Law-abiding Citizens Research Articles

Perdagangan Orang: Ancaman Nyata, Upaya Hukum dan Pencegahannya di Desa Tirtayasa Serang Banten

Human Trafficking is a transnational crime, this is because human trafficking involves many countries in terms of planning, real actions and the consequences. The countries targeted are not only developed countries but developing countries such as Indonesia are not immune to this crime. Real evidence can be found in one of the areas in Banten province, namely Tirtayasa Village located in Serang Regency. Many residents think that by going abroad they can change their fate in the village, without thinking about the legal or illegal process. As a result, there are several residents who experience physical violence and not being paid their wages. Therefore, it is necessary to hold comprehensive socialization activities related to human trafficking which include real actions, legal efforts and prevention efforts. The results of this socialization show that the knowledge of village communities who assume that if they can work abroad it will change their fate is a misguided perception. Because in this socialization, the legal and illegal processes related to the departure of migrant workers from Indonesia abroad are conveyed. With this socialization, village communities know that the law will protect them wherever they go as long as they are law-abiding citizens. Furthermore, it is hoped that this activity can be continued by village officials so that it can be a filter for its residents before they dare to work abroad.

"Not Only a Matter of Personal Interest"-Vaccination Narratives and the Model of Moral Motives in China and Germany.

Understanding vaccination decision-making processes is vital for guiding vaccine promotion within pandemic contexts and for routine immunization efforts. Vaccine-related attitudes influencing individual decision-making can be affected by broader cultural and normative contexts. We conducted 73 qualitative interviews with adults in China (n = 40) and Germany (n = 33) between December 2020 and April 2021 to understand COVID-19 vaccination intentions and preferences, and we analyzed transcripts using a five-step framework approach. During early analysis, we identified moral considerations in line with the tenets of the Model of Moral Motives (MMM) as a recurrent theme in the data. The MMM guided further analysis steps, particularly with its distinction between motives that are proscriptive (focus on avoiding harm by inhibiting "bad" behavior) and prescriptive (focus on actively seeking positive outcomes). Proscriptive vaccination arguments that compelled vaccination in our data included avoiding negative attention, being a law-abiding citizen, preventing harm to others, and protecting one's country. Prescriptive motives focused on self-efficacious behavior such as protecting the health of oneself and others via widespread but voluntary vaccination, prioritizing elderly and predisposed individuals for vaccination, and favoring a fair and equitable distribution of vaccines at the global level. In the interviews in China, both lines of arguments emerged, with a general tendency toward more proscriptive reasoning; interviews conducted in Germany tended to reflect more prescriptive motives. We encourage research and vaccine promotion practice to reflect moral considerations when aiming to understand public health preventive behavior and when developing tailored health promotion campaigns.

Inclusive Education for the Deradicalization of Children Involved in Terrorism in Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution

This paper focuses on the formulation of inclusive education for the deradicalization of children involved in terrorism in Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. The institution is in charge of implementing the deradicalization programs for children involved in terrorism. However, research found that the deradicalization program for children involved in terrorism at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution has yet succeeded in reforming the children to be law-abiding citizens. This study aims to formulate an inclusive education for the deradicalization of children involved in terrorism at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. This study is a qualitative study conducted at Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution. Research data was obtained through interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and literature reviews. The findings show that Jakarta Juvenile Correctional Institution implements non-formal education as a rehabilitation program for children involved in terrorism. The current non-formal education does not fully accommodate all the expected goals based on the outcome chain formulation within the framework of program theory. Adaptation and integration of non-formal education with other development programs is needed to support resistance to achieve correctional goals.

Title- A Prison Without Bars, Chains, or Locks

Krishna Iyer, J. in his judgments has always supported humanitarian over punitive treatment of inmates. The Indian Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to life and personal liberty to all people, including prisoners. Previously, prisons were thought to be small rooms where convicted criminals were kept away from luxury and public life to allow them to reflect on their crimes and repent. Since ancient times, prisons have been used both domestically and abroad as punitive and correctional facilities. One of the concepts employed by the criminal justice system to help prisoners become law-abiding citizens is the open prison. This article begins with a brief study of the concept of open prisons and a comparative discussion of open prisons in Finland and India. This research paper tries to bring out the contrast between the Indian and Finnish Open Prisons as Finland is the perfect example to study the implementation of reformative justice in prison administration. The researcher has also critically discussed the conditions of the open prison system in India and tried to suggest measures to enhance the condition just like the Finnish Open Prisons. In the end, the researcher has concluded the paper with some suggestions that can be implemented to enhance the conditions of the open prison system in India.

The Role of Christian Education in Shaping Political Stability and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

With an emphasis on African nations like Nigeria and Kenya, this article examines the important role that Christian education plays in promoting political stability and economic progress in emerging nations. Christian education has a strong emphasis on moral growth, social responsibility, and ethical leadership, all of which are essential for both economic advancement and sustainable government. Christian values are ingrained, which helps to develop law-abiding citizens and forward-thinking leaders capable of taking on issues like inequality, bad governance, and corruption. The article makes the case that educational institutions may produce people who can advance economic growth, justice, and peace by using a curriculum based on Christian principles. It also talks about how Christian education may improve accountability, foster inclusive growth, and change political institutions. The paper offers a framework for comprehending how education influenced by faith may be a catalyst for favorable political and economic results in developing environments by relying on religious viewpoints and development theories.

Відбування покарань неповнолітніми в країнах західної та східної Європи порівняно з Україною

The system of dealing with children in trouble with the law has existed for more than a century, starting with the creation of separate institutions for juvenile delinquents and "at-risk" children, which was soon followed by a series of regulations. Although different models have been in place from the very beginning, the predominant approach has been one focused on ensuring the well-being of the child, i.e. ensuring the best interests of the child. This approach is based on the concept of intervention in the best interests of children, which focuses on their needs, not their actions, and which is based on the involvement of social workers to assist the court in matters within their professional competence. Often around such juvenile justice systems there are socio-therapeutic and educational institutions for the rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders or those at risk of becoming one. Other juvenile justice systems that may be considered distinctive are based on a justice system that more closely resembles the criminal justice system for adults, or administrative commissions or other informal justice processes. In some countries, there are no (or very few) special provisions for juvenile offenders. As a result, there are huge differences in the forms and types of courts, services and institutions that make up the juvenile justice system. With regard to children in conflict with the law, the main aspect is that in criminal proceedings the latter, due to their age and immaturity, are assigned a separate regime, different from that applied to adult offenders. The prerequisite for this is the special vulnerability and limited capabilities of children whose development process has not yet been completed. Not only should any actions be evaluated in accordance with the standards of ensuring the best interests of the child, but the system itself should be responsive to the child's developmental needs in care, in order to ensure the reintegration of children into society as law-abiding citizens. Therefore, the juvenile justice system should focus its attention not only on the nature of the offense committed, but also on the root causes of its commission, as well as on the specific circumstances of each child.

Human behavior: philosophical and legal discourse

The article is devoted to the philosophical and legal problems of human behavior in the context of axiological aspects of anthropocentrism, which consists in observing human rights and freedoms and ensuring the principle of human dignity.
 It is emphasized that the dynamic development of society affects the understanding and interpretation of the criterion of "permissibility" in behavior. The worldview and value attitudes and orientations of a person in society are changing, which causes substantial changes in the perception of legal phenomena as phenomena of social reality.
 It was found that legal behavior is human behavior regulated by legal norms. It can be legal or illegal. Accordingly, the law either supports and encourages such behavior (lawful), or, on the contrary, considers it inadmissible, as it violates the norms of cohabitation (illegal).
 It is emphasized that many scientists support the approach that lawful behavior does not require effort, but only involves the individual's refraining from negative actions. It was noted that such detention is not difficult for a person who was formed in a legal environment where those around him were law-abiding citizens, but on the contrary, it is the norm, but there is another type of person, for whom an environment with illegal goals and attitudes was an example. For such people, in order not to fall under the influence of a marginal, and sometimes criminal environment, it is necessary to make maximum efforts, sometimes even associated with danger to life and health.
 It is noted that in the legal sphere there is a rather dangerous behavior of the so-called "double standards", when a person in general allegedly observes the rules of coexistence in society, observes the norms of the law and moral prescriptions, but believes that some norms and standards can be violated due to the fact that the damage from their violation is not significant.
 Attention is focused on the fact that the value of human behavior lies in its implementation in a legitimate direction, through compliance with the norms of law and social morality inherent in a certain society at a specific stage of its development.

Legal education of minors

The article is devoted to the philosophical and legal problems of the value aspects of the legal behavior of minors, which involves a constant influence on a person with the aim of forming a legal culture and active lawful behavior.
 It was found that legal education occupies a central place in the formation of a law-abiding citizen who not only does not violate the legal norms of society, but also strives to preserve the harmony of the natural-legal space and the state-legal field based on the norms of natural and positive law.
 It was emphasized that today the realities of war have shown Ukrainians the importance of national- patriotic education of youth. No less important is the education of the young generation in respect for the law and the state, but this process should not take place chaotically, but at the level of introducing innovations in the educational space, a system of national-patriotic and legal education should be implemented. The loss of value-legal connections and landmarks during the war is a problematic aspect in the process of legal education of minors, as it can lead to the deformation of legal consciousness and the formation of deviant behavior of young people.
 Children must understand what state they live in, what rights and responsibilities are, what is the difference between lawful and unlawful behavior, and what sanctions the state can apply to citizens, even minors, for violating the rules of law and the law. It is important to involve specialists in this process, namely: representatives of juvenile prevention units, psychologists, and social workers.
 Attention is focused on the need for legal education of children from among internally displaced persons during the period of adaptation in a new place of residence, with the aim of legitimate socialization.
 It is noted that the legal status of the child is guaranteed and protected at the international and national level. The child has rights, but it is necessary to teach the child to use his rights, to teach in accordance with his age, his mental and psychological characteristics. Particular attention has always been paid to the peculiarities of legal education in Ukraine. As for minors, starting with the family, preschool institutions, schools and ending with institutions of higher education (primary courses), children received an idea and understanding of what the norms of behavior are, what morality and law are.

Comparative Analysis of Life Plans of Inmates of Different Regimes in Places of Deprivation of Liberty

The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of studying and analyzing the life plans of prisoners in prison. The purpose of this study was a comparative analysis of the life plans of prisoners of different regimes (strict, general, colony-settlement). The study was conducted on the basis of correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Ryazan region . It was attended by 118 male convicts serving sentences in various regimes (general, strict, penal colony). Methods. During the study, the following methods were used: observation, conversation, questioning, analysis of personal files, methods: “Self-assessment of life plans” by A. V. Naprisa (modified version of the “Self-Assessment of Orientation” test by V. G. Deev); “Time Perspective Questionnaire” by F. Zimbardo; “Time Attitude Scale” by J. Nuytten, V. Lensom; Questionnaire “Style of Explanation of Successes and Failures” (STONE-B) T.O. Gordeeva, Ye. N. Osina, V. Yu. Shevyakhova; “Vitality test” S. Maddi (adapted by D. A. Leontiev, Ye. I. Rasskazova); methods of mathematical statistics. Results. It has been established that convicts in colony settlements have the most constructive life plans . For general convicts and strict regimes requires the development of a psychocorrectional program that will allow them to realize the values of their life, model positive plans for the future, and admit guilt in the crime committed and become law-abiding citizens

Examining the effectiveness of the existing safety and crime prevention mechanism in Mopani district municipality, South Africa

Crime prevention has been recognised as one of the key national priorities in South Africa since the establishment of the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) in 1996. It is viewed to be the responsibility and duty of the South African Police Service (SAPS); however, with a range of crimes, caused by different factors, it is impossible to rely exclusively on the police to prevent crime. Thus, various stakeholders, such as businesses, communities, Non-Government Organisations, civil society, law enforcement and Municipalities, need to take a stand in maintaining peace and ensuring safety for law-abiding citizens within their municipal boundaries. This article examines the effectiveness of the existing mechanisms in ensuring safety in Mopani District Municipality (MDM). The Constitution mandates municipalities to take a lead in crime prevention to increasing people's feelings of safety and building safer communities. Using a qualitative research approach, a purposive sampling was used to select four municipal officials. The face-to-face interviews were conducted in Letaba local municipality, Greater Tzaneen local municipality, Ba-Phalaborwa local municipality and Maruleng local municipality. Data was analysed through thematic analysis. The results revealed that most local municipalities are involved in crime prevention through the establishment of the Community Safety Forums (CSF) who participate in tourism safety, school safety, road, social crime prevention and health safety. The findings revealed lack of resources, funding (Budget), political instability, lack of knowledge, training and experience as some of the major challenges hindering the effectiveness of local government involvement in crime prevention. The study recommends the establishment of a safety section in a municipality, professionalization of the crime prevention space, exploring other avenue for funding and municipal accountability to address safety issues

ПРАВОВОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ КАК ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЕ УСЛОВИЕ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ПРАВОСОЗНАНИЯ ЛИЧНОСТИ

The relevance of the study lies in the sphere of formation of legal consciousness and prevention of its deformation using pedagogical methods of legal training, education and development in the educational process. At present, when society is faced with rapid sociocultural and technological changes, it is important to understand how a person's legal consciousness can be formed more effectively through pedagogical methods. The purpose of the study - conduct an analysis of effective methods for forming legal consciousness within the framework of the educational process, highlight key aspects that contribute to the education of law-abiding citizens and the formation of a sustainable legal outlook, worldview and worldview in the educational environment. Research methodology. In this article, to systematize theoretical and empirical data on the problem of forming legal consciousness through the educational process, the method of analyzing scientific and methodological literature is used. To identify the main advantages and problems associated with the development of legal training, education and development in the educational process, a descriptive method is used. When considering examples of successful practices in legal education and countering the deformation of legal consciousness, the method of analysis and generalization of pedagogical experience is used. Results. The article discusses current methods and strategies used in educational institutions for the effective formation of legal consciousness among students. Particular attention is paid to the influence of legal education on the prevention of deviations of legal consciousness and the correction of its deformation. The role of educational programs in creating a conscious attitude towards the law is explored, and factors contributing to the deformation of the legal consciousness of students are identified. The article discusses problems associated with the information environment and media literacy that affect the perception of laws. The presented analysis allows us to identify key strategies and techniques that contribute to the sustainable and balanced development of legal consciousness in the educational environment. Conclusion. The article provides practical recommendations for educational organizations in order to optimize the processes of forming legal consciousness, ensuring effective prevention and countering the deformation of legal values in the modern educational context.

Содействие лиц органам, осуществляющим оперативно-розыскную деятельность, как проявление социальных девиаций

Introduction. Crime, as a single personal behavioral act, and criminality, as a socio-legal phenomenon, are social deviations of individuals and groups. The state is forced to use a compulsory law enforcement apparatus to deter crime and level out its negative socio-economic consequences. In the system of the state compulsory apparatus for combating crime, the tacit assistance of persons to bodies carrying out operational investigative activities is a special, most effective and rational functional and legal instrument. Based on previous research, the author notes the unwillingness of both lawabiding citizens and representatives of the criminal environment to assist operational units. However, the determinants underlying this unwillingness are different. The author puts forward for further scientific research and discussion the hypothesis that the tacit assistance of persons to bodies carrying out operational investigative activities is the result of social deviations in the social groups under consideration. In the author’s opinion, the study of the causes and forms of these deviations from certain social norms characteristic of both (law-abiding and criminal) groups can optimize the process of involving individuals in the unofficial assistance and the fight against crime.
 Methods and methodology. The study used general scientific dialectical, comparative legal, formal logical methods and the method of content analysis. This made it possible to identify signs and forms of manifestation of deviations among persons assisting law enforcement agencies.
 Results. Based on the results of the own research and previous scientific research by other legal experts, the author comes to the conclusion that at present, the assistance of law-abiding and upstanding citizens and representatives of the criminal environment is largely determined by the deviations perceived among social groups in question. Among law-abiding citizens, deviation is expressed in a persistent unwillingness to assist law enforcement agencies in general and operational units in particular, in the presence of compassion for the direct victims of these crimes. Deviations of representatives of the criminal environment are expressed in a situational readiness to neglect corporate (subcultural) moral standards of behavior – “criminal concepts” - and provide unofficial assistance in order to achieve their own mercenary goals.

Socioeconomic Implications of Long-Term Incarceration in Nigeria Prisons

Governments all over the world are faced with the task of combating crime, a problem that has affected both modern and historical cultures. Offenders are imprisoned in response to crime for varying lengths of time in an effort, among other things, to rehabilitate them and turn them into law-abiding citizens. Long-term incarceration, though, has unexpected consequences. Analyzing the socioeconomic implications of long-term incarceration in Nigeria is the goal of this paper. The paper makes the case that recidivism and unforeseen socioeconomic consequences for the family, business, social ties, state resources, and way of life result from the long-term incarceration of criminals. It concludes that, in an effort to rehabilitate the offender through long-term incarceration, more adverse effects are caused on the prisoner, their family, the economy, and other members of society. The paper recommends, among other things, that parole be used rather than keeping offenders in prison for an extended amount of time.

Law Abidance Leadership Education for University Students in Hong Kong: Subjective Outcome Evaluation

Adolescence is an “age of rebellion” when adolescents challenge authority and break rules on an experimental basis. Hence, it is important to promote law abidance, particularly when we expect young people to become future leaders. In this study, we implemented a 3-hour face-to-face module on law abidance leadership with national security as a part of the contents. To understand the perceptions of university students taking the lecture (N = 1,285), we employed a 26-item post-lecture evaluation questionnaire to conduct subjective outcome evaluation. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) as well as multi-group CFAs based on two randomly selected samples, demonstrated the three dimensions intrinsic to the scale (i.e., lecture attributes, teachers’ qualities, and appreciation of law abidance leadership) replicated the previous findings, hence supporting the construct validity of the instrument. Regarding perceptions of all respondents (N = 985), students generally held positive views on lecture design and delivery. Besides, they agreed that this module benefited their personal development in critical thinking, problem-solving ability, moral competence, interpersonal communication skills, law abidance leadership, and their understandings about the significance of national security. More than 95% of the participants expressed their desire to become law-abiding citizens and take on social responsibility. The qualitative responses also triangulated the quantitative findings, with most of which being positive responses. This study replicated our previous research, and enriched the scientific database on teaching politically sensitive topics in the context of higher education.

Ресоциализация, социальная адаптация и социальная реабилитация несовершеннолетних: сущность и соотношение понятий

The article deals with the problems of correlation of the concepts of
 «resocialization», «social adaptation», «social rehabilitation of minors». The scientific research available in this part does not allow us to fully form a correct understanding of the presented phenomena. As a result of studying the Federal Law «On Probation in the Russian Federation» and other regulatory legal acts, the author comes to the conclusion that conflicts arise not only of a doctrinal, but also of a practical nature, which complicates the formation of a system of moral values among convicts and prevents their return to society as law-abiding citizens.

THE INDOCTRINATION DIMENSION OF REPRESSION: TELEVISED CONFESSIONS IN CHINA*

Public confessions are repression spectacles that have appeared in different regimes and historical periods. This study theorizes an indoctrination dimension of repression—the turning of punishment into a control tool that displays the regime’s apparent transformative power. Whereas repression is often defined by its inhibiting dimension, this study argues that authorities stage repressive spectacles not only to deter further dissent but also as an instrument of “thought reform,” a governance tradition in China. The study finds two indoctrinating narratives based on an interpretive analysis of a dataset of televised confessions in China. First, confessions show a doctrine of political dissident as traitorous and immoral. Second, they convey a doctrine of rectification that displays the seemingly transformative power of the regime, one in which transgressors perform law-abiding citizens. These findings advance the conceptual refinement of repression by analyzing its indoctrination dimension.

Law-abiding citizens in the age of social distancing: religion and COVID-19 in South Korea

ABSTRACT COVID-19 made social distancing a necessity in the contemporary world, which helped the states establish a justification not only to frame good citizenship but also to define the “anti-social” behaviors of the faithful. South Korea provides a compelling example that demonstrates how the religious are required to be law-abiding citizens in the age of social distancing. This study examines the media’s influence in framing public discourse on pandemic, religion, and citizenship, which enabled the state to initiate a new code of conduct to instruct “how to behave” in Korea. Analyzing Big Data on Shincheonji Church and Sarangjeil Church, which, it is argued, caused the first and second periods of COVID-19 rampancy in Korea, this article claims that the media’s COVID-19 coverage creates the brand-new perception that religion is the most responsible for the spread of COVID-19. The legislation of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Law vested the government with excessive authority to limit freedom of religion in the name of the public good. In brief, the year 2020 marked the first year for Koreans to define the faithful who comply with the government's instructions on COVID-19 restrictions as law-abiding citizens and those who oppose as anti-social citizens or criminal offenders.

Правосвідомість та національна ідея – основа стабільного державно-правового розвитку суспільства

It was found that the basis of the Ukrainian national idea, among other factors, is the formation of a law-abiding citizen with a legitimate vector of personal development. We see that even during the war, Ukrainians try to control compliance with the rules of law and the law. The active activity of all law enforcement structures to ensure law and order and prevent illegal behavior of citizens shows the society's desire for lawful, civilized development even in the crisis-transitional period of the nation's existence. It is emphasized that within a specific society, people are united by a certain goal, a national idea, a legal field, and moral and value orientations. A civilized society strives for constant development and improvement. An important aspect in this process is integration into the international globalized social and legal space. Scientific and technical progress allows active development of society in close interaction between its members. It is noted that today we once again prove to the whole world that we have the right, based on the centuries-old traditions of state formation and law-making, to develop our statehood. During the war, the problems of the military and political sphere come to the fore, which is absolutely justified, because the preservation of life and health of citizens, active repulse of the enemy, international support are the key to victory and the possibility of forming a democratic society. Despite this, we must not forget the importance of forming the future generation of Ukrainians as law-abiding citizens with a stable understanding of the national idea, ethnicity. Attention is focused on the fact that the formation of legal awareness and the preservation and development of the national idea is a priority task of the state and society in general to preserve its identity, independence and significance in the international legal arena. An important role in this process belongs to the youth, the cultural elite, and also, every citizen should strive to enrich and multiply both the national heritage of his people and its state-legal system through lawful behavior, legal culture and a high level of legal awareness.

The effect of digitalization on the extent of criminal activity in the context of the pandemic

The process of digitalization has impacted various aspects of social life, and the growth of digital technologies has led to significant changes in communication in society. During the pandemic, digitalization has been particularly noticeable as it has enabled continuous communication despite restrictions. However, this has also affected the level of crime, and it is crucial to understand how digitalization has impacted crime rates globally. This study aims to investigate the specifics of digitalization's impact on crime during the pandemic, examining the causal relationship between the two. The research focuses on the social relations comprised during digitalization in the criminal-legal aspect. Findings suggest that the pandemic has revolutionized the usual law and order among the population, affecting both law-abiding citizens and criminals. Digitalization has also changed the nature of certain crimes, leading to a shift in the level of crime. It is expected that the pandemic will continue to impact society and crime rates for an extended period. Therefore, it is vital to consider the impact of innovative information technologies on crime levels when implementing measures in Ukraine and globally.

Crowdwashing Surveillance; Crowdsourcing Domination

Abstract Governments regularly rely on citizens’ cooperation in exercising their authority, including the enforcement of rules. This is not only common, but also a necessary practice in a legal system. Technology makes such reliance easier, facilitating increased enforcement of law at little cost. Emergency provides an added legitimizing logic, encouraging citizens’ cooperation and leading them to uncritically follow the government’s lead to reduce the risk to the nation and to themselves. This article considers governments’ crowdsourcing citizens to monitor and surveil other citizens. One central concern this practice raises is that it allows governments to circumvent the limits of their legitimate authority and to augment their power while also obscuring the actor responsible for the surveillance and enforcement action. Consequently, accountability and public oversight over the government are diminished. Where does conventional enlisting of cooperation from law-abiding citizens end, and crowdsourcing totalitarian mass mobilization of citizens against fellow citizens begin? The article’s principal claim is that a bright line should be drawn where governments’ crowdsourcing of information from citizens serves as a means to circumvent democratic checks on their power to collect information, while also disguising the actor responsible for the surveillance. Such practice severely erodes social trust between citizens, jeopardizing their ability to organize and collaborate as engaged citizens and thus serve as a check on government. It further grants excessive power to some citizens over others, endangering the latter’s freedom, especially where the information gathered is used to symbolically or actually exclude certain individuals from the political community.