalizing tax would be an appropriate method to deter pandemic risk-inducing activities and fund zoonotic disease outbreak prevention and pandemic response.

Hybridizing ant lion with whale optimization algorithm for compressed sensing MR image reconstruction via l1 minimization: an ALWOA strategy

In the field of image compression, the compressed sensing image reconstruction has made great achievements due to proper use of the image sparsity without the Nyquist sampling law constraint. For image information distribution, great deals of researches indicate that there exists obvious structural and statistical prior’s regularity and by the traditional compression algorithm it is difficult to achieve. In this paper, we propose a compressed sensing image reconstruction algorithm based on hybrid ALWOA strategy, which combines the ant lion optimization algorithm and the whale optimization algorithm. The hybrid algorithm produces a global search with faster convergence. By continuously learning the proposed hybrid method can find optimal solutions. The objective function for the image reconstruction process is taken as the l1 minimization problem. The reconstructed image is obtained by solving the l1 minimization problem. Extensive simulations have been conducted and the results show that the proposed method has achieved better performance when compared with traditional reconstruction algorithms.

Islamic Finance as a Vehicle to Promote Improved Intellectual Property Rights in the Gulf Cooperation Council

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to assess how Islamic finance can act as a vehicle to enhance the current intellectual property rights regime in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Islamic finance has developed within the constraints of sharia law and has been a growth sector for the GCC. This article will identify the main principles of Islamic finance that contribute to the success of Islamic finance, which can enhance intellectual property protection in the GCC. The main sharia-compliant areas to be considered are musharaka, mudaraba, murabaha, takaful, istisna, ijara, salam and sukuk. The article will outline the founding principles of Islamic finance, the governance of sharia boards, development of Islamic finance in the individual GCC states, different frameworks of sharia-compliant investment products and the impact of intellectual property rights on the varying Islamic finance investment tools. Furthermore, the article will discuss an integrated approach to intellectual property rights which learns lessons from the Islamic finance sector in relation to infrastructure, regulation and sharia compliance. The lessons learnt from Islamic finance will inform the overall framework of recommendations for an Islamic intellectual property model. The use of Islamic finance as a vehicle to promote better intellectual property rights in terms of defining a new intellectual property approach is novel. It is aimed at spearheading further research in this area, and it will form a part of the overall integrated approach proposals to intellectual property protection in the GCC and beyond.

Forward and backward stochastic differential equations with normal constraints in law

In this paper we investigate the well-posedness of backward or forward stochastic differential equations whose law is constrained to live in an a priori given (smooth enough) set and which is reflected along the corresponding “normal” vector. We also study the associated interacting particle system reflected in mean field and asymptotically described by such equations. The case of particles submitted to a common noise as well as the asymptotic system is studied in the forward case. Eventually, we connect the forward and backward stochastic differential equations with normal constraints in law with partial differential equations stated on the Wasserstein space and involving a Neumann condition in the forward case and an obstacle in the backward one.

Restrictions of Historical Tissues on Urban Growth, Self-Sustaining Agglomeration in Walled Cities of Chinese Origin

This article uses a fractal observation to help delineate the constraints placed by multiple city walls on the growth of historical East Asian cities. By applying advanced technologies from economic geography and fractal indices, a staged scaling process within urban dimension coherence can be applied to both indices. In this study, a discovery is proposed based on the urban organism concept that is capable of indicating a proportional intra-urban structure from a fundamental wall-bounded urban element (local specificity) to other greater walled spatial properties (global variables). This local specificity potentially performs approximate scaling regularities, and spatially denotes an average historical threshold of urban growth for its overall size, with similar scaling law constraints. This finding involves territorial, urban planning, and ancient architectural perspectives, providing a historical and local response to the expansion of contemporary cities. By employing growing fractal estimation, data processing enables the logarithmic city size to be obtained by measuring each wall’s specific features using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. On the basis of two-dimensional allometric scaling patches, a spatial unfolding mechanism is utilized to reproduce these dynamic changes with city walls as a result of the human trajectories in time geography.

Opening the Pandora’s Box: Kelsen and the Communist theory of law

ABSTRACT This paper examines Hans Kelsen’s Communist Theory of Law in the context of his general critique of natural law theories. Kelsen argues that since there is no such thing as objectively determined natural law, a theory that attempts to use it to establish constraints on positive law is at risk of automatically justifying the latter. Kelsen deploys this ‘Pandora’s Box Objection’ in his characterisation of the Communist theory of law as the ‘handmaiden’ of the Soviet government that conserved, rather than challenged, oppressive policies. The Objection is limited in scope. Firstly, it applies only to ‘forward-looking’ Communist theories of law that justify transitional socialist legal arrangements rather than seek to abolish the legal form as a whole. Secondly, it does not eliminate the Rule of Law constraints that are independent from natural law fetters – hence the state does not have a ‘blank cheque’ to introduce any positive law.

Entropy-stable p-nonconforming discretizations with the summation-by-parts property for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations

The entropy-conservative/stable, curvilinear, nonconforming, p-refinement algorithm for hyperbolic conservation laws of Del Rey Fernández et al. (2019) is extended from the compressible Euler equations to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. A simple and flexible coupling procedure with planar interpolation operators between adjoining nonconforming elements is used. Curvilinear volume metric terms are numerically approximated via a minimization procedure and satisfy the discrete geometric conservation law conditions. Distinct curvilinear surface metrics are used on the adjoining interfaces to construct the interface coupling terms, thereby localizing the discrete geometric conservation law constraints to each individual element. The resulting scheme is entropy conservative/stable, element-wise conservative, and freestream preserving. Viscous interface dissipation operators that retain the entropy stability of the base scheme are developed. The accuracy and stability of the resulting numerical scheme are shown to be comparable to those of the original conforming scheme in Carpenter et al. (2014) and Parsani et al. (2016), i.e., this scheme achieves ∼p+1/2 convergence on geometrically high-order distorted element grids; this is demonstrated in the context of the viscous shock problem, the Taylor–Green vortex problem at a Reynolds number of Re=1,600, and a subsonic turbulent flow past a sphere at Re=2,000.

Emergence of Gauss' law in a Z2 lattice gauge theory in 1 + 1 dimensions

We explore a Z2 Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory in one spatial dimension with a coupling h, without imposing any Gauss' law constraint. We show that in our model h=0 is a free deconfined quantum critical point containing massless fermions where all Gauss' law sectors are equivalent. The coupling h is a relevant perturbation of this critical point and fermions become massive due to confinement and chiral symmetry breaking. To study the emergent Gauss' law sectors at low temperatures in this massive phase we use a quantum Monte Carlo method that samples configurations of the partition function written in a basis in which local conserved charges are diagonal. We find that two Gauss' law sectors, related by particle-hole symmetry, emerge naturally. When the system is doped with an extra particle, many more Gauss's law sectors related by translation invariance emerge. Using results in the range 0.01<h≤0.15 we find that three different mass scales of the model behave like hp where p≈0.579.

Privacy and Data Protection Constraints to Automated Decision-Making in the Judiciary

Competent authorities of many countries around the world are deploying automation tools in decision-making processes in the judiciary. The scope of application of automated judicial systems, often based on artificial intelligence (AI), is broad, ranging from the improvement and acceleration of organisational or office-based court tasks to the automation of substantive judicial decisions. The ongoing or future judicial automation in the European Union (EU) requires an in-depth legal analysis from the perspectives of data protection and privacy law, which raise crucial legal issues in the judicial automation landscape. The paper, therefore, aims to identify the constraints created by the EU data protection and privacy law to the use of automated decision-making within judicial proceedings. It first describes two models of judicial automation, which need to be distinguished on the basis of the degree of automation and the level of human involvement in the decision-making process (fully and partially automated decision-making and two sub-models of the latter). The paper then discusses the legal bases for both models of automated personal data processing in the judiciary, with a particular emphasis on the French national regulation, based on Article 22 of the GDPR, which provides the sharpest restriction to judicial automation within the European Union. Even when there are lawful grounds for judicial automation, legal requirements will provide constraints and limits to the operation of any automated decision-making systems. Acknowledging this fact, the paper concludes with the analysis of three perspectives which introduce limits to automation — data protection regulation, privacy law, and technological constraints —, as well as the safeguards that these viewpoints provide to the rights and interests of those affected by judicial automation.