Laundry Wastewater Research Articles

Development of combined membrane filtration, electrochemical technologies, and adsorption processes for treatment and reuse of laundry wastewater and removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates as surfactants

In this paper, we investigated the treatment and reusability of laundry wastewater (LW) by novel sequential integrated system including ultrafiltration (UF) of raw wastewater at first step and treatment of filtrate (permeate effluent) by the use of either adsorption processes (AD) (granular activated carbon GAC or polymeric resin PR) or nano-filtration (NF) system, or electro-oxidation (EO) to remove mainly total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO3-17) in order to meet the environmental rejection and reusability standards. Concentrate (retentate effluent) of UF and NF were also treated using electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) methods, respectively. Optimum conditions in order to obtain best results were determined in each case. The UF separated the raw wastewater into a filtrate with a low organic pollutant content (300–400 mg/L of dissolved COD) and a concentrate with a total COD of 700–1200 mg/L and 140–200 mg TSS/L. Following application of UF, NPEO3-17 were found not only in the concentrate but also in the filtrate and subsequently were treated using mentioned techniques which was effectively removed by NF and AD.

Pemanfaatan Lemna minor L. dan Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle untuk Memperbaiki Kualitas Air Limbah Laundry

Lemna minor and Hydrilla verticillata are types of water plants that have the potential to have the ability to process and improve the quality of polluted water. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of Lemna minor and Hydrilla verticillata in improving the quality of laundry wastewater. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with six treatments and three replications. The study was carried out on test media in the form of 5 liters of laundry wastewater with L. minor (L) 100 g, H. verticillata (H) 100 g, and combination treatment of both plants (L1H1, L1H2, L2H1) in weight L1H1 (50 g : 50 g), L1H2 (33 g : 67 g) and L2H1 (67 g : 33 g) for 14 days after acclimation for one week. The combination of L. minor and H. verticillata with a ratio of 1: 2 was able to reduce the highest Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of laundry wastewater with a decrease of 52.87% and 4.02% and increase dissolved oxygen (DO) of 7.13 mg/L. The highest decrease in chlorine occurred in L. minor and H. verticillata treatments with a ratio of 1:1 of 0.110 mg/L. All treatments of L. minor and H. verticillata both singly and in combination have not been able to reduce the phosphate content in laundry wastewater on day 14 of treatment.

Removal of Anionic Surfactant from Residential Laundry Wastewater using Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds

The study presented in this article investigated the removal of a long chain anionic surfactant from residential laundry wastewater using jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds. The main ingredients of laundry wastewater are the surfactants. Therefore, great attention should be given to the treatment and disposal of laundry wastewater. The use of natural substitutes in treating wastewater has no harmful effects, and it is considered an effective step towards protecting the environment and promoting sustainability. Jar test experiments were conducted in order to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of surfactants, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity in terms of effective dosage, and pH control. The surfactant, COD, BOD, and turbidity removal efficiencies were 91.66%, 82.86%, 77.66%, and 85.14% at the optimum initial pH value of 6, the optimum dose of 2.5 g/L, and optimum mixing time of 25 minutes, respectively. It can be concluded that Artocarpus heterophyllus seed powder was a feasible and cost-effective natural coagulant for the removal of anionic surfactant from laundry wastewater. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order equation is the suitable model for this system.

Adsorption Combined Phytoremediation System for Treatment of Laundry Wastewater

Laundry activities grow rapidly in Indonesia in the recent year, remaining the problem of environmental pollution because of the use of detergent. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of sludge of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) as adsorbent combined with phytoremediation system to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate and surfactant in laundry wastewater. Batch and continuous blow studies were conducted on different variables such as adsorbent mass, contact time, and type of plant for phytoremediation system. The results of the current study show that adsorption combined phytoremediation system could remove COD, phosphate, and surfactant up to 77.5%, 54.3%, and 99.9%, respectively. Based on the results, it means that the adsorption combined phytoremediation system could be considered as an appropriate environmental technology for laundry wastewater treatment in the near future.

The application of composite GO/PAN membranes for removing surfactants from laundry wastewater

The application of composite GO/PAN membranes for removing surfactants from laundry wastewater

Studies on decreasing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) on artificial laundry wastewater using anaerobic-aerobic biofilter dipped with bio ball media

This study aims to determine the effect of discharge variation on the efficiency of decreasing COD parameters contained in artificiallaundrywastewater. In this study used a combination of two biofilter reactor dipped with bio ball media with each condition that is anaerobic and aerobic. Drainage of waste carried out continuously and upflow is the direction of the streamline. The research begins with seeding phase which aims to grow microorganisms derived from domestic IPAL sludge unit then followed by acclimatization phase which aim to adapt microorganism with artificiallaundrywastewater. After the acclimatization phase is completed, therunningprocess starts by operating three variations of discharge that is 0.625 l/hr, 0.833 l/hr, and 1.25 l/hr. The results showed that the operation of the three variations of discharge did not give a significant influence in setting aside the COD parameters. The percentage of COD removal achieved by each of these debit operations is 82%, 83%, and 81%. In addition, the combination of anaerobic and aerobic dipped biofilter is also able to eliminate surfactant and TSS with the achievement of 90% average removal percentage.

The Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes Illumination Period and Light Intensity on High Rate Algal Reactor System in Laundry Wastewater Treatment

The Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes Illumination Period and Light Intensity on High Rate Algal Reactor System in Laundry Wastewater Treatment

PENURUNAN KADAR TOTAL Phosphat (PO4) PADA LIMBAH LAUNDRY DENGAN METODE AERASI-FILTRASI DI DUSUN TAMBAKBAYAN CATUR TUNGGAL, DEPOK, SLEMAN, YOGYAKARTA

ABSTRACTLaundry activities generate wastewater containing high phosphate level. Wastewater can potentially cause an environmental pollution, particularly to the water. According to laboratorial assessment of laundry in Tambakbayan Village, Catur Tunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, has been known that it has a phosphate level of 11,3330 mg/L. This result was not accordance with government regulation No.82 of 2001 which mentions that the permitted levels of phosphate in wastewater group IV is 5 mg / L. This research was aimed to assess the reduction of total phosphate level in laundry wastewater by using aeration-filtration method in Tambakbayan Village, Catur Tunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This research is an experimental research with pre post test research design by descriptive and analytical analysis. The result of the research noted that the reduction of total phosphate level in laundry wastewater was 38,7032% in filtration I with the medium thickness of 15 cm, 42,2195% in filtration II with medium thickness of 20 cm, and 44,0461% in filtration II with medium thickness of 25 cm. The research concludes that there is a reduction of total phosphate level in laundry wastewater by using an aeration filtration method.

Potential use of aquatic plants in constructed wetlands for simultaneous removal of Phosphate and COD from laundry wastewater

One component of household wastewater that has a bad impact on the environment is waste that comes from washing which uses detergent, due to a fairly high phosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of using aquatic plants to reduce phosphate and COD levels from laundry waste. This research was carried out using constructed wetlands model of laboratory scale using the combination of flow types of subsurface flow systems (SFS) and the type of vertical flow system (VFS) with a waste residence time of 5 days and 10 days. Based on the results, for model I, the average percentage of COD levels reduction is 67.62% and phosphate is 13.89%, while in model II, the average percentage of COD reduction is 59.93% and phosphate is 14.36%, after 10 days of waste residence time. Aquatic plants used in the modeling of constructed wetland can grow and reproduce well, this can be indicated by the growth of new shoots and flowers of these plants.

Comparative metatranscriptomic analysis of anaerobic digesters treating anionic surfactant contaminated wastewater

Three distinct biological reactors fed with synthetic medium (UASB_Control), synthetic medium and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS; UASB_SL), and real laundry wastewater (UASB_LW) were compared using a metatranscriptomic approach to determine putative bioindicator genes and taxonomies associated to all steps of anaerobic LAS biodegradation pathway. A homemade bioinformatics pipeline combined with an R workflow was developed to perform the RNAseq data analysis. UASB_SL and UASB_LW showed similar values of LAS biological degradation (~47%) and removal (53–55%). Rarefaction analysis revealed that 1–2 million reads were sufficient to access the whole functional capacity. In the first step of LAS biodegradation pathway, fumarate reductase subunit C was detected and taxonomically assigned to the genus Syntrophobacter (0.002% - UASB_SL; 0.0015% - UASB_LW; not detected - UASB_Control). In the second step, many enzymes related to beta-oxidation were observed and most of them with low relative abundance in UASB Control and taxonomically related with Smithella, Acinetobacter and Syntrophorhabdus. For the ring cleavage step, the abundance of 6 OCH CoA hydrolase putative gene was ten times higher in UASB_SL and UASB_LW when compared to UASB_Control, and assigned to Desulfomonile and Syntrophorhabdus. Finally, the adenylylsulfate reductase, taxonomically related with Desulfovibrio and Desulfomonile, was observed in the desulfonation step with the highest relative abundance in UASB_LW.

Metabolic routes involved in the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) employing linear alcohol ethoxylated and ethanol as co-substrates in enlarged scale fluidized bed reactor

In this study, the microbial community characterization and metabolic pathway identification involved in the linear alkylbenzene sulfonated (LAS) degradation from commercial laundry wastewater in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) on an increased scale were performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Ethanol and non-ionic surfactant (LAE, Genapol C-100) were used as co-substrates. The FBR was operated in five operational phases: (I) synthetic substrate for inoculation; (II) 7.9 ± 4.7 mg/L LAS and 11.7 ± 6.9 mg/L LAE; (III) 19.4 ± 12.9 mg/L LAS, 19.6 ± 9.2 mg/L LAE and 205 mg/L ethanol; (IV) 25.9 ± 11 mg/L LAS, 19.5 ± 9.1 mg/L LAE and 205 mg/L ethanol and (V) 43.9 ± 18 mg/L LAS, 25 ± 9.8 mg/L LAE and 205 mg/L ethanol. At all operation phases, organic matter was removed from 40.4 to 85.1% and LAS removal was from 24.7 to 56%. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were identified in the biofilm of FBR in all operational phases. Although the LAS promoted a toxic effect on the microbiota, this effect can be reduced when using biodegradable co-substrates, such as ethanol and LAE, which was observed in Phase IV. In this phase, there was a greater microbial diversity (Shannon index) and higher microorganism richness (Chao 1 index), both for the Domain Bacteria, and for the Domain Archaea.

Microbiological and Antimicrobial Analysis of Hospital Wastewater Discharged into the Soil Environment

This study evaluated the microbiological effects of hospital wastewater discharged into the soil environment using standard microbiological procedures. The highest total bacterial count (8.3±0.5×1010 cfu/ml) of the wastewater samples was observed in the collation point sample while the laundry wastewater sample had the least number of 5.4±0.5×107 cfu/ml. The collation point wastewater sample had the highest total coliform count (4.1±0.1×108 cfu/ml)while the laundry wastewater sample produced the least count of 2.3±0.1×101 cfu/ml. The highest total coliform faecal count of 4.2±0.3×105 cfu/ml was observed in the collation point wastewater sample while the least count of 2.4±1.2×103 cfu/ml was seen in the laundry wastewater sample. The mortuary wastewater had the highest total fungal count of 3.1±0.2×105 cfu/ml while the least count was seen in the collation point wastewater 2.9±0.2×102 cfu/ml. The total viable numbers of the soil samples ranged from 5.0±0.0×108 cfu/g (200m away from the point of discharge) to 8.4±1.6×1012 cfu/g (point of release) while the total coliform counts ranged from 2.3±0.0×104 cfu/g (200m away from the point of discharge) to 3.9±0.8×108 cfu/g (point of discharge). The highest total faecal count of 3.7±0.5×104 cfu/g was observed in the sample from the point of discharge while the least count was seen in the sample collected 200m away from point of discharge 2.3±0.1×102 cfu/g. Total fungal count ranged from 2.4±0.5×107 cfu/g (200m away from the point of discharge) to 3.4±0.5×108 cfu/g (point of discharge). The bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli, Erwinia, Serratia, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Salmonella. Others were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Neisseria, Actinomycetes, Shigella, Bacillus and Enterobacter species. The fungi isolated include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida, Penicillium and Rhizopus species. Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus species were the most frequently distributed (100%), followed by S. species, Enterococcus spp., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp. and Candida spp. (80%). Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Trichophyton rubrum had the same rate of 60%, respectively while the least occurrence was seen in Streptococcus spp., Neisseria spp., Actinomyces spp. and Aspergillus niger with the rate of 40%, respectively. The high microbial loads of the isolates and the high densities of the coliforms indicate there is, therefore, contamination of the soil environment as a result of the discharged hospital wastewater, which could probably be hazardous to human health.

Preliminary Studies on Integrated Process of Microfiltration and Photocatalysis Used in Laundry Wastewater Treatment

Preliminary Studies on Integrated Process of Microfiltration and Photocatalysis Used in Laundry Wastewater Treatment

Effect of surfactants on the treatment of radioactive laundry wastewater by direct contact membrane distillation

AbstractBACKGROUNDDirect contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was applied to treat the radioactive laundry wastewater produced from nuclear power plants (NPPs), with surfactants.RESULTSThe experimental results show that when 0.08 mmol L‐1 surfactants was added into feed solution, the permeate flux reduced sharply by 3–30% in 1 h, and the largest reduction was found in the case with non‐ionic surfactant. The decontamination factors (DF) of Sr(II), Co(II), and Cs(I) were correspondingly decreased 10–100 times within 4–8 h. Compared with the no salt‐added case, the addition of high concentration salt (100–300 g L‐1) slowed down the reduction rate of the permeate flux caused by sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The wetting of membranes by surfactants mainly results from the spontaneous adsorption of surfactant molecules onto the membrane surface and the reduction of solution surface tension. However, the high concentration of NaNO3 in SDBS solution decreases the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDBS to less than 0.06 mmol L‐1, and thus SDBS micelles formed, which were hard for the membrane surface to absorb.CONCLUSIONThe study shows that surfactants could cause serious reduction in permeate flux and rejection of nuclides, and thus they should be removed from the feed solution of DCMD process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

The application of moving bed bio-reactor (MBBR) in commercial laundry wastewater treatment

Large, laboratory scale biological treatment tests of real industrial wastewater, generated in a large industrial laundry facility, was conducted from October 2014 to January 2015. This research sought to develop laundry wastewater treatment technology which included tests of a two-stage Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR); this had two reactors, was filled with carriers Kaldnes K5 (specific area – 800 m2/m3) and were realized in aerobic condition. Operating on site, in the laundry, reactors were fed actual wastewater from the laundry retention tank. The laundry wastewater contained mainly surfactants and impurities originating from washed fabrics; a solution of urea to supplement nitrogen content and a solution of acid to correct pH were added. The daily flow of raw wastewater Qd varied from 0.6–1.0 m3/d. Wastewater quality indicators showed that the reduction of pollutants was obtained: BOD5 by 95–98%, COD by 89–94%, the sum of anionic and nonionic surfactants by 85–96%. The quality of the purified wastewater after the start-up period met legal requirements regarding the standards for wastewater discharged into the environment.

Analisis Serbuk Biji Kelor (Moringa Oleifera, Lamk) dalam Menurunkan Kadar COD dan BOD pada Air Limbah Jasa Laundry

Water pollution at this time is very apprehensive; especially many laundry businesses are located around the home residents. Waste laundry waste water is a derivative of organic substances. The content of organic substances in waste water laundry services has resulted in high levels of COD and BOD of water, which can cause pollution to the environment and become toxic to life in the water. Therefore it is necessary to do a solution to overcome the contamination, such as by using coagulant seed of Moringa Oleifera, Lamk. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera, Lamk seed coagulant in lowering the levels of COD and BOD on laundry waste laundry services. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the excellent COD decrease obtained at the weight of 0.7 grams of 250.00 mg / L with an efficiency of 35%, while the BOD measurement, the best weight in lowering BOD levels is 3.6 grams amounted to 11.616 mg / L with a decrease presentation worth 57.66%.

Removal of organic pollutants and surfactants from laundry wastewater in membrane bioreactor (MBR)

Removal of organic pollutants and surfactants from laundry wastewater in membrane bioreactor (MBR)

Meristic variations and skeletal deformities in natural population of mahseer fish, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822).

Skeletal deformities seriously relegate the biological performance of fish. The frequency of occurrence of different types of meristic variations and skeletal deformities were shown in population of Mahseer fish, Tor putitora, in two main reservoirs; Korang stream, Islamabad and Dhobi Ghat stream, Hassan Abdal. Total of ninety-five fishes were caught randomly, forty-five from the unpolluted Korang stream and fifty from the polluted Dhobi Ghat stream by cast nets from February to July, 2009. Radiographs and dry skeletal preparation techniques were used to record meristic variations and skeletal deformities and describe various types and frequency of appearance. Deformities were studied under categories, Highest Frequency of Occurrence (HFO), Normal Frequency of Occurrence (NFO) and Lowest Frequency of Occurrence (LFO). In the deformed fishes, significant (p<0.001) anomaly was noticed in nineteenth to twenty second and forty first to forty third (p<0.05) vertebrae of the vertebral column. Deformities scoliosis (C2, 5.26%), platyspondyly (C5, 11.27%), and abnormal neural spine (TC25, 13.53) were appeared to affect 70%, 60% and 50% of the deformed individuals, respectively. This study concluded that skeleton deformities in Tor putitora population in laundry waste water of Dhobi Ghat stream have relevance with detergent waste, as possible causative agent.

Performance of combined PTFE hydrophilic and hydrophobic membrane during laundry/detergent wastewater treatment by air gap membrane distillation (AGMD): an experimental study

Membrane distillation (MD) is making a rapid progress in desalination and wastewater treatment research. Though MD produces lower distillate yield compared with other membrane processes, its ability to be used with varieties of renewable and waste energy source coupled to produce ultrapure water makes it a competitive choice. One of the major drawbacks of MD is the fouling and pore wetting of the membrane surface, and therefore modifications to membrane surface characteristics and combining MD with other techniques are necessary for successful rejection of all sorts of organic, inorganic and biological contaminants, except few. One of them is household wastewater containing common laundry detergent sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Although it has been reported that alkaline surfactant causes pore wetting in hydrophobic membranes, but the extent of damage and the severe drop in permeate quality has not been reported. In this work, the preliminary experiments have been carried out with standard laundry wastewater and it has been observed that commercially available hydrophobic polytetrafluroethylene membrane permits all the constituents of the feed water in presence of small amount of laundry detergent. Complete pore wetting of the membrane makes it reach very high permeate flux (40 L/m2 h) and the distillate quality is near to the feed water (>2,400 µS/cm). A simple technique was developed to prevent pore wetting, by combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic membrane without using any interfacial-bonding agent or crosslinking agent. This simple technique successfully produced pure distillate from feed water containing detergent with a conductivity of 12–20 µS/cm.

Evaluation of anionic surfactant removal by anaerobic degradation of commercial laundry wastewater and domestic sewage

ABSTRACTAn expanded granular sludge bed reactor was evaluated for the anaerobic digestion of commercial laundry wastewater and domestic sewage focused on the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The reactor was operated in three stages, all under mesophilic conditions and with a hydraulic retention time of 36 h. At stage I, the laundry wastewater was diluted with tap water (influent: 15.3 ± 4.9 mg LAS/L); at stage II, 50% of the feed volume was domestic sewage and 50% was a mixture of tap water and laundry wastewater (influent: 15.8 ± 4.9 mg LAS/L); and at stage III, only domestic sewage was used as a diluent of the laundry wastewater (influent: 24.1 ± 4.1 mg LAS/L). Due to the addition of domestic sewage the organic compounds content and LAS in the influent increased. Under such conditions, it was observed that LAS removal rate decreased from 77.2 ± 14.9% (stage I) to 55.3 ± 18.4% (stage III). Statistical tests indicated that the decrease of the LAS removal rate was significant and indicated a correlation between the removal of LAS and specific organic loading rate. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed genera similar to Geobacter, Desulfovibrio, Syntrophomonas, Syntrophus, Desulfobulbus, Desulfomonile, and Desulfomicrobium, which were related to the degradation of LAS.