Lava Research Articles

Risk Analysis of Rice Farming at Volcano Semeru Area, Pronojiwo District, Lumajang Regency, Indonesia

This study aimed to analyze the production and financial risks of paddy rice farming in Pronojiwo district, Lumajang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted in March to May 2021, after the case of Semeru eruption in December 2020. The villages sample were Oro-Oro Ombo and Supiturang, the two most affected by the Mount Semeru lava flow. Primary data were obtained from the amount of 95 respondents chosen randomly. The risk of production and financial were analyzed by Coefficient of Variation (CV). Meanwhile, the factors affecting farm risk is analyzed by using regression method. The result of production risk on paddy rice farming in Pronojiwo, Lumajang Regency shows a low risk, namely indicated by CV of 35.38 %. However, the farm income risk is much higher, indicated by CV of 79.08 %. The factors affecting production risk is usage of chemical fertilizer. The increased number of chemical fertilizer will increase production risk of rice farming.

Zircon and apatite U-Pb geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) basement and late Neoproterozoic (Pan-African) metamorphism and magmatism from Port-Béni, Armorican Massif (France)

By re-examining the historical outcrops of Port-Béni located in the Trégor unit of the North Armorican Cadomian belt, the present work delivers four new ages that provide additional constraints on the Proterozoic history of northern Brittany. It is established that granitic, porphyritic rocks crystallized at the end of the Rhyacian (Paleoproterozoic), 2038 ± 12 Ma ago, before being transformed into orthogneisses at a late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) age of 621 ± 2 Ma, which is a minimum age, given the retrograde alteration these rocks underwent. The age of ca. 1.8 Ga previously proposed for the protolith of the Port-Béni orthogneiss should be discarded, and these two new ages are consistent with most of those yielded so far by the other Icartian (i.e., Eburnean) basement relics from the Armorican Massif. The gneissic basement was then intruded and disrupted into xenoliths by a granodioritic magma that crystallized 604.5 ± 2.0 Ma ago. This age, slightly younger than previously thought, corresponds to the emplacement age of one of the main units of the North Trégor batholith − the Pleubian-Talbert unit −, part of the Trégor volcano-plutonic complex, which may have built up over a longer period than that indicated by the uncertainty associated with this age. Caution should be exercised in extrapolating this age to that of the whole complex. Finally, doleritic dykes, possibly resulting in two swarms previously thought to be Paleozoic in age, have crosscut this complex. One of the latest yielded an age of 597 ± 15 Ma, indicating that the Trégor doleritic dyking episodes also occurred during the late Neoproterozoic, in between ca. 605 Ma and ca. 580 Ma. As the doleritic dykes are of tholeiitic composition, which distinguishes them from the earlier calc-alkaline magmas, they suggest that the intra-arc extension, documented in the southern, adjacent Saint-Brieuc unit of the belt, also affected the Trégor unit. They may likely have fed northern equivalents of the lava flows from the Paimpol Formation (exposed in between the Saint-Brieuc and the Trégor units), when magma production became moderately influenced by the Cadomian (i.e., Pan-African) subduction and mostly dominated by extension, possibly as a result of a steepening of a north-dipping subduction slab. Indeed, a re-examination of the available geochemical and geochronological data in the light of our new results documents that arc-magma production moved progressively from north (Trégor unit) to south (Saint-Brieuc unit) over time, in the interval 605-580 Ma.

SO2 emissions from the Timanfaya eruption (1730–36 CE), Lanzarote, Canary Islands

The 1730–36 CE eruption of Lanzarote (Canary Islands) is the third largest basaltic fissure eruption known to have occurred in the last 1000 years, after the Icelandic events of Laki (1783–84 CE) and Eldgja (939 CE). Approximately 5.2 km3 (1.1 × 1012 kg) of alkalic basalt (sensu lato) lava and pyroclastic rocks were emplaced on land, with a further unknown amount entering the sea, The activity occurred in five eruptive phases from vents situated along a 15-km long, E-W trending fissure. Each phase began with Strombolian fire fountain activity, building large spatter and scoria cones, accompanied and followed by effusive ‘a'ā and pāhoehoe lava flow emplacement. Phases I and II were the most explosive and occurred between 1st September 1730 and June 1731. Samples of scoria and lava surfaces were collected from all phases and the major elements, S, Cl and F contents of matrix glasses and glass inclusions in olivine (the dominant phenocryst phase) were analysed by electron microprobe. Water contents of selected glasses were measured on polished wafers by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Glass compositions mimic the range of published whole rock compositions, with Phase I being predominantly basanitic and later phases alkali basalt. Whole rock variations in incompatible trace element ratios are mimicked by ratios involving TiO2, K2O and P2O5 in glass. Matrix and glass inclusion analyses in a given sample are similar, indicating that the inclusions formed synchronously with eruption and that most phenocryst crystallization occurred during earlier evolution of the magmas. Matrix glasses in scoria and surface lava samples have 80–300 ppm S and 260–750 ppm H2O, whereas glass inclusions in olivine have 420–2650 ppm S and 0.1 to 0.5 wt% H2O. Glass inclusions with low sulfur contents were trapped during degassing-induced crystallization as the magma approached the surface. The inclusions with the highest sulfur contents, at given P2O5/TiO2 ratio, are inferred to represent un-degassed melt, and their S content and S/K2O ratios correlate very strongly with incompatible element concentrations and P2O5/TiO2 ratios. The original S contents of 131 matrix glasses were calculated from their P2O5/TiO2 ratios and compared to their measured degassed S contents. The mass of S released per unit mass of magma ranged from about 0.25% in Phase I Episode 1to 0.17% in later phases, with propagated uncertainties of about 2 to 5%. About 40 Mt. of SO2 was released overall, with ca. 25 Mt. being released during the first 5 months of the eruption (Phase I). Estimates of average magma discharge rates imply that plumes remained in the troposphere, with the possible exception of those associated with extreme peak discharge rates during Phase I Episode 1 which may have just reached the upper troposphere – lower stratosphere. Lower eruption rates during the later phases would have confined SO2 emissions to the troposphere. Although acid and sulfate peaks dated to 1730 and 1731 have been reported from some Greenland ice cores, the evidence for stratospheric impact, such as cooling at the Earth's surface and increased stratospheric turbidity, is minimal.

Paleomagnetic and Rock Magnetic Study of the Gulerghat Area Amravati, Maharashtra

Magnetic Polarity and Stratigraphicstudies of the Narnala section from Akot and Amravatidistricts area(Lat. 21000'-21015'N; Long. 770–77015'E) are carried out. Total thousandsof oriented samples from fresh basalts were collected at close intervals. Detailed palaeomagnetic investigation where carried on 250 samples collected from 20 lava flows belonging to 17 selected traverses were subjected to progressive thermal demagnetizer at 15 different steps of temperatures from 50˚C to 600˚C. Traverse attaining a total thickness of 800m in the study area. Some rocks may fail to retain the magnetic record due to the modification subsequence to their formations by a number of natural phenomena like geotectonic disturbance, metamorphism and alteration, which can produce various degrees of secondary magnetisation in the rock. The secondary magnetisation acquired by the rock is unstable as compared to naturally remain magnetism which can be removed by cleaning techniques like stepwise Alternating field demagnetisation (AFD) and Thermal demagnetisation (TD). The palaeomagnetic results indicate that the most of the flows showed irregular natural remnant directions while a few specimen even from other flows for which a meaningful NRM could be deciphered also showed inconsistent directions. Only 35% of the samples showing irregular directions initially improved on alternating field and stepwise thermal demagnetization. High degree of alteration of the flows appears to have affected the stability of the palaeomagnetic directions. The mean palaeomagnetic directions indicate the presence of lower transitional directions at the bottom part of the sequence and upper reversed polarity in remaining part of the sequence with a few samples showing scattered behavior. The polarity transition has take place in the study area. Ancient latitude calculated for the study area is 30o S and that of Nagpur is 31o S indicating that India has drifted by 51o due N which is more than 5000 Kms. since the formation of this lavas.

“DO-IT-YOURSELF” (DIY) Geointerpretation – Making Geology Simple, Fascinating & Fun

Why does the earth-quake? When does the land-slide? How do rocks bend and break and what makes lava flow and mountains grow? Geointerpretation activities can explain these fascinating and seemingly incomprehensible global phenomena in simple and fun ways to visitors, tourists and the public. According to renowned interpreter Sam Ham (Ham, 1992), this involves “translating complex technical language and concepts into terms and ideas that people can readily understand”; while “doing it in a way that is entertaining and interesting to people”. Meanwhile almost 2500 years ago, the Chinese philosopher Confucius elegantly confirmed that “if we hear we forget, if we see we remember but if we do we understand”. Geotourism activities within Global Geoparks across the world cater for geotourists who want to know more about how the earth system works, as well as to experience the wonders - (and terrors) - of the natural world. Do-It-Yourself (DIY) geointerpretation activities are simple to design, inexpensive to create and very flexible to deliver to geotourists, anywhere. This hands-on workshop will reveal how geointerpretation is made easy using simple everyday materials. For example, making your own banana benders, broken egg-shell planets and lava sandwiches will demonstrate many geological processes including difficult concepts such as Deep Earth, Deep Impacts and Deep Time. Geointerpretation makes visitor experiences (within Geoparks) more enriching, fulfilling and most importantly fun!.

Evolution of a large Quaternary monogenetic field; the multifaceted volcanism of the Serdán-oriental basin, México

The intermontane Serdán-Oriental basin (SOB), located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, records a highly contrasting volcanic field with nearly 166 monogenetic volcanoes, including cones, maars, tuff rings, domes, and lava flows, with basaltic to rhyolitic compositions and from effusive to explosive, and magmatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive styles. Even when this volcanic field has been the focus of several volcanological studies, an evolutive model of its volcanism and its implications has not been reported. This is a geological study of SOB volcanism based on the spatio-temporal evolution and characteristics of its volcanoes. For this, new and published data is integrated, including chronostratigraphic, geochemical, and petrological observations, which were further processed and analyzed by GIS tools. The resulting model indicates that volcanism has been continuous from the middle Pleistocene to the Holocene. Based on parameters such as erupted magma chemistry and volcanic landforms, it can be classified into the following volcanic groups: Group 1 is mafic in composition, forming cones and lava flows during the middle Pleistocene (490 to 190 ka). Group 2 comprises predominantly andesitic volcanism characterized by cones and dome clusters erupted during the middle Pleistocene (250 to 200 ka), partially coeval with Group 1. Group 3 is characterized by rhyolitic volcanism associated with the emplacement of domes in the central part of the SOB during the middle to upper Pleistocene (220 to 24.5 ka). Group 4 includes a predominantly basaltic to andesitic volcanism with minor rhyolitic composition, with a characteristic occurrence of phreatomagmatic and magmatic activity, forming maars and tuff rings, scoria cones, and lava flows during the middle Holocene (12.2 to 6.25 ka). The youngest Group occurs in the upper Holocene (<7.5 ka), and it is marked by mafic volcanism in the form of cones and lava flows, as well as by the emplacement of the voluminous Las Derrumbadas rhyolitic twin domes. Overall, the geochemical data shows a bimodal compositional character with a gap of dacitic magmas, compatible with a general scenario dominated by felsic melt extraction from highly crystalline magma reservoirs. Eruptive rate calculations indicate a general increase with time, which goes from <0.18 km3/ky in the first three groups to 1 and 2.9 km3/ky in groups 4 and 5, respectively. Lastly, density maps and lineaments of the eruptive vents, together with crater elongations, allowed the identification of the spatial trends of the SOB volcanism and a comparison with the existing regional major tectonic structures characterizing the local basement. These findings are relevant to understanding the eruptive nature of this active volcanic field and its highly contrasting and multifaceted volcanism.

Magnetic polarity &amp; stratigraphy of the Bundelkund area Amravati, Maharashtra

Magnetic Polarity and Stratigraphic studies of the Bundelkund area Amravati districts (Lat. 21000'-21015'N; Long. 770–77015'E) are carried out. Total thousands of oriented samples from fresh basalts were collected at close intervals. Detailed palaeomagnetic investigation where carried on 250 samples collected from 20 lava flows belonging to 03 selected traverses were subjected to progressive thermal demagnetizer at 15 different steps of temperatures from 50˚C to 600˚C. Traverse attaining a total thickness of 800m in the study area. Some rocks may fail to retain the magnetic record due to the modification subsequence to their formations by a number of natural phenomena like geotectonic disturbance, metamorphism and alteration, which can produce various degrees of secondary magnetisation in the rock. The secondary magnetisation acquired by the rock is unstable as compared to naturally remain magnetism which can be removed by cleaning techniques like stepwise Alternating field demagnetisation (AFD) and Thermal demagnetisation (TD). The palaeomagnetic results indicate that the most of the flows showed irregular natural remnant directions while a few specimen even from other flows for which a meaningful NRM could be deciphered also showed inconsistent directions. Only 35% of the samples showing irregular directions initially improved on alternating field and stepwise thermal demagnetization. High degree of alteration of the flows appears to have affected the stability of the palaeomagnetic directions. The mean palaeomagnetic directions indicate the presence of lower transitional directions at the bottom part of the sequence and upper reversed polarity in remaining part of the sequence with a few samples showing scattered behavior. The polarity transition has take place in the study area. Ancient latitude calculated for the study area is 30o S and that of Nagpur is 31o S indicating that India has drifted by 51o due N which is more than 5000 Kms. since the formation of this lavas.

Stereocaulon tomentosoides, a new combination for a western North American endemic species with cyanobiont and chemotype polymorphisms

Based on resampling the type locality and surrounding regions, along with phylogenetic analysis of molecular data, we elevate Stereocaulon sasakii var. tomentosoides to the species level, while we treat S. sasakii var. simplex as an environmental modification of S. tomentosoides. We found no phylogenetic evidence that any variety of S. sasakii occurs in North America, so we suggest that the species be removed from the North American list and its North American varieties transferred to S. tomentosoides. Stereocaulon tomentosoides is so far confirmed only from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Furthermore, it is largely allopatric with S. tomentosum, apart from a small region of overlap in northern Idaho and western Montana. While S. tomentosum always contains stictic acid and never lobaric acid as secondary metabolites, S. tomentosoides differs in having a predominant chemotype of lobaric acid as the major substance, with an infrequent chemotype containing both lobaric and stictic acids. While S. tomentosoides usually contains Nostoc in the cephalodia, occasional individuals, especially from old mossy lava flows, contain Stigonema; one specimen was found with both kinds of cephalodia on a single thallus. Phylogenetic analysis of these species and other close relatives revealed an additional species described here, S. cyaneum, so far known only from the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada and separated from S. tomentosum by its bluish coloration, wet or dry

High‐Latitude Geomagnetic Secular Variation at the End of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron Recorded by Volcanic Flows From the Okhotsk‐Chukotka Volcanic Belt

AbstractThe Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS, 84–121 Ma) is a singular period of the geodynamo's history, identified by a prolonged absence of polarity reversals. To better characterize the paleosecular variation (PSV) of the geomagnetic field at the end of this interval, we sampled seven continuous sequences of lava flows from the Okhotsk‐Chukotka Volcanic Belt, emplaced 84–89 Ma in the vicinity of the Kupol ore deposit (NE Russia). From a collection of 1,024 paleomagnetic cores out of 82 investigated lava flows, we successfully determined the paleodirections of 78 lava flows, which led to 57 directional groups after removing the serial correlations. The resulting paleomagnetic pole is located at 170.0°E, 76.8°N (A95 = 5.2°, N = 57), in good agreement with previous estimates for north‐eastern Eurasia. Aiming at quantifying PSV at a reconstructed paleolatitude (λ) of ∼80°N, we obtained a virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) scatter , the value of which was corrected for within‐site dispersion and is little dependent on the choice of the selection criteria. Compared to previous paleodirectional data sets characterizing PSV at various paleolatitudes during the CNS, our Sb estimate confirms a relative latitudinal increase Sb(λ = 90°)/Sb(λ = 0°) on the order of 2–2.5. Focusing on PSV at high paleolatitude within the 70°–90° range, we show that Sb was ∼15% lower at the end of the CNS than during the past 10 Myr, confirming that the singular polarity regime of the geodynamo observed during the CNS is likely accompanied with reduced PSV.

Diagenetic effect on reservoir quality of siliciclastic and volcaniclastic sandstones from a Paleogene volcanic rifted margin, East Greenland

ABSTRACT Siliciclastic and volcaniclastic sediments in a volcanic rifted-margin succession may experience a complex diagenetic history during burial that can have a large impact on sandstone reservoir properties. To understand such changes, variations in initial sediment composition and succeeding diagenetic changes have been studied for a Paleogene outcrop analogue in the Kangerlussuaq area, East Greenland. The nature of the mafic volcanics-bearing succession, which consists of intra-volcanic sandstones, accommodated over quartz-rich pre-volcanic fluvial sandstones, are comparable to the settings of recently discovered hydrocarbon-producing sandstones in the Faroe–Shetland Basin on the conjugate Atlantic margin. Our petrographic and provenance investigations of the pre- and intra-volcanic sandstones are supported by geochemical and X-ray diffraction analyses. The intra-volcanic sandstones were deposited in shallow marine environments with mixed siliciclastic and volcaniclastic input, the latter rich in felsic to mafic volcanic rock fragments and feldspar grains. Similar zircon age distributions of pre- and intra-volcanic sandstones support a continued supply from the same siliciclastic sediment source after the onset of volcanism. Variations in initial detrital grain and pore-fluid (fresh to marine) compositions resulted in different diagenetic changes in the pre- and intra-volcanic sandstones. However, where siliciclastic sandstones were overlain by volcaniclastic rocks rather than massive lava flows, the diagenetic changes resemble those of the intra-volcanic sandstones. The cementing phases are typically quartz, illite (probably illitized kaolinite), and rare anatase in the pre-volcanic sandstones. Chlorite, calcite, zeolite/feldspar, opal/quartz, and titanite are characteristic authigenic phases in the intra-volcanic sandstones. Precipitation of different minerals in the pre- and intra-volcanic sandstones show that the detrital composition (and to a lesser extent depositional environment) played a major role during early and late diagenesis after deep burial (up to 6–8 km). Inter-eruptive siliciclastic units may prove to form highly valuable reservoirs when they are composed of mixed siliciclastic and volcaniclastic material. In the stratigraphically youngest intra-volcanic sandstones and pre-volcanic sandstones overlain by hyaloclastite or tuff, there is a high potential for preservation of interparticle porosity during burial (&amp;lt; 5 km) due to early chlorite rims and the generation of secondary porosity after the dissolution of early zeolite cement.

(Invited) Battery System Safety Design Based on Studying the Runaway in Battery Cell

Lithium ion battery systems towards certain military application such as submarines and torpedoes are considered “fire critical applications”. Meaning a fire in the battery system on board a submarine is equal to a lost submarine with many crewmen dead. There have already been critical lithium ion battery fires on board submarines. In the united states a midget submarine were destroyed about fifteen years ago during the development phase of the submarine delaying the incorporation of lithium ion batteries in to marine platforms in the USA by about ten years even though no one were killed by the fire. Four years ago the Russian spy submarine Loshariks lithium ion battery system caught fire during the new battery systems maiden voyage. The fire started when the submarine were at a depth of about 200m below the surface of Barents ocean and 14 crewmen were killed almost all were high ranking officers. Too, be able to come up with a safe battery system design for the Swedish submarines we concluded that we need a strategy for the battery system design. We studied literature, conducted modelling work and carried out a lot of abuse test to understand what happens when a battery cell fails.What happens when a 21700 battery cell is overcharged? First the cell is heated to about 110-115°C and then the membrane between the anode and the cathode melts. In the next step the CIP opens up and hot gas is released at about 125 - 135°C. The cell self-heat itself, the temperature rises fast to about 190-200 ° C, then the gas caught fire, and a jet flame is formed with a temperature above 1100°C. A huge amount of hot gases mixed with sluggish particles is released from the top of the battery cell at high speed. The sluggish particles are black and look like a lava flow and when analysed they are found to be electric conductive. What is also interesting is that the lava particles slowly releases its heat to the surroundings, thus the particles kept at a high temperature for a relatively long-time. The surface of the battery cell reaches a peak temperature of about 300°C. This information is enough to start the battery module design work.Why is a round lithium battery cell the obvious choice for a safe high performing battery system? A runaway in round 21700 battery cell leads to axial expansion of 1-2mm the radial expiation is taken up by the design materials. A runaway in a prismatic or pouch cell battery the horizontal expansion can be several centimetres leading to an inefficient design to be able to take up the expansion of failing battery cell. To be able to do an efficient design to keep down the weight of the battery system the cells can be part of the mechanical design. When organizing the round battery cells symmetrically in a battery module each battery cell will work as springs in the right design material, thus be able to take up energy from an impact from an object. If the incoming object is a bullet at speed of 900m /s and a weight of 50 gram, the symmetrically organized battery cells will absorb the energy fast and only few of the battery cells in the module will be de destroyed and will start to burn.Finally yet importantly, the round battery cells are in most cases smaller than the prismatic battery cells for the same application thus contains less energy per battery cell.One battery cell can always burn, but a propagation in battery module or system is not an option for “Fire Critical Military Applications”.

Magmatism at an ultra-slow spreading rift: high-resolution geomorphological studies of a Red Sea Rift segment in Hadarba Deep

The mid-ocean rift in the Red Sea is one of the youngest rifting systems on Earth. Only recently, state-of-the-art methods and modern deep-sea instruments have been used to explore this young and unique volcanic system. During the first autonomous underwater vehicle surveys of the Red Sea Rift in Spring 2022, we collected multibeam bathymetry, backscatter, sub-bottom profiler data, and water column data over a 9 km long ridge segment in the Hadarba Deep between 22.49°N and 22.56°N to investigate the volcano-tectonic processes of this ultra-slow spreading segment (12 mm/year spreading rate). The high-resolution hydroacoustic data was used to (1) delineate and quantify the geometry of tectonic structures and individual lava flows, (2) define lava flow morphology and eruption style, (3) estimate relative ages of flows and features, and (4) retrace the evolution of the volcanic activity. In addition, the geochemistry of several young lava flows provides information on the relation between the different magma that supply these eruptions. About 90 eruptive units with variable sedimentary cover have been identified within the 43 km2mapped region. The oldest lava flows are buried under 3 to 4.2 m of sediment, indicating ages of up to ~30 ka based on average sedimentation rate estimates (~14 cm/ka), while the youngest eruptions are covered by&amp;lt;10 cm of sediment, and are thus younger than 700 years. Three volcanic phases have been identified based on changes in flow morphology and distribution, and tectonic pattern. All three axial phases have an average eruptive frequency of ~100-250 years. The segment displays an overall low tectonic extension (&amp;lt;10% of the total extension) and low vertical offset. Our geomorphological maps, analyses, and statistics reveal a moderately faulted, ultra-slow spreading MOR segment in the Red Sea with a surprisingly large amount of magmatic extension, implying that the segment has been underlined by a large magma supply for at least 15 ka. All these observations provide valuable implications for the formation history of the Red Sea Rift and the formation of ultra-slow spreading crust.

Rapid mapping of volcanic eruption building damage: A model based on prior knowledge and few-shot fine-tuning

Large-scale volcanic eruptions always inflict severe damage upon facilities and cause significant environmental pollution. Building damage caused by lava flow and volcanic ash coverage can reflect the infrastructure devastation and victim scope within the affected region. The application of machine learning methods for building damage automated identification from remote sensing imagery typically relies on a large number of training samples. However, labeled data scarcity is a common issue in the field of disasters, particularly in volcanic eruptions. To address this, we propose a two-stage building damage quick mapping workflow, which combines a building localization model trained on prior knowledge and a damage classification model fine-tuned on few-shot volcanic eruption-related samples. The classification model utilizes a CNN-based Siamese network for bi-temporal image feature extraction and comparison, with the backbone initialized with pre-trained weights from ImageNet. We conducted building damage classification tasks for single-disaster scenarios and cross-disaster domain scenarios in the eruptions of Mount Semeru, Tonga, and ST. Vincent; the visual damage level of each building was used as ground truth. The results demonstrate that our model can identify building damage efficiently and accurately in different volcanic eruption scenarios, with an over 93% F1-score on the 2-way 20-shot tasks. Furthermore, though building samples from different volcanic eruption regions present cross-domain challenges, our model can adapt to different feature domains by being supplemented with a few samples of another volcanic eruption disaster. Additionally, in the case of Mount Semeru Eruption, we gain insights into the potential of building damage statistics in post-eruption environmental assessments. To further enhance the model robustness on mixed-domain samples and multi-level damage classification tasks, issues including sample bias of certain disaster sources should be addressed.

Protracted metallogenic and magmatic evolution of the Kirazlı epithermal Au-Ag and porphyry Cu deposits, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: evidence from zircon U-Pb, muscovite 40Ar/39Ar, and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology

The Kirazlı deposit is located at the center of the Biga Peninsula metallogenic province, in a geological setting characterized by an extensional tectonic environment. A NNW-SSE trending high-sulfidation (HS) orebody with a total reserve of 33.86 Mt @ 0.69 g/t Au and 9.42 g/t Ag lies beneath the Kirazlı Main zone. A porphyry Cu orebody hosted by Eocene intrusive and volcanic rocks has been intersected by drilling within its vicinity. The HS epithermal deposit is hosted by a partly silicified and brecciated Oligocene volcanic and volcaniclastic sequence consisting mainly of basaltic andesite lava flow and lithic/crystal tuff. Lithogeochemistry and zircon U-Pb radiometric ages allow us to distinguish three distinct high-K calc-alkaline magmatic events at ca. 41, 38, and 32 Ma, sourced by metasomatized mantle melts, which have interacted with the crust during their ascent. Porphyry Cu mineralization took place at 36.7 ± 0.4 Ma (muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age) with subsequent re-opening and base metal deposition. Crosscutting quartz-pyrite-molybdenite veins were emplaced at 33.6 ± 0.2 Ma (molybdenite Re-Os age), and followed by the HS epithermal Au-Ag event at ca. 31 Ma, based on a previous study. Our radiometric data indicate that the Kirazlı deposit has recorded a long-lasting Cenozoic magmatic and metallogenic evolution during about 10 Myr. Our study demonstrates that successive, independent, and overprinting, but genetically unrelated, HS epithermal precious metal, hydrothermal Mo, base metal, and porphyry Cu systems have been active at the same location during protracted extensional tectonics of the Biga Peninsula.

Geochemical characteristic of rocks and isotope dating of zircon from the andesite dyke of the rudyanskaya sequence (D2 rd) of the Middle Urals Eastern zone

Relevance. In the basin of the r. Pishma subvolcanic formations, localized in the fields of spreading of the Middle Devonian Rudyanskaya sequence, are presented by different on composition small bodies, sills and dykes, forming with volcanogenic rocks of the Rudyanskaya sequence a basalt-andesite-rhyolite complex, the formation of which is associated with volcanic activity, that took place in Middle Devonian in the environments close to the modern island arcs. Their isotope dating and geochemical characteristic are rather relevant for specification of the composition, volume and paleogeodynamic environment of the vulcanite formation. In the paper new data are presented on geochemistry of andesites of the dyke from the Diviy Kamen rock, considered as part of the Rudyanskaya sequence, as well as the age of zircon from them. Methods. Chemical analyses of vulcanites have been performed in the Centre of collective usage “Geoanalyst” of the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the UB of RAS (Ekaterinburg) by X-ray fluorescent method and ICP–MS method. Zircons were studied with scanning electron microscope JSM-6390L of the Jeol firm and with electrone-probe microanalyser Cameca SX100. The data on the U and Pb isotopes, as well as on elements-impurities in zircon grains were obtained by mass-spectrometry method with inductively coupled plasma with laser ablation (LA–ICP–MS) at the quadrupole ISP–MS NexION 300S with the attachment for laser ablation LA NWR 213. Purpose of researches. Getting new data on geochemical composition and age of the andesites of dyke in the section along the r. Pishma. Results. The andesite dyke intersects medium clastic unstratified tuffs and dipply occurring fragment of the lava flow of porphyry dacite. Andesites present themselves porphyry rocks with 20–30% of plagioclase phenocrysts. At the normalized many-component diagram the Ta–Nb minimum is displayed. For zircon grains are characteristic differentiated spectra, demonstrating the growth of compositions from light to heavy REE, positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, typical of the zircon of magmatic genesis. For the first time geochronological study of zircons from andesites has been maded by method of LA–ICP–MS. 4 age groups of zircons, Ma: 390–387, 369–362, 337–345, 327–329 were revealed. Conclusions. The data obtained testify that andesites were formed under suprasubduction environments, and magmatic stage of rock formation corresponds to the upper Devonian varieties of zircons. Early Carboniferous datings can be associated with the thermal impact caused by the intrusion of a later dolerite dyke.

Weathering pulses during glacial-interglacial transitions: Insights from well-dated paleosols in the Azores volcanic province (Central North Atlantic)

Volcanic islands evolve through complex interactions between volcano growth and surface processes. Climate changes impact the physical and chemical processes that drive weathering and denudation. While global paleoclimate has been extensively studied for the late Quaternary, elucidating the local climatic response to global forcing on such islands remains challenging. São Miguel is a volcanic island in the Eastern Azores, located in the Central North Atlantic, a region susceptible to changes in large-scale atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. It comprises numerous paleosols (PSs), whose geochemistry results from volcanic rocks' weathering and can serve as a proxy to reconstruct paleoclimatic conditions. New K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of volcanic units “bracketing” (under and overlying) PSs reveal four periods of enhanced soil formation (∼820–765 ka, ∼425–430 ka, ∼170–75 ka, <10 ka), coinciding with rapid glacial-interglacial transitions (Terminations I, II, V, IX). Our reconstructed mean annual precipitation (MAP; 500–1200 mm yr−1) and air temperature (MAAT; 12–18 °C) are higher during interglacial peaks. This, in addition to the coherence of MAAT with previous Sea Surface Temperature reconstructions, shows consistency between local and global climate dynamics. The texture of parental rocks played a significant role in weathering, with PSs predominantly restricted to the brecciated upper part of lava flows and to pyroclastic deposits, which exhibited distinctive precipitation thresholds for their formation (∼800 mm yr−1 and ∼500 mm yr−1, respectively). PSs developed on basaltic lava flows exhibit greater elemental loss, due to a high glass proportion and low permeability, which prevents fluids percolation out of the soils. As present-day precipitation and temperature exceed those of the past, enhanced weathering is expected in São Miguel and other volcanic islands, with local to global impacts (e.g., carbon cycling), especially in the context of ongoing global warming.

TOWARD DATA LAKES FOR CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Abstract. The content of the data lake comes (is filled) from different sources, and different users (experts in various fields) of the same data can download and analyse the same data for their (different) needs and analysis. Big Data about the human environment and the effect of natural and human-caused disasters (in this case: heat islands, earthquakes and lava flows, and landmine contamination) on that environment have been available to many people for years and are the subject of discussions, but there are still numerous research challenges in the form of structuring and storing data and analysis results. This implies certain requirements for efficient integration, access and querying of the various data in the data repository for the described purpose. Data lakes and data warehouses are offered as solutions to this problem. Well-designed data lakes can be a basic building block for different solutions in the analysis of the effects of disasters on the environment, and high-quality data warehouses for modelling future potential disasters in the same area. This paper presents certain personal observations and certain proposals for the creation of efficient data lakes and data warehouses (based on many years of work on problems in areas: humanitarian demining, heat islands and volcanic activity) for the needs of decision-making in crisis based on examples from practice. The goal is to influence the development of a unique framework for the creation and maintenance of a data lake, in terms of its better utilization so that it does not become a data swamp.

Fringing reef growth in the Mid-Devonian: An example from the southern Rhenish Massif, Germany

The Givetian Balduinstein Reef developed upon mixed felsic lavas and volcaniclastic tuffs. The Givetian age of the reef is proven by conodonts (Polygnathus rhenanus/varcus Zone to the Polygnathus ansatus Zone) and the occurrence of the brachiopod Stringocephalus burtini. Remains of land plants and subaerially ejected volcanic bombs in the vicinity of the outcrops document that the volcano was an emerged island surrounded by a fringing reef in an unstable tectonic environment. Reef development is characterised by a complex interaction of volcanism, erosion and the rate and pattern of sea-level change, which resulted in a variety of facies settings and rock-types. Microfacies analysis and rock-types prove that the fringing reef was backed by a shallow lagoon. A lime mudstone/alkali rhyolitic breccia represents a lava flow, or more probably a dome collapse breccia, which flowed into the lagoonal mud and confirms a contemporaneous occurrence of volcanism and reef growth. Reefs flourished during several episodes of inactivity of the volcano, particularly in the upper part of the sections, suggesting that the reef development kept up with sea-level changes and/or local events. Lithofacies of the upper part of the youngest section point to a regressive phase. The distinctive depositional architecture and evolution of the Balduinstein Reef are interpreted as having been controlled mainly by regional tectonics and volcanism with contributions from eustasy.

Extensive two-tier structure and breccia stockwork formation by hydrothermal processes in the first Paraná lava flow covering the Botucatu paleoerg-turned-Guarani Paleoaquifer

The Catalán Flow in the southernmost Paraná Volcanic Province exhibits two extensive red and gray to white tiers and an areally vast breccia stockwork, both of which are unique within intraplate large igneous provinces. To comprehend the processes responsible for the formation of these structures, we integrated the study of satellite images with field surveys and the interpretation of published geochemical analyses. During the Early Cretaceous, a 30-m-thick layer of quartz andesite known as the Catalán Flow covered the 160-m-thick Botucatu + Guará formations, which had transformed into the Guarani Paleoaquifer. This flow consists of a lower Tier 1, which appears gray in satellite images and medium gray to white in the field, and an upper Tier 2, which is red in both images and in the field. Amethyst and agate geodes are present in Tier 1 but are absent in Tier 2. Within an area exceeding 100 by 100 km, a breccia stockwork composed of quartz andesite fragments can be found. These fragments either include silicified sandstone or hydrothermal zeolites. The chemical composition of rocks from Tier 2 features a loss on ignition (LOI) of less than 1.5 wt% and a composition similar to the original lava. In contrast, Tier 1 underwent significant alteration, particularly a reduction in SiO2 and K2O, along with an increase in Fe2O3T, with LOI exceeding 1.5 wt% and reaching up to 8 wt%. The formation of hematite and the reddening of the rock in Tier 1 were a result of heated, oxidizing aquifer water percolating through the lava. Subsequently, reducing, aquifer hot water percolated, causing intense chemical and mineralogical alteration in the previously oxidized flow, resulting in a gray to white color and the formation of amethyst and agate deposits. Tier 1 represents the reduced lower layer of the flow, while Tier 2 is the remaining red upper portion. Comparative fluid activity is observed in red and white dunes in the Etendeka, as well as in basalts from various environments. The breccia stockwork was formed through explosive hydrothermal processes beneath the upper crust, where overpressured fluids came into direct contact with the atmosphere, leading to flash vaporization. The structures observed are the outcome of the distant influence of paleodune patterns on the Catalán Flow, which corresponds to the presence of higher dunes in the two tiers and sand sheets in the breccia stockwork. The processes responsible for the two-tier (oxidation and reduction) and breccia formation (explosive pressure release and sand injection near the surface) are recognized in various hydrothermal systems worldwide. However, the extensive areal coverage and homogeneity of these features, coupled with the presence of world-class amethyst deposits, make the Paraná Volcanic Province unique among large igneous provinces worldwide.

Radiocarbon dating, magnitude, and catastrophic impact of Popocatépetl's Terminal Preclassic “Lorenzo pumice” Plinian eruption and paleomagnetic age constraints on the Nealtican lava flow field (central Mexico)

The “Lorenzo pumice” (LP) fallout was produced by a Plinian (VEI = 4) eruption of Popocatépetl volcano ∼40 cal BCE during the Terminal Preclassic period. It is part of a pyroclastic sequence that consists in stratigraphic order of fall, pyroclastic density current, and lahar deposits, which in turn are partly covered by the 70 km2 andesitic-dacitic “Pedregal de Nealtican” lava flow field on the eastern slope of the volcano.The composition of the pumice varies insignificantly (SiO2 = 61.0 to 63.5 wt%) with phenocrysts of euhedral plagioclase > orthopyroxene > clinopyroxene ± olivine ± hornblende ± opaques.Sizes of lithics and the isopach map indicate an eruption column height of ∼28 km and a dispersal axis toward the ENE, where an area of ∼600 km2 that included pre-Hispanic dispersed villages was buried under >10 cm of pumice. The minimum volume for the LP fallout was calculated at ∼0.6 km3 corresponding to ∼0.2 km3 of dense rock equivalent (DRE).The short Plinian phase ended when the column collapsed abruptly, generating lethal pyroclastic density currents that were emplaced around the volcano. It was followed by periodic flooding by rain lahars that originated from the slopes of Popocatépetl and from neighboring Iztaccíhuatl, severely affecting ravines and large portions of the plains of Puebla in the east.After the cataclysmic phase, the El Ombligo vent alignment opened at ∼4000 m a.s.l. on Popocatépetl's NE upper slope from which the lavas that form the Nealtican lava flow field emanated, an effusive activity that lasted >30 years. Paleomagnetic data for these lavas and stratigraphic evidence indicate that the lava flows with a total volume of 4.2 km3 were emplaced shortly after the explosive Plinian phase and represent the degassed portion of the LP magma.This eruption had a considerable impact on pre-Hispanic settlements around the volcano, whose population exodus and relocation probably contributed to the rise of important cities in central Mexico, such as Teotihuacán, Cholula, and Cantona.