Lattice Parameters Research Articles

Unveiling Core-Shell Structure Formation in a Ni3Fe Nanoparticle with In Situ Multi-Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging.

Solid-state reactions play a key role in materials science. The evolution of the structure of a single 350 nm Ni3Fe nanoparticle, i.e., its morphology (facets) as well as its deformation field, has been followed by applying multireflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. Through this approach, we unveiled a demixing process that occurs at high temperatures (600 °C) under an Ar atmosphere. This process leads to the gradual emergence of a highly strained core-shell structure, distinguished by two distinct lattice parameters with a difference of 0.4%. Concurrently, this transformation causes the facets to vanish, ultimately yielding a rounded core-shell nanoparticle. This final structure comprises a Ni3Fe core surrounded by a 40 nm Ni-rich outer shell due to preferential iron oxidation. Providing in situ 3D imaging of the lattice parameters at the nanometer scale while varying the temperature, this study─with the support of atomistic simulations─not only showcases the power of in situ multireflection BCDI but also provides valuable insights into the mechanisms at work during a solid-state reaction characterized by a core-shell transition.

Transmission Electron Microscopic and X-ray Diffraction Based Study of Crystallographic Bibliography Demonstrated on Silver, Copper and Titanium Nanocrystals: State of the Art Statical Review

This statistical review compares the crystallographic structures of functional nanocrystals composed of silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. TEM provides high-resolution imaging to directly visualize individual nanoparticles' size, internal shape and crystallinity. Statistical analysis quantifies variations in lattice parameters, crystal structure, size distributions, phase compositions, lattice strains, preferred orientation and lattice volume of these three crystalline nanomaterials. The review highlights the complementary roles of TEM and XRD in comprehensive Ag, Cu and Ti nanocrystalline materials characterization. The crystallographic functional parameters of Ag were 2θ= 38.1° (111), 44.3° (200) and 64.4° (220); for Cu crystal 43.3° (111), 50.4° (200), 74.1° (220), 89.9° (311) and 95.1° (222) and 35.1° (100), 38.4° (002), 40.2° (101), 53.0° (102), 63.0° (103), 70.7° (110), 76.2° (112), 82.3° (201) demonstrated for Ti nanocrystals. The crystallographic predominant plane or Miller indices were also revealed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) on TEM. The FCC structure of Ag and Cu is shown in larger lattice volumes compared to the HCP structure of Ti and prefer oriented. The degree of crystallinity of Ti, Cu and Ag nanocrystalline materials was observed at 90.0%, 98.0% and 100.0% respectively. This quantitative comparison provides valuable insights into the structural property relationships in these nanocrystals, enabling rational design strategies for optimizing their performance in various functional applications.

Comprehensive theoretical investigation of NaAlX (X=C, Si and Ge) half-Heusler compounds: Unveiling the multifaceted properties for advanced applications

In this work, we have extensively investigated the characteristics of ternary half-Heusler (HH) materials, specifically NaAlX (X[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C, Si and Ge), employing ab-initio computations in density functional theory (DFT) framework. Various aspects, including stability parameters, electronic, optical and thermoelectric (TE) parameters have been examined. The computed lattice constants of NaAlX (X[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C, Si and Ge) were found to be, respectively, 5.398, 6.301 and 6.389[Formula: see text]Å which are in excellent agreement with the previously available data. The electronic band structures showed that the studied materials exhibit semiconducting behavior with a corresponding band gap of 1.961, 0.999 and 0.846[Formula: see text]eV, respectively. Specifically, NaAlC and NaAlGe compounds were found to have a direct energy band gap at the [Formula: see text]-point, while NaAlSi displayed an indirect band gap at the [Formula: see text]–X point. Elastic and thermodynamic parameters were examined, confirming that the titled compounds possess mechanical, dynamic and thermal stability. Additionally, the optical response of the materials has been analyzed within an energy range of 0–13[Formula: see text]eV. The TE parameters exhibited maximum ZT values of 0.998, 0.992 and 0.990 for NaAlX (X[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C, Si and Ge) materials, respectively, at 300[Formula: see text]K, suggesting promising TE performance at room temperature.

Investigation of Bandgap Properties of a Piezoelectric Phononic Crystal Plate Based on the PDE Module in COMSOL

Investigation of Bandgap Properties of a Piezoelectric Phononic Crystal Plate Based on the PDE Module in COMSOL

Hadronic physics from a Wilson fermion mixed-action approach: charm quark mass and D(s)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$D_{(s)}$$\\end{document} meson decay constants

We present our first set of results for charm physics, using the mixed-action setup introduced in a companion paper [1]. Maximally twisted Wilson valence fermions are used on a sea of non-perturbatively O(a)-improved Wilson fermions, made up by CLS Nf=2+1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N_\\mathrm {\\scriptstyle f}=2+1$$\\end{document} ensembles. Our charm-sector observables are free from O(amc)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$O(am_c)$$\\end{document} discretisation effects, without need of tuning any improvement coefficient, and show continuum-limit scaling properties consistent with leading cutoff effects of O(a2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$O(a^2)$$\\end{document}. We consider a subset of CLS ensembles – including four values of the lattice spacing and pion masses down to 200 MeV – allowing to take the continuum limit and extrapolate to the physical pion mass. A number of techniques are incorporated in the analysis in order to estimate the systematic uncertainties of our results for the charm quark mass and the D(s)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$D_{(s)}$$\\end{document}-meson decay constants. This first study of observables in the charm sector, where the emphasis has been on the control of the methodology, demonstrates the potential of our setup to achieve high-precision results.

Observation of Hydrostatic‐Pressure‐Modulated Giant Caloric Effect and Electronic Topological Transition

AbstractPhase transition is a fundamental phenomenon in condensed matter physics, in which states of matter transform to each other with various critical behaviors under different conditions. The magnetic martensitic transformation features significant multi‐caloric effects that benefit the solid‐state cooling or heat pumping. Meanwhile, the electronic topological transition (ETT) driven by pressure has been rarely reported in martensitic systems. Here, the modulation effects of hydrostatic pressure on phase transitions in a magnetic martensitic alloy are reported. Owing to the huge volume expansion during the transition, the martensitic transition temperature is driven from 339 to 273 K by pressure within 1 GPa, resulting in highly tunable giant baro‐ and magneto‐caloric effects (BCE and MCE) in a wide working temperature range. Interestingly, an ETT is further induced by pressure in the martensite phase, with a sudden drop of the measured saturation magnetization around 0.6 GPa. First‐principles calculations reveal a sharp change in the density of states (DOS) due to the orbit shift around the Fermi level at the same pressure and reproduce the experimental observation of magnetization. Besides, the ETT is accompanied by remarkable changes in the lattice parameters and the unit‐cell orthorhombicity. The study provides insight into pressure‐modulated exotic phase‐transition phenomena in magnetic martensitic systems.

Hybrid-DFT study of halide perovskites, an energy-efficient material under compressive pressure for piezoelectric applications

Recent studies have reported that lead-halide perovskites are the most efficient energy-harvesting materials. Regardless of their high-output energy and structural stability, lead-based products have risk factors due to their toxicity. Therefore, lead-free perovskites that offer green energy are the expected alternatives. We have taken CsGeX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) as lead-free halide perovskites despite knowing the low power conversion rate. Herein, we have tried to study the mechanisms of enhancement of energy-harvesting capabilities involving an interplay between structure and electronic properties. A density functional theory simulation of these materials shows a decrease in the band gaps, lattice parameters, and volumes with increasing applied pressure. We report the high piezoelectric responses and high electro-mechanical conversion rates, which are intriguing for generating electricity through mechanical stress.

Anisotropic optical property of ferroelectric Bi2O2X (X=S,Se,Te) monolayer and strain engineering.

Based on the first-principles calculations, ferroelectric Bi2O2X (X=S, Se, Te) monolayers with unequivalent in-plane lattice constants are confirmed to be the ground state, which is consistent with the experiment result (Nano Lett. 19, 5703(2019)), and the anisotropic optical property is firstly investigated. We find that the polarizations of Bi2O2X monolayers points along the direction of a-axis, and Bi2O2T e monolayer process the largest polarization. Furthermore, both the biaxial and uniaxial strains are favor for the enhancement of polarization of Bi2O2X monolayers. It should be mentioned that the type of band gap will convert from indirect to direct for Bi2O2T e monolayer when the a-axial tensile strain is larger than 2%. At last, the optical absorption coefficient for Bi2O2X monolayers are calculated, and we obtain that Bi2O2Te monolayer has the strongest optical absorption within the range of visible light, the anisotropy and possible strain engineering to improve the optical absorption are discussed in detail. Our findings are significant in fields of optoelectronics and photovoltaics.&#xD.

Design and simulation of a compact plasmonic photonic crystal fiber filter with wide band and high extinction ratio

In order to realize the performance optimization and function expansion of modern all-optical systems, this work presents a compact plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) filter, using finite element tool. The deposited gold and graphene layers within the elliptical pores interact with the transmitted light, creating surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect that amplifies the energy difference between x- and y-polarized light greatly. The simulation results indicate that the structural parameters are configured with the cladding holes' diameter of 0.6 μm, the large-holes’ diameter of 1.2 μm, the inner small-holes’ diameter of 0.2 μm, the lattice constant of 2.0 μm, the elliptical holes' minor axis length of 0.45 μm, the elliptical holes' major axis length of 1.30 μm, the gold layer thickness of 50 nm, and the graphene layer thickness of 20 nm, the central wavelength of the proposed PCF filter is 1.56 μm. When the length of this PCF filter is 1 mm, a maximum extinction ratio (ER) of 133 dB, an operating bandwidth exceeding 800 nm, covering two common communication windows of 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm, as well as a low insertion loss (IL) of 0.59 dB can be achieved. What's more, the feasibility of fabricating the device is also examined. This filter with compactness, broadband and high-extinction demonstrates promising applications in optical communication, optical sensing, optical computing, and various other fields.

Investigation of the magnetic and structural properties in the non‐stoichiometric Heusler alloy Ni50Mn25+xSn25‐x; x = 13, 14

AbstractMemory shape magnetic alloys, especially Heusler alloys, are important materials in replacing conventional cooling with magnetic systems. In the present study off stoichiometric Heusler alloys with nominal composition Χ50Υ25+xΖ25‐x (X = Ni; Y = Mn; Z = Sn; x = 13, 14) were prepared by arc melting followed by thermal treatment. Structural properties were analyzed with X‐ray diffraction at room temperature (RT) and at elevated temperatures, above the martensite—austenite transition area, to determine the relevant crystallographic parameters and observe the transition. Martensite stabilization at RT appears to be a challenge, coexistence of martensite—austenite phases were observed and calculated for both 38–12 and 39–11 (16% and 12% austenite, respectively). Magnetization measurements versus temperature and field were recorded in the areas of interest where 1st order transitions were expected (355 K for x = 13 and 408 K for x = 14), and the magnetic entropy's changes (ΔSm) were determined [0.4 (J/kgK) for x = 13 and 0.3 J/(kgK) for x = 14; Hmax = 1 T]. The complex character of the magnetic properties and their dependence on Mn‐Sn ratio and on the distance between Mn atoms is discussed. The structure and the lattice parameters were determined using an anisotropic strain broadening model; stress and strain were detected in the structure due to crystal phase coexistence.

High‐pressure studies of Mn2(C2H6N6)4(NO3)4·2H2O by Raman scattering, infrared absorption, and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction

AbstractMn2(C2H6N6)4(NO3)4·2H2O (Mn) as one of the energetic coordination complexes was chosen for high‐pressure research. In this work, Mn was analyzed by in situ Raman scattering, infrared absorption, and synchrotron angle‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction (ADXRD) technologies up to ~20 GPa at room temperature. The vibrational modes of Mn at ambient pressure were comprehensively resolved based on the experimental results. Detailed spectral analyses revealed that Mn underwent three pressure‐induced phase transitions at 0.5, 2.5, and 5.7 GPa, respectively. ADXRD experiments confirmed the existence of these three phase transitions in Raman and infrared spectra analyses. Based on the analysis of the vibrational spectra and the changes of lattice parameters under pressure, it can be considered that the deformation of the 3‐hydrazino‐4‐amino‐1, 2, 4‐triazole (HATr) ligand led to the first phase transition, and the distortion of the triazole ring induced the second phase transition, and the rearrangement of the hydrogen bonds resulted in the third phase transition. In addition, it can be inferred from Raman spectra and ADXRD data that Mn may have experienced the abnormal expansion during the first phase transition. This work may lay the foundation for further investigating the structure and properties of energetic coordination complexes under pressure.

AlN and Nb(C,N) Composite Precipitation Behaviors and Their Effects on Austenite Grain Growth in SCr420H High‐Temperature Carburized Gear Steel

The effects of nitrogen (N) and niobium (Nb) contents on the precipitation behaviors of AlN, Nb(C,N), and AlN‐Nb(C,N) precipitates and austenite grain growth during the pseudo‐carburizing process are investigated for the carburized steel SCr420H. The results indicate that an increase of N content from 0.011% to 0.019% leads to the emergence of fine and uniform austenite grain structure in the sample while being held at 930 °C for 6 h, which is attributed to a notable rise in the number density of AlN and a decrease in the coarsening rate of AlN. In the steel containing 0.023% Nb, the composite precipitates AlN‐Nb(C,N) play a primary role in the pinning effect on austenite grains growth. The isolated Nb(C,N) and AlN precipitates have minor pinning effects due to their very low volume fractions. Nb(C,N) cap forming on AlN substrate obeys the Shoji–Nishiyama orientation relationship. The favorable lattice matching between AlN and Nb(C,N) and accelerated coarsening rate of Nb(C,N) cap decrease hindrances to the nucleation, growth, and coarsening of Nb(C,N) on AlN substrate. Meanwhile, these simultaneous effects also suppress the same processes for the isolated Nb(C,N) in the matrix.

Microstructure Evolution and Homogenization Kinetics of 15Cr–30Ni–Fe Heat‐Resistant Alloy

The as‐cast microstructure, microsegregation of alloying elements, and microstructure evolution during homogenization of the newly designed 15Cr–30Ni–Fe heat‐resistant alloy are studied. Ti, Nb, Si, and Mo segregate at the interdendritic region. The brittle eutectic Laves phase contains Fe, Ti, Ni, Nb, Si, and Mo, which is identified as the Fe2Ti Laves phase. The activation energy for the Fe2Ti Laves phase dissolution is close to the activation energy for Ti diffusion in the γ matrix based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov analysis. The back‐diffusion of Ti to the γ matrix is the limiting step for the dissolution of Fe2Ti Laves phase. The kinetic equation of homogenization considering lattice parameters and pre‐exponential factor correction is established. After the double‐stage homogenization at 980 °C/10 h + 1140 °C/4 h, the volume fraction of the Laves phase decreases from 5.11% to 0.26%, and the large eutectic Laves phase is completely dissolved. The reduction in the standard deviation of microhardness at different soaking times effectively reflects the gradual decrease in the degree of microsegregation of alloying elements. The average grain size of the alloy after homogenization is 410 ± 63.1 μm, which is beneficial to control the further refinement of grain during the subsequent hot working.

DFT studies on electronic and structure properties of PbSe1-xSx alloys for thermoelectric materials using VCA and RS

In this work, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the crystal structure and electronic properties of lead selenide (PbSe) and lead sulfide (PbS) semiconductors and their pseudo binary alloys PbSe1-xSx. The virtual crystal approximation (VCA) and randomly substituted solid models were employed to study these materials. In addition, the thermoelectric properties as function of the alloy composition were studied. Lattice parameters obtained using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) were compared with theoretical and experimental results. The electronic bands were calculated for different sulfur compositions (0≤x ≤ 1, Δx = 0.1) using the Generalized Gradient Approximation of TB09LDA (MGGA). It was observed that the transition from the valence band to the conduction band takes place at the L point, which agrees with previous theoretical investigations. Slight deviations from Vegard's law were observed in the lattice parameters and bandgap of the alloys, especially for the sulfur-rich alloys. Effective band diagrams obtained from the unfolding of supercell band diagrams, reported for the first time for this system, show that the impacts of alloy disorder are low in the vicinity of the L point. The influence of the alloy composition on the transport properties was studied within the framework of Boltzmann's semiclassical theory. The electrical conductivity shows a thermally activated increase which influences the total thermal conductivity above T > 600–700 K, and the figure of merit ZT. Seebeck coefficient dependence with the chemical potential suggests an ambipolar behavior of the alloys, which present both n and p character. The alloys have the ZT maxima above 900 K influenced by the PbSe1-xSx alloy composition. Remarkably, the alloy with x = 0.5 present a maximum ZT value comparable to that of PbSe, which indicates that is promising to substituting selenium by sulfur atoms to tailor the thermoelectrical properties. This work shows the suitability of the VCA approximation and the band unfolding method, to describe the composition-dependent properties of the PbSe1-xSx pseudo binary alloys.

Synthesis of silica inverse opal and evaluation of its potential as an optical chemical sensor for detection of metal salts

In this paper, SiO2 inverse opal photonic crystals, made by the co-assembly of SiO2 and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres, were used to detect 20 different metal salts with a concentration of 0.002 mol/L. Surprisingly, two different behaviors were observed. Some metal salts caused a redshift in photonic bandgap (PBG) while the others led to a PBG’s blueshift. The observed different behaviors of salts are due to their distinct influence on the lattice constant of the inverse structures which was precisely investigated by analyzing the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. It has been revealed that the competition between the hydrophilicity of SiO2 and the hygroscopicity of metal salts led to a shift of PBG toward blue or red. The maximum shift in the PBG range was observed for mercury (II) nitrate salt (19 nm), which indicates a sensitivity of 9.5 nm per concentration unit (mM). Furthermore, the lowest displacement of the PBG was observed for the sodium nitrate salt (5 nm), which represents a sensitivity of 2.5 nm/mM. The lowest and highest values of the detection limit (LOD) for mercury (II) nitrate salt and sodium nitrate salt equal 0.193 mmol/L and 0.887 mmol/L, respectively. In addition, according to the calibration curve, with a regression coefficient of R2 > 0.95, there is a linear relationship between the salt concentration and the displacement of the PBG of the structure. Based on the results illustrating the sensitivity of the synthesized inverse opal to the type and concentration of the salts, inverse opal can be regarded as a promising structure to create a new perspective in the field of chemical sensing.

Nucleon form factors in Nf=2+1 lattice QCD at the physical point: Finite lattice spacing effect on the root-mean-square radii

We present results for the nucleon form factors: electric (GE), magnetic (GM), axial (FA), induced pseudoscalar (FP), and pseudoscalar (GP) form factors, using the second PACS10 ensemble that is one of three sets of 2+1 flavor lattice QCD configurations at physical quark masses in large spatial volumes [exceeding (10 fm)3]. The second PACS10 gauge configurations are generated by the PACS Collaboration with the six stout-smeared O(a) improved Wilson quark action and Iwasaki gauge action at the second gauge coupling β=2.00 corresponding to the lattice spacing of a=0.063 fm. We determine the isovector electric, magnetic and axial radii, and magnetic moment from the corresponding form factors, as well as the axial-vector coupling gA. Combining our previous results for the coarser lattice spacing [E. Shintani , ; ], the finite lattice spacing effects on the isovector radii, magnetic moment, and axial-vector coupling are investigated using the difference between the two results. It was found that the effect on gA is kept smaller than the statistical error of 2% while the effect on the isovector radii was observed as a possible discretization error of about 10%, regardless of the channel. We also report the partially conserved axial-vector current relation using a set of nucleon three-point correlation functions in order to verify the effect by O(a) improvement of the axial-vector current. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Optoelectronic and transport properties of Lead-Free halide based Na2AgTlZ6 (Z = Cl, Br, I) double perovskites for energy harvesting applications

The bandgap engineering and deliberate band edge manipulation of perovskites make them potential candidates for the photovoltaic industry. Here we theoretically investigate the structure, density of states, and photovoltaic and thermoelectric characteristics of Na2AgTlZ6 (Z = Cl, Br, I) using WIEN2k code. The incorporation of Br and I at the Cl site caused the increase in lattice constant which leads to the decrease in bulk modulus and Debye temperature. The computed values of Poisson (<0.26) and Pugh (<1.75) ratio verified their brittle nature. The bandgap analysis reveals direct bandgap nature and bandgap value lie in the visible region for parent composition and infrared and far infrared when Cl is replaced with Br and I. The density of state plots uncovers the shifting of energy states in valence and conduction bands towards the Fermi level with the increasing number of electrons in the halogens. The increase in the value of dielectric constant, refractive index, and shifting of peaks towards lower energy value is witnessed with atomic number of halogen atoms. The viability of these compositions for thermoelectric devices is further confirmed when electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient dependent Figure of merit and power factor are evaluated in the temperature range of 200–800 K. In addition, the anisotropic nature of studied compositions is explored through the computation of the modulus of elasticity including Young’s modulus, Shear modulus in addition to compressibility, and Poisson’s ratio.

Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of YB2C2

ABSTRACT YB2C2 is a novel ultra-high temperature ceramic material with high damage tolerance. In this work, the synthesis mechanism, crystal structure, electronic structure, elastic properties and thermal shock resistance of YB2C2 were systematically investigated through experiments and calculations. It was determined by differential scanning calorimetry with the heating rate of 10°C/min that YB2C2 was formed by the reaction of YB2C and C at about 1202°C, and became the main phase at 1450°C. The space group of YB2C2 was determined to be P4/mbm by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Rietveld refinement and first-principles calculations for the first time. The lattice constants are a = b = 0.5351 nm and c = 0.3561 nm. The atom positions are as follows: Y is located at 2a (0, 0, 0), B is located 4 h (0.133, 0.633, 0.5) and C is located at 4 h (0.662, 0.162, 0.5). The chemical bonding of YB2C2 displayed sharp anisotropy, with strong B-C bond within the B2C2 nets, and weak Y-B/Y-C bond between Y atom layers and B2C2 nets. Additionally, YB2C2 exhibited abnormal thermal shock resistance when the thermal shock temperature exceeded 800°C, with the residual flexural strength at 1300°C being more than 70% of the strength at room temperature.

Constructing Robust Interfacial Chemical Bond Enhanced Charge Transfer in S‐Scheme 3D/2D Heterojunction for CO2 Photoreduction

AbstractA stable ZnTe@Cs3Sb2I9 catalyst with 3D/2D‐hollow‐composite structure is constructed for CO2 photocatalytic reduction via the in situ growth of Cs3Sb2I9 nanosheets on hollow ZnTe microspheres using lattice matching. The formed Tellurium‐Antimony (Te─Sb) bonds improved the poor contact at the heterojunction interface, effectively promoted charge separation, and successfully suppressed photocorrosion. The unique core‐shell structure not only strengthens light absorption but also improves CO2 adsorption capacity. Consequently, the S‐scheme heterojunction with the synergistic effect of chemical bonds and 3D/2D‐hollow‐composite structure significantly enhances photocatalytic performance. The ZnTe@Cs3Sb2I9 photocatalyst offers a CO selectivity of 90.5%, which is higher than that of pure ZnTe (22.9%) and Cs3Sb2I9 (56.9%). This structure holds great promise for practical applications in CO2 photocatalytic reduction.

The tin content of lead inclusions in ancient tin-bronze artifacts: a time-dependent process?

In antiquity, Pb was a common element added in the production of large bronze artifacts, especially large statues, to impart fluidity to the casting process. As Pb does not form a solid solution with pure Cu or with the Sn–Cu alloy phases, it is normally observed in the metal matrix as globular droplets embedded within or in interstitial positions among the crystals of Sn-bronze (normally the α phase) as the last crystallizing phase during the cooling process of the Cu–Sn–Pb ternary melt. The disequilibrium Sn content of the Pb droplets has recently been suggested as a viable parameter to detect modern materials [Shilstein, Berner, Feldman, Shalev &amp; Rosenberg (2019). STAR Sci. Tech. Archaeol. Res. 5, 29–35]. The application assumes a time-dependent process, with a timescale of hundreds of years, estimated on the basis of the diffusion coefficient of Sn in Pb over a length of a few micrometres [Oberschmidt, Kim &amp; Gupta (1982). J. Appl. Phys. 53, 5672–5677]. Therefore, Pb inclusions in recent Sn-bronze artifacts are actually a metastable solid solution of Pb–Sn containing ∼3% atomic Sn. In contrast, in ancient artifacts, unmixing processes and diffusion of Sn from the micro- and nano-inclusions of Pb to the matrix occur, resulting in the Pb inclusions containing a substantially lower or negligible amount of Sn. The Sn content in the Pb inclusions relies on accurate measurement of the lattice parameter of the phase in the Pb–Sn solid solution, since for low Sn values it closely follows Vegard's law. Here, several new measurements on modern and ancient samples are presented and discussed in order to verify the applicability of the method to the detection of modern artwork pretending to be ancient.