Latter Part Of July Research Articles

Dolichopodidae (Diptera Brachycera) from Nova Scotia

Collections made during a family vacation trip to Nova Scotia in the latter part of July, 1955, include records of Dolichopodidae which seem worth reporting. The following localities yielded specimens: Parrsboro, July 23, 1955, along river near town; Smiths Cove, near Digby, July 24, 1955, on tidal flats and among vegetation along shore of Annapolis Basin; Antigonish, July 25, 1955, along small creek crossing Route 4 a few miles east of town; South Gut St. Anns (Cape Breton Island), July 27, 1955, in spring seepage area on hillside, with grasses, sedges, alder, sphagnum, orchids, iris, etc. The specimens will be deposited in the Canadian National Collection.

Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. XVIII. Cestode Parasites in Young Anseriformes on the Yukon Delta Nesting Grounds

Anseriformes are susceptible to parasitism by a great number of helminth species. Mature birds often sustain extremely heavy infections of cestodes without apparent adverse effect. Occasional records, largely from incidental observations, indicate that some of these cestode species are acquired early in the life of the host. Little is known of the identity, prevalence, and effect of helminths in very young birds on the nesting grounds. During the latter part of July and early August, 1952, the writer collected 32 emperor geese (Philacte canagica (Sevastianoff) ), 27 cackling geese (Branta canadensis minima Ridgway), 13 spectacled eiders ( Arctonetta fischeri (Brandt) ), and two pintail ducks (Anas acuta tzitzihoa Vieillot) about 20 miles east of Igiak Bay, Yukon delta, Alaska. With the exception of two adult female spectacled eiders (with broods) all birds were downy young from one to three weeks of age. Most of these birds were captured alive and kept in captivity until just prior to autopsy to insure that their parasites would be in the best condition for subsequent morphological study. Examinations were made in the field, usually the same day that the birds were collected. The systematic part of this work includes the description of a new species of cestode of the genus Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858, found in the spectacled eider; two new host records for H. barrowensis Schiller, 1952, with additional notes on the morphology of this cestode; and the description of the scolex (heretofore unknown) of H. stolli Brock, 1941 (from the pintail duck) with a discussion of the taxonomic status of this species. Data on parasite occurrence according to sex and weight of the host are presented in Table I. Some observations concerning parasite-host relations on the nesting grounds as interpreted from this study are discussed.

エゾイガヒ (Mytilus grayanus <b>Dunker</b>) の生殖に就いて

Tne observation on the reproduction of Mytilus grayanus Dunker in this report was carried out at Oshoro. The spermatozoa develop three months earlier than eggs. Consequently, the male individuals are already recognizable by a orange-yellow colour of their mantle in late December, while the mantle of female turns orange-red in the beginning of April in the next year. The spawning begins in the beginning of July and the maximum appears during the latter part of July and August. However, a ?? remarkable number of eggs remains in the ovarian lobules, and they lose the affinity with dyes and the fleshiness gradually, and they degenerate finally at the end of November. By this time the germinal epithelium of ovary becomes active. The germinal epithelium of spermatic lobules rests until the end of October, and then it assumes the active feature.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. III. Mites and their Predators

Three mirids, Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, Hyaliodes harti Knight, and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), are effective predators of the red mite and probably of the clover mite from early in June until the latter part of July. These three species are the only important predacious mirids under the conditions of the present spray practices in Nova Scotia. Gilliatt (2) has given an account of the life-histories of the three specics and discussed their importance in the natural contrnl of the red mite, and his account need not be repeated here. The three mirids are often the only important predacious species in many commercial orchards during the summer months because of the destruction of I. tiliae and H. faurei by the sulphur sprays emploved around the bloom period. Their presence in such orchards is in itself evidence that neither bordeaux mixture nor flotation sulphur reduces their numbers. Observation on a considerable number of occasions showed that iron carbamate has no effect on these mirids. An opportunity to test some of the common spray chemicals on two of the species was presented in the F. Palmer orchard at Berwick in 1947. Two trees were sprayed with each of the materials listed, and the insects were collected as they dropped on two trays, of 32 square feet each, which had been placed beneath the trees.

天草周邊に於ける重要生物の資源學的研究III.天草沿岸のマイワシに就いて

Though the Japanese sardine, Sardinia melanosticta (Temminck & Schlegel), has been closely reserched by several authors, that of the west coast of Kyusyu has not yet been dealt with satisfactority. Therefore, we observed this fish at Tomioka, Amakusa, from September in 1946 to February in 1948, to make clear its some biological characteristics. The fishing season of the said fish is extending from April or May to November at the mentioned districts. It measures from 60mm to over 160mm in total length, most of the catch belonging to O-age group. The average number of vertebrae for each group ranges from 50.29±0.0580 (S. E.) to 50.65±0.0348 (containing a urostyle). Comparing it with those of the other districts in Japan, it is a rather low in value. The coefficient of variability of total length, C (=σ×100/M; M, average, to ?? al length in mm; σ, standard deviation), lies from 3.36 to 17.45. We can not recognize a clear relation between total length and C, but the seasonal variation of C is rather distinct, showing a minimum from the latter part of July to the middle of August. The yalues of k and n in a formula, W=kLn (W, body weight in g; L, total length in mm), are 1.97×10-6 and 3.269 respectively. When n is made equal to 3.269, the value of k for each group lies from 1.71×10-6 to 2.44×10-6. Such a value of k bears a close relation to the total length as far as we observed, being maximum at 100mm in total length. Further it varies according to the advancement of the season, showing a minimum in the latter part of July. We consider that its seasonal variation is strongly affected by that of total length.

天草周邊に於ける重要生物の資源學的研究IV.ウルメイワシに関する二,三の觀察

The present work was carried out at Tomioka from September in 1946 to February in 1948 to make clear some biological charaeteristics of the round-herring, Etrumeus micropus (Temminck & Schlegel), fished around Amakusa. The appearance of the said fish is very long at Tomioka, but its main fishing season is after July. The catch measures mostly from 30mm to 150mm in total length, but some of those, which were caught in September and October, reach over 170mm to 200mm. The average number of vertebrae for each group lies from 53.71±0.0368 (S. E.) to 54.04±0.0552, and varies according to the advancement of the season, showing a maximum at the latter part of July and a minimun in that of September. The coefficient of variability of total length is from 4.74 to 21.94 in a range, and becomes nearly minimum, when the average number of vertebrae is maximum or minimum. Further, we computed the values of k and n in a formula, W=kLn (W, body weight in g; L, total length in mm), and obtained 2.15×10-6 and 3.251, respectively. Then, we calculated the value of k for each group, making n egual to 3.251, and got 1.96×10-6-2.37×10-6. Such a value of k indicates a seasonal variation, becoming minimum in August. This variation of k is comsidered to be closely related to that of total length.

Observations on Western Botrychiums

When the Carnegie Institution of Washington was establishing its transplant experiments in the Sierra Nevada of California, from Mather, Tuolumne County at 4,600 feet elevation, along the Tioga Road to Tioga Pass at 9,945 feet and on down the Leevining Grade towards Mono Lake, it was the writer's good fortune to be one of the party. During the years 1922 to 1926 the latter part of July and a part of August were spent along the eastern part of the transect, with headquarters at Tuolumne Meadows. The camp was situated at 8,600 feet elevation on the Dana Fork of the Tuolumne River at the foot of the low fall in the river and between two

THE EFFECTS OF AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL ON THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF WESTERN CANADIAN WHEAT

Data for 14 yr. were used to determine the average effect of rainfall on the protein content of wheat grown at seven stations in the dry belt of southwestern Saskatchewan. Employing the concept of a regressional integral, and working with the rainfall for consecutive five-day intervals from April 1 to August 3, a curve was obtained which represents the change occurring during the growing season in the average regression coefficient (i.e., the average unit decrease in protein content per unit increase in rainfall). It was found that 34% of the residual variance for protein content can be ascribed to variations in rainfall. Above average rainfall during the growing season generally tends to reduce protein content, but this tendency is much more marked during April and early May, and during the latter part of July. These are also the periods during which average rainfall is lowest. The effect on protein content of precipitation occurring during the previous fall is of minor importance.

The Biology of Digonichaeta Setipennis Fall., a Tachinid Parasite of the European Earwig, as Observed Primarily Under Western Oregon Condition

In Western Oregon, Digonichaeta Setipennis Fall., pass the winter in puparia. During the spring and summer, adults emerge. In about 18 days, on the average, after copulation, the females deposit eggs. The first stage larva emerges from the chorion immediately following oviposition and crawls about in search of a host. Three larval stages are passed within the body of the host. Some of the larvae entering earwigs early in the season complete their development by late June, July and early August. These emerge from hosts and form puparia from which a partial second brood of adults emerge in the latter part of July to the middle of September. The larvae from the second brood adults complete their development in earwigs before the end of November, emerge from hosts and pupate.

NOTES ON CHRYSOPA OCULATA SAY AND ITS RELATION TO THE ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH (LASPEYRESIA MOLESTA BUSCK.) INFESTATION IN 1930

While making peach twig collections for parasite recoveries during the first part of June, a few Chrysopid adults were observed throughout the orchards. No particular attention was paid to this insect until late in July, when adults could be found on almost every tree throughout the orchards of the Niagara district. Several specimens were sent to Ottawa for determination and it was found that two species were represented, viz., Chrysopa oculata Say. and Chrysopa albicornis Fitch., the former being by far the more numerous. Eggs began to appear the latter part of July and could be located in numbers varying from one to four on almost every tree.

NOTE ON THE LARVAE OF METREA OSTREONALIS (PYRAUSTINAE, LEPID.)

In the latter part of July 1929 I found several unknown Pyralid larvae tying up the leaves of a shrub of Rhamnus frangula Linn. (indentification by Dr. M. O. Malte, Botanist in the Victoria Museum, Ottawa) in the vicinity of Fulford, Que. The web formed was an untidy sort of affair mixed with dead leaves and excrement, and each web contained only a single larva.

Anatomical Reduction in Some Alpine Plants

Research in the stelar anatomy of the higher plants has shown that climatic changes have been instrumental in bringing about modifications in structure which may be interpreted as indicative of phylogenetic importance. Jeffrey (7) has demonstrated that prolonged periods of glaciation during past geological ages have accelerated the pace of evolution and, because of the changes thus produced, new types of woody or herbaceous plants have been brought into existence. It therefore occurred to the writer that the peculiar ecological conditions on high mountains, conditions bearing a close affinity with those in arctic regions, might show evidences of progression or differentiation engendered by the bleak unsheltered surroundings which do not obtain in closely allied species indigenous to the low lands. Studies of the few alpine shrubs listed below have demonstrated that such an environment has played an important r6le in promoting progressive innovations in the woody stem, which may be manifest either as new or augmented tissues necessary for the welfare of the plant, or as a reduction or elimination of structures not as important in the intensified struggle for existence. The material described in this paper was collected during the latter part of July, i919, on the Presidential Range in New Hampshire, including the mountains Madison, Adams, and Washington. The species. chosen for investigation represent the well-known gnarled and twisted Krummholz growth characteristic of alpine regions. The specimens were secured from sheltered pockets on the lower slopes of the cones and near the upper limits of shrubs. The exact locations were as follows: on Mount Madison near the Appalachian Mountain Club huts at an elevation of 4,825 feet above sea level, on Mount Adams near Edmund'.s Col at an elevation of 4,930 feet, and on Mount Washington on Biglow's Lawn at an elevation of about 5,500 feet. The topography at these stations presents steep slopes, composed of broken and only slightly decayed Devonian granite. Scattered among the boulders, there are occasional patches of thin acid soil which furnish a precarious footing for the few sedges, heaths, willows, conifers, and the like which are able to exist under the antagonistic, edaphic, and climatic conditions. In general on the sides of the cones it is possible for vegetation other than lichens to maintain a grip on the rocks only in the shelter of some protecting boulder or in some slight depression. Only in such places

ABORTION DUE TO SUPERFETATION

There would be no way of controlling or of preventing abortion in the event of the implantation of a second fetus in a uterus already occupied by one in a process of development, even if the condition were known to exist. The case herewith reported is of great interest, nevertheless, as demonstrating that abortion or miscarriage may be produced by superfetation. It might even be a frequent, though often overlooked, cause. Mrs. M. G., aged 22, of previous healthy condition, menstruated regularly and normally prior to marriage. The first child, born May 7, 1916, and the second child, born April 10, 1917, were delivered normally. Following the birth of the second child, menstruation began during the latter part of May, continued for fifteen days, and was irregular in quantity. During the latter part of July the patient began to menstruate again, and complained of a severe pain over and on

EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND ETIOLOGIC STUDIES OF ACUTE POLIOMYELITIS IN PENNSYLVANIA

During 1907 some 200 cases of poliomyelitis developed in a district in the northwestern section of Pennsylvania, extending from 78° 55′ to 80° 15′ west longitude and from 41° to 41° 30′ north latitude. The outbreak apparently began the latter part of July in Elk County and in early August in Venango County, appearing first in Elk County at Ridgway and in Venango County at Oil City; later at Du Bois, in Clearfield County and at Eau Claire in Butler County. In this outbreak the height of the epidemic seemed to be reached the latter part of September and by the end of November the disease was practically stamped out. A small outbreak occurred in Adams County during July and August, 1908. Sporadic cases, only, occurred during 1909. During the summer of 1910 an epidemic of considerable proportions developed in widely separated sections of the state, reaching a total of

The Phosphatic Chalks of Winterbourne and Boxford (Berkshire)

I. Introduction. In the latter part of July 1905 we remarked, among the fossils exhibited in the recently-founded Museum at the Cloth Hall, Newbury, a group of guards of the belemnoid Actinocamax granulatus (Blainville), labelled ‘Winterbourne’—the name of a village 3 1/2 miles to the north-west of the above-named town. To us, these specimens were objects of more than usual interest, inasmuch as our examination of the Upper Chalk in the western part of the London Tertiary Basin, so far as it then extended, had shown us (1) that Actinocamax granulatus was a rare fossil in that area; (2) that it was there confined to beds of the Marsupites -Band and of later age; and (3) that such beds, although well-developed to the south of the Kennet, were cut out, by the Eocene overstep, to the north of that river, along a line passing 2 or 3 miles south of the parish of Winterbourne. Assuming the guards to be correctly labelled, they seemed to indicate the existence of an outlying mass of Marsupites -, or newer, Chalk rather rich in belemnoids, within a tract of country where the Eocene deposits were known to be generally in contact with some part of the older, Micraster cor-anguinum - Chalk; and as we had but recently given some attention to just such a mass in the shape of the Phosphatic Chalk of Taplow, the possibility of the recurrence of phosphatic conditions near Newbury at once presented itself to our minds. On our making

PERISINUSAL ABSCESS OF THE LATERAL SINUSWITH METASTASIS IN LIVER AND STERNO-CLAVICULAR JOINT.

Aug. 1, 1901, there came for treatment in the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital E. A., a white boy, 14 years of age, suffering with a chronic suppuration of the left ear which began in early childhood. The boy was of healthy parentage, and had been subject to very little illness during his life. Six years previously he was operated on at the hospital for postnasal adenoids, but did not continue attendance at the clinic for the treatment of his ear, which had been carelessly neglected by his parents. In the latter part of July, a week before returning to the clinic, he had begun to complain of pain in the left side of his head about the ear and in the left temple, accompanied by fever and occasional irregular chills. He was dull and listless, and appeared to be in a state of febrile depression. His mental condition

THE ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER.AN ADDENDUM.

In a paper entitled The Etiology of Yellow Fever, a Supplemental Note, 1 the Army Yellow Fever Board (which was then composed of the late Major Walter Reed, surgeon, U. S. Army, and the writer) stated that no results worthy of record had been obtained from the examination of infected mosquitoes, either when dissected in the fresh state or when studied in serial sections after being hardened and embedded. They also reported that two out of three non-immunes had been infected with yellow fever by the subcutaneous injection of 1.5 c.c. of blood serum drawn from a yellow fever patient and subsequently passed through a new Berkefeld filter which was afterward found to be impervious to the Micrococcus aureus . In the latter part of July of the present year there appeared from the Government Printing Office the Report 2 of Working Party No. 1 of the Yellow Fever Institute of the U.

NEW JASSIDÆ FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC REGION

The following species, with a few exceptions, were taken by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee and the author while on a very interesting and successful trip through southern and western Colorado during the latter part of July, 1900. These species are all strictly south-western in distribution as far as known, and most of them were found feeding on one or another of the peculiar plants of that region. While collecting in the valley of the Grand River, a number of species of Homoptera were taken, hitherto only known from the Californian region, and it is very probable that in turn several of these species, which were taken along with them, will, eventually, be found in California.

A CYST OF THE PANCREAS: OPERATION: RECOVERY.

Mrs. J. K., 34 years old and a native of Norway, was referred to me by Dr. Gibson of Seattle. Her family history was negative and she did not remember having received an injury of any kind in the abdomen. She has two children, aged 16 and 5 years, and has had two abortions, the last two years ago. Her general health had always been quite good, until 1896, when she began to have some indigestion and distress in the stomach, and this gradually increased. In May, 1897, she had a sudden attack of severe pain in the left side, in the region of the kidney, accompanied by severe nausea and vomiting. The attack was thought by some to be acute pleurisy, but no definite diagnosis was determined on. It lasted about five weeks. A second attack occurred in the latter part of July, diagnosed as some disease of the

Selective Discrimination of Insects

As bearing on the question discussed by “S. B.,” and by Mr. Bridgman and others, at p. 163 ante, and in previous numbers of NATURE, the following observations may have some interest. One day in the latter part of July, 1877, I took on a flower of red clover (T. pratense) an humble-bee (Bombus Caroliva?), having the hairs of its body and legs densely dusted with pollen-grains of an Althæa, which was in full blossom in the same enclosure, about one hundred feet from the spot where I took the bee.