Lattice Design Research Articles

3D Printed customized diabetic foot insoles with architecture designed lattice structures – a case study

This study proposes a 3D printed, custom insole using an architectural lattice structure infill targeting diabetic patients at risk of foot ulcers. An analysis of five lattice configurations: Fluorite, Kelvin, Octet, Isotruss unit cells, and Truncated Octahedron was conducted to identify the most effective insole infill for plantar pressure and weight redistribution. The Kelvin lattice demonstrated minimal stiffness, suggesting its superiority in balancing plantar pressure and weight. Such lattice-structured insoles offer enhanced foot support and cushioning, crucial for ulcer-prone individuals. This research innovatively employs architectural lattice structures in designing insoles for diabetic patients, offering an insightful comparison of lattice designs for optimized foot care.

OPTIMASI GEL EKSTRAK DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

Belimbing wuluh leaves (DBW) are a plant that has antibacterial properties with active flavonoid compounds. The leaf extract with a concentration of 10% has a strong inhibitory ability against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteria. Gel preparations have several advantages, including having water content with cooling, soothing, moisturizing properties, easy to use, easy to penetrate the skin, and provide a healing effect. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal comparison of CMC-Na and Carbopol 940 bases in starfruit leaf extract gel preparations using the Simplex lattice design (SLD) method and to evaluate the antibacterial activity on SA bacteria. DBW extraction uses a maceration extraction method using 96% ethanol. The optimal DBW extract gel formula was determined using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method using Design Expert 11. Verification of the optimal DBW extract gel formula using one sample T-test. The antibacterial test on SA used the well method and the results were analyzed using One Way Anova. The optimal formula obtained was tested for stability using freeze thaw cycling and acceptability tested. The optimal concentration of CMC-Na and Carbopol 940 produced by the SLD method is CMC-Na of 35% (0.7 g) and Carbopol 940 of 65% (1.3 g) with a total base weight of 2g. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the gel preparation could inhibit SA bacteria with an inhibition zone of 14.43 ± 0.707 mm. The results of the optimal formula verification test obtained a p value of >0.05, so the data obtained was not significantly different and it can be said that the formula for the SLD method results was valid including pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion power. The optimal gel formula obtained shows that the preparation is stable in storage and can be accepted by respondents.

The optimization of gelling agent and humectant in antioxidant gel formula with Carica papaya Linn. leaf extract based on simplex lattice design method

Papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) have very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value 21.08 ppm. C. papaya L. leaf can be formulated in gel preparation. The physical properties of gel and its effectiveness as an antioxidant can be affected by excipients, so it is necessary to optimize the formula. The aims of this research were to find the concentration of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as gelling agent and glycerin as humectant to get optimal formula with the best physical properties and measure its antioxidant activity. Simplex lattice design (SLD) method was chosen for formula optimization with Na-CMC range 0.5-4% and glycerin 10-13.5%. The optimal formula was determined based on pH value, spreadability, stickiness and viscosity then determined for antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of this research were optimal formula with Na-CMC concentration 1.853% and glycerin 12.147%. The antioxidant activity of the optimal formula was decreased from the extract activity, with an IC50 value 21.08 ppm (very strong) to 61.70 ppm (strong). It can be concluded that the optimal formula for papaya leaf (C. papaya L.) extract gel preparation can be obtained with combination of Na-CMC and glycerin using the SLD method with strong antioxidant value.

Optimization of formulation millets flours for waffle ice cream cone using simplex lattice design: Characterization and shelf life study

The study aimed to optimize a formulation for a millet-based multigrain waffle ice cream cone using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The multigrain waffle cone was formulated using finger millet (ragi), Buckwheat, Amaranth, and Pearl millet (Bajra) flours, 20 formulations were generated by design. Physical parameters like ice cream holding time, appearance, color, aroma, crispiness, taste, and hardness were set as responses. From the optimization study, the recommended combination of ingredients was 20 % ragi, 20 % buckwheat, 40 % amaranth, and 20 % bajra flour. The optimized formulation had an ice cream holding time of 2118s. The average sensory score for color, aroma, crispiness, taste, and hardness was found to be 7.29, 6.86, 7.81, 6.90, and 7.86 respectively with a desirability of 0.85. The optimized product had a shelf life of 50 days. Microbial load showed an increasing trend. Total phenolic content ranged from 695.58 μg GAE/g on Day 0 to 371.61 μg GAE/g on Day 50. Total flavonoid content ranged from 2.42 mg Quercetin Equivalent / g of sample at day 0 to 1.30 Quercetin Equivalent / g of sample at day 50. Radical scavenging activity was 93.25 % at day 0 and later it decreased to 58.50 % at day 50. Browning index value decreased during a storage period of 50 days.

Eriyik Yığma Modelleme ile Üretilen PLA, ABS VE PETG Polimerlerinin Özellikleri Üzerinde Kafes Tasarımı ve Proses Parametrelerinin Etkisi

In this study, tensile strengths of different polymer-based materials PLA (Polylactic Acid), ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), and PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) were investigated by applying BCC (Body-Centered Cubic), FCC (Face-Centered Cubic) and Gyroid lattice designs with FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) method which one of the additive manufacturing methods. In addition, weight reduction was performed in the materials with the lattice designs applied. After the mechanical tests, it was determined that the lattice structure has an important role in tensile strengths. Especially in the gyroid lattice structure, which is one of the TPMS (Triply Periodic Minimal Surface) lattice types, it was determined that the maximum strength was obtained in PLA material. In terms of % deformation, the maximum elongation was obtained for PETG material in the gyroid lattice structure. In addition, weight reduction was aimed by using lattice structure patterns, and the maximum weight reduction was found in the BCC lattice structure.

AMMI GGE biplot analysis of wheat genotypes under heat stress and heat drought environment

Wheat is the third most important cereal crop of Nepal. Climatic changes have been a major threat on overall production and productivity of wheat in Nepal. With the aim of evaluating twenty elite wheat genotypes under heat stress and heat drought environments, a field experiment was conducted using alpha lattice design at Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in the yield across wheat growing environments (p<0.001). Environment explained 75.11% of the total variation in grain yield. NL 1404 was the most stable followed by NL 1368, and NL 1413. NL 1376, NL 1369. NL 1386 was the best adapted genotypes under heat stress environments whereas NL 1384, Gautam, and BL 4949 were best adapted to heat drought environments. NL 1346 was the best genotype. WWW model explained NL 1346 won under heat drought environment and NL 1384 under heat stress environment. Mean vs. stability model showed NL 1346 was the above yielder and stable genotype. In ranking, NL1179 was concluded to be the ideal genotype. From the study, NL 1368 was found to be the winning genotype under heat drought and heat stress environments. These genotypes should further be evaluated to release as a variety.

Genetic variation and trait association of fine rice genotypes

To explore high yielding genotype and significant yield contributing trait, field experiment was conducted using alpha lattice design replicated three times at the National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Nepal in 2022. Eighteen fine rice genotypes were evaluated based on nine quantitative traits (Heading days, maturity days, plant height, panicle length, effective tillers, filled grains per panicle, unfilled grains per panicle, thousand grain weight and grain yield per hectare). Variance analysis, correlation and estimation of genetic parameters were conducted to comprehend genetic variations and interrelationships among traits within genotypes. The results showed most of traits except unfilled grains had statistical significance differences. Tarahara-107 (3940 kg/ha) had the highest grain yield followed by Tarahara-2 (3700 kg/ha) and NR 2381-RGA1-RGA2 (3665 kg/ha). Similarly, grain yield showed positive and significant association with filled grains at both phenotypic and genotypic level (rp = 0.7074 ** and rg= 0.9482 **). Elevated values of PCV and GCV were recorded for filled grains (22.05 and 17.57). The high value GAM coupled with high heritability was recorded for filled grains (28.83%), plant height (23.10%), number of effective tillers (21.57%) and thousand grain weight (19.37%). Thus, identified genotypes NR 2380-RGA1-RGA2 and NR 2381-RGA1-RGA2 exhibited early and potential high yielding genotypes while Tarhara-107 and Tarhara-2 identified as high yield, medium maturity and good filled grain number per panicle. In addition, filled grains trait displayed tightly linked with grain yield and possess high GCV, PCV, GAM with moderate heritability indicated direct selection could be employed for trait enhancement in breeding program.

GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND GRAIN YIELD STABILITY OF HYBRID POPCORNS EVALUATED IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF TURKEY

The research was conducted to determine the grain yield and stability of popcorn hybrids grown in four different climatic conditions in 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The experiments were carried out in 8x8 lattice design with three replications using 59 candidate popcorn hybrids and 5 commercial standard varieties. Mean popcorn yields of genotypes in Izmir, Isparta, Samsun, Çankırı/Amasya locations for 2016 and 2017 were 5.40-5.51 t ha-1 and 5.41-6.12 t ha-1, 5.74-5.75 t ha-1 and 5.49-5.11 t ha-1, respectively. The results indicated that 2015-31, 2016-31, 2016-51 and 2015-59 popcorn lines had high yield potential. The stability analysis based on the b, r2 and S2d values showed that 2015-22, 2015-28 and 2015-102 genotypes are the most stable hybrid lines determined in the first year. In the second year, the 2016-5, 2016-52, 2016-59 and 2016-6 genotypes come to the fore with the high adaptation ability.

Deep learning-enabled design for tailored mechanical properties of SLM-manufactured metallic lattice structures

The lattice structures obtained by combining repetitive light cellular forms provide superior high strength to weight capabilities compared to monolithic solid bodies. These properties of lattice structures can be further enhanced by improving the design and manufacturing process. However, the process of creating aluminum alloy lattice structures with tailored mechanical properties is still challenging due to the wide range of possible designs and their complex structure-property relationships. This paper proposes a new methodology that uses the deep learning-based 3D Generative Adversarial Network (3DGAN) model to solve this complex engineering problem. Unlike previous studies on deep learning-based lattice design, the dataset obtained through parametric design and Simulated Annealing techniques enables GAN to create new 3D lattice structures with improved mechanical strength properties. The designs generated with the GAN algorithm were produced using Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing (SLM-AM) technology. The mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated (SLMed) AlSi10Mg unit cell samples were examined by a series of compression and impact tests. The results reveal that the lattice configurations generated using the generative model exhibit improved mechanical properties (e.g., a remarkable increase in normalized energy absorption and extension capacities of up to 57% and 26%, respectively). This study shows that designs generated with the 3DGAN model in lattice structures improve the design space by improving their mechanical properties. Moreover, the successful integration of deep learning and SLM-AM opens up new possibilities for creating custom parts with improved strength-to-weight ratios, dimensional accuracy, and mechanical performance.

Optimization of Non-Effervescet Floating Tablets Ranitidine HCL Formula Using Durian Seed Matrix (Durio Zibethinus Murr) Fully Gelatinized Modified Using Simplex Lattice Design Method

This study investigated the use of fully gelatinated durian seed starch as an excipient in Ranitidine HCl Non-Effervescent Buoyancy Tablets (NEFT). The simplex lattice design method was used to formulate the optimum composition of the formula, including fully gelatinated durian seed starch, PVP K30, and magnesium stearate. Physically modified durian seed starch is expected to increase the release time of active substances in the body. The experiment was conducted for six months by measuring the physical properties of the granule, tablet hardness, solubility, and friability. Results showed that the optimum formula (27.74 mg durian seed starch, 1.5 mg PVP K30, 0.76 mg magnesium stearate) produced ranitidine HCl NEFT tablets with optimal properties. This research may contribute to the development of effective tablet formulations.

The Development of Alternative Dosage Form for Creatine Monohydrate: A Floating Tablet

Creatine monohydrate has been developed as a neuroprotective agent and can penetrate in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. However, its delivery is hampered by its limited capacity of creatine transporter. The floating system is known to increase the residence time of drugs in the stomach; thus, the active substances can be absorbed more optimally. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop creatine monohydrate floating tablets by optimizing the proportion of HPMC K100M and NaHCO2 and evaluating the quality of floating tablets. The formula was designed Simplex Lattice Design method. Tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method and evaluated for granule and tablet parameters. The results showed that HPMC K100M significantly increased flow time, absorption rate, hardness, floating time, swelling index; decreased index tap, fragility, and floating lag time. Meanwhile, an increase in NaHCO2 significantly affects an increase in floating lag time. The optimum formula obtained was 18.87% HPMC K100M and 21.12% NaHCO2. Verification of the optimum formula showed that tablet parameters were not significantly different from the predicted formula. The studies suggest that this prototype can be developed to increase creatine residence time in the stomach.

POLYHERBAL FORMULATION OPTIMIZATION FROM CLITORIA TERNATEA, ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AND AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS USING SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN

Objective: This study aimed to optimize the composition of Clitoria ternatea flowers, Rosmarinus officinalis herbs, and Aquilaria malaccensis leaves as a polyherbal formulation.
 Methods: The polyherbal formulation (PHF) was systematically optimized using a simplex lattice design generated by Design Expert software. The selected independent variables were the percent of C. ternatea flowers extract (X1), the percent of R. s officinalis herbs extract (X2), and the percent of A. malaccensis leaves extract (X3). The dependent variables were total phenolic contents (Y1) and 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (Y2).
 Results: The results showed that the optimum composition of PHF was C. ternatea flowers extract (10%), R. officinalis herbs extract (80%), and A. malaccensis leaves extract (10%) to obtain 135.794 mg GAE/g dried extract for total phenolic contents and 22.879 µg/ml (IC50) for DPPH radical scavenging activity.
 Conclusion: The findings suggest that the polyherbal formulation consisting of C. ternatea flowers (CTF), R. officinalis herbs (ROH), and A. malaccensis leaves (AML), when formulated with the optimal composition has the potential to enhance the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

Graded cellular structures for enhanced performance of additively manufactured orthopaedic implants

AbstractHip implants face a significant challenge due to their limited lifespan, a concern amplified by the rising human life expectancy. Lattice structures have demonstrated the ability to provide precise control over geometry, thereby significantly enhancing implant performance. This paper introduces the development of graded additively manufactured Ti6Al4V lattice structures for orthopaedic implants. The objective focuses on developing a graded lattice unit cell design mirroring human bone properties, emphasising high surface curvature and design versatility to improve mechanical and biomedical properties, specifically osseointegration and stress shielding. The study involves modelling and grading simple cubic (SC) and body-centred cubic (BCC) lattice structures with various geometries and graded conditions and conducting compressive tests to identify the optimal configuration. The results showed that filleting was found to be the mechanical strength. On the other hand, BCC lattice structures demonstrated superior performance compared to SC structures. The optimised structure with a pore size of 400 µm provided an elastic modulus of 15.7 GPa, yield strength of 296 MPa and compressive strength of 530 MPa. This graded lattice design approach provides a promising technique for enhancing hip implant performance, offering potential improvements.

AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of yield performance of wheat genotypes under irrigated, heat stress and heat drought environments

Wheat is the third most important cereal crop in Nepal. The impact of global warming is threatening global wheat production and food security. The terminal heat stress reduces the grain quality of wheat. However, the drought is affecting more than 15% of global wheat productivity. To find out the stable and high- yielding wheat genotype the experiment was carried out in Rupandehi, Nepal with twenty genotypes under three different environmental conditions namely heat drought, heat stress and irrigated in an alpha lattice design with two replications in each environment. The AMMI (Additive mean effect multiplicative interaction) biplot analysis shows differences in 20 different genotypes in terms of yield and stability. The analysis of variance model showed the share of GE (genotype and environment) interaction in the variation in grain yield of twenty wheat genotypes. The grain yield of genotype varied significantly with environmental impact (p ). The AMMI stability value (ASV) examined NL1387 as the most stable line. The tested environments were discriminative for genotype and showed negative correlation between them. The GGE biplot analysis was conducted to find out the best performing line under different environments and the stable line in diverse environments. The NL1420 was found stable genotype in all three tested environment. The NL1376 line is most ideal ranking first in the ranking biplot. The mean versus stability model indicated NL1369 and NL1376 as elite genotypes and NL 1404, BL4919 and NL1387 can be recommended as new cultivars.

Assessing the compressive and tensile properties of TPMS-Gyroid and stochastic Ti64 lattice structures: A study on laser powder bed fusion manufacturing for biomedical implants

In the field of additive manufacturing, the design and fabrication of lattice structures have garnered substantial attention, particularly for their potential in advanced material applications. This study focuses on the mechanical properties of titanium alloy Ti64 lattice structures fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. It examines the mechanical features of two structure types, TPMS Gyroid and Stochastic Voronoi, analyzing their design and fabrication interplay. To evaluate mechanical properties, two methodologies to compute stress were employed: Method A, nominal diameter calculations of the cross-sectional area as a bulk material, and Method B, averaged cross-sectional area measurements along the open-cell porous structures. Method A generally showed lower Elastic Modulus and Yield Stress than Method B, highlighting the importance of geometric accuracy in lattice design mechanics. Both TPMS gyroid and stochastic lattices, within a 0.1–0.5 relative density range, displayed mechanical properties similar to human bone, suggesting their potential in orthopedic use. This could help reduce stress shielding and improve implant lifespan. The findings were further complemented by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Digital Image Correlation evaluations, highlighting the intricate relationship between fabrication parameters, lattice morphology, and the emergent microstructural characteristics.

Genetic Diversity and Association of Yield-Related Traits in Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) Sourced from Different Agroecological Origins of Nigeria

Taro’s production is characterized by low productivity due to a lack of sufficient improved cultivars suited to the different growing areas coupled with biotic and abiotic stresses. The first step in plant breeding program is to examine and quantify variations for traits of interest in a given set of genotypes so those variations can be exploited in breeding programmes. One hundred taro accessions were evaluated for 16 quantitative traits in a simple lattice design with the objective of estimating variability and determine and quantify association of characters with yield. Multienvironment trial analysis combined over seasons showed highly significant differences among taro accessions for several traits. Yield per plant showed a strong, positive, and highly significant genotypic correlation with plant height (0.99), leaf area (0.82), corm weight (0.99), and cormel weight (0.99). Genotypic path coefficient analysis showed plant height (1.49), leaf area (0.97), corm weight (0.76), and cormel weight (0.21) exerted a high positive direct effect on yield per plant indicating true relationship between the characters. Accessions EBNFC054, EBNFC045, EBNFC100, EBNFC046, EBNFC032, EBNFC075, EBNFC084, EBNFC057, and EBNFC037 were superior and could be promoted to field evaluation. This assessment of variability and associations can assist breeders to tap the potential of the genotypes for certain traits and identify major traits that could be used as a basis for the selection of superior taro genotypes.

Screening of Lentil Germplasm against Stemphylium Blight and Studies on Association between Disease and Biochemical Parameters

Background: Stemphylium blight, an important fungal disease of lentil caused by Stemphylium botryosum Wallr, has been reported to cause an estimated yield loss of 62% in India and Bangladesh. Considering the importance of the crop vis-à-vis the severity of the disease under terai agro-climatic region of West Bengal, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the germplasm of lentil for Stemphylium blight resistance for their utilization in future resistance breeding programme. Methods: The present experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 with forty lentil germplasm including two checks viz; WBL77 and IPL220 in an alpha lattice design under field condition and in completely randomized design under artificial inoculation respectively. Statistical analysis was carried out using R v. 4.1.1 software. Result: ANOVA revealed significant variation among the genotypes for the studied characters. PCV was found to be higher than GCV for all the studied characters. High heritability (broad sense) accompanied with high genetic advance as percent of mean indicated the presence of additive type of gene action. Based on per cent disease index germplasm were categorized as resistant or moderately resistant types for both under field condition and artificial inoculation. AUDPC was significantly but negatively associated with change in phenol and change in OD phenol under field condition same as that was observed between AUDPC and PPO content under artificial inoculation. Above study state that selection based on disease reaction and their associated parameters gives fruitful result to provide disease resistance parent against Stemphylium blight.

Curve beam for strengthening the negative Poisson's ratio effect of rotating auxetic metamaterial: Experiments and simulations

This article described a three-dimensional lattice design method for customizing the negative Poisson’s ratio effect in a rotating rigid structure. By using bent beams as the basic building blocks of the lattice, a new class of curved beam rotating auxetic (CBRA) lattice was proposed. Through a combination of numerical simulations and experimental tests, the mechanical responses of representative three-dimensional auxetic lattice structures under compressive load were systematically studied, including Poisson’s ratio, energy absorption, and a multi-stage deformation mode that facilitated the tuning of mechanical properties. Additionally, the influence of structural geometric parameters on the elastic performance was discussed in detail. Unlike most rotating auxetic materials that could only achieve the negative Poisson’s ratio effect within a small strain range, the results demonstrated that the uniform Poisson’s ratio of the proposed three-dimensional lattice structure could achieve positive and negative adjustment within a strain range of 0–0.5. The design flexibility would contribute to making it a promising candidate for industrial and biomedical applications, such as scaffolds and skin grafts. The acceleration of the application of new three-dimensional expandable lattice structures in engineering applications made this system more versatile than similar non-graded systems.

Simulation-driven-design of metal lattice structures for a target stress–strain curve

Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for the creation of novel complex structures previously impossible using traditional subtractive methods; however, there is a need for new design approaches to fully exploit this potential. Metal lattice structures have attracted attention for their broad customisable range of configurations and potential properties, and to take advantage of these possibilities there is a need for intelligent design tools to optimise the lattice according to the desired application and properties. This study presents and demonstrates a method to automatically design lattice structures which achieve a desired compressive stress–strain curve and satisfy user-defined manufacturing limits. A genetic algorithm iterates selected design variables (unit cell aspect ratio, strut taper, and thickness gradient) and minimises the error between the target stress–strain curve and predicted curve which is determined via automated finite element (FE) modelling of each lattice design. The optimised design is validated through manufacture and compression testing of 17-4PH stainless steel lattice structures, and micro-CT imaging to assess build quality. The tool's versatility is demonstrated by successfully designing lattices to fit a range of target curves. This work demonstrates the potential of this smart inverse design tool to exploit AM and optimise lattice design based on desired performance. The custom written design tool presented in this study is available open source at https://github.com/I-Form/LiDOT.

Mode of inheritance of rice resistance to African rice gall midge

Development of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties with improved traits, like resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, is crucial, particularly for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Among the biotic stresses, the African rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzivora) is one of the most devastating pests/insects of rice in the region. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to African rice gall midge (AfRGM) as a basis for developing insect resistant rice varieties in the SSA. Four resistant genotypes and four susceptible locally adapted genotypes of rice were crossed in half diallel crossing design. The F2 segregants and their corresponding parents, were evaluated in the cage experiment, against AfRGM in a 4 by 9 alpha lattice design, in three replications. Results showed a significant variation (P<0.05) in rice AfRGM resistance among genotypes. Significant general and specific combining abilities were observed, indicating that both additive and non-additive gene effects were important in rice AfRGM resistance. However, the non-additive effects predominated at 42 and 63 days after infection (DAI). High coefficients of genetic determination in the broad sense (0.96, 0.97 and 0.98, respectively), and moderate narrow sense (0.55, 0.45 and 0.39) at 21, 42 and 63 DAI, were obtained, with a moderate Baker’s ratio of 0.57, 0.46 and 0.40 in the 21, 42 and 63 DAI, respectively; indicating primarily non-additive inheritance among crosses.