Latter Part Of July Research Articles

The oscillatory effect of chemical constituents, dynamics, barometric, and thermodynamics on weather over Accra, and Bissau

A sharp contrast in atmospheric weather conditions prevailed over Accra and Bissau and that led to the oscillatory nature of weather conditions between the two cities. During the latter part of July 2022, Bissau experienced persistent and continuous rains whilst Accra remained fair and dry. It was realized that when an air parcel rises, low-pressure system is created at the surface but when the air parcel sinks, high pressure forms. Pressures were predominantly high over Accra and low over Bissau during that time. Models from CAMS were used to study chemical compositions to determine the concentration and effect of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) over the two cities. Wind behavior over various levels in the atmosphere was considered using model products from ECMWF, satellite imagery from EUMETSAT, and t-phi gram from the Air Resources Laboratory of NOAA to study the thermodynamics of the skies. METAR, hourly observations made by the National Meteorological Offices from the two cities were retrieved from the AADS and Ogimet to study the barometric nature during the period. Results show that the atmosphere over Bissau had been less polluted as compared to that of Accra which makes Bissau to be persistently cloudy. Atmospheric chemical constituents would have to compete for moisture if the concentration is high and does not support the sustenance of massive clouds capable of producing rain. It has been realized that the development of anticyclone, an anticlockwise circulation at the 200 hPa level contributed to the cloud sustenance over Bissau during that time.

Wybrane zagadnienia z morfogenezy liści drzew. II. Występowanie młodocianych form liści w koronach drzew buka zwyczajnego (Fagus silvatica L.) [Studies on the mohprogenesis of tree-leaves. II. The occurrence of juvenile forms of leaves in the crowns of beech trees (Fagus silvatica L.)

It was fairly often observed that <em>Fagus silvatica</em> L. leafed twice during one vegetational season. This secondary growth occurred on all trees, when the first leaves underwent destruction, e.g. in consequence of late spring frost. The leaves of secondary growth differed pronouncedly from normally developed ones by their shape and irregular nervation and were similar to the juvenile leaves of one-year-old seedlings of beech. Observations of leaf buds showed that the nerves appeared in leaf-primordia of <em>Fagus silvatica</em> as late as the latter part of July and if the secondary leaves developed at the end of July, they were normal in shape and bad regular nervation. Leaf-primordia compelled to an earlier development gave leaves of different form and irregular nervation.

Development of a short version of the sense of coherence scale for population survey

A three-item sense of coherence (SOC) scale was developed, incorporating the definitions of the three subordinate concepts of SOC for use in population surveys. A cross-sectional internet survey was conducted...

On the Detection of Weather Systems over the Antarctic Interior in the FROST Analyses

Abstract The first Special Observing Period (SOP-1) of the Antarctic First Regional Observing Study of the Troposphere (FROST) was completed in July 1994 and provided a unique opportunity to assemble a comprehensive dataset for the Antarctic region. Data obtained from this intensive collection effort have been undergoing analysis at several centers around the world, including Hobart in Australia. The synoptic analysis program for SOP-1 has been completed in Hobart and, additionally, a reanalysis of a “special week” (22–28 July) has been undertaken, enabling 500-hPa contour fields to be constructed for the region south of 50°S. Results of these analyses for continental Antarctica are presented and comparisons made with operational analyses from numerical models. Satellite imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) was employed in the special week reanalysis and has provided evidence of several vortices that moved southward over East Antarctica during the latter part of July 1994 and a...

小学生の肥満は夏休みに始まる

Normal Japanese children are considered to have seasonal variation in body weight which increases in fall and winter and decreases in summer. However, abnormal seasonality was found in some of elementary school children in Tokyo, that is, body weight increased in summer in children. In most elementary schools in Tokyo, summer holidays begin in the latter part of July and end on August 31 . So, children might spend quite different life during the holidays compared with school days. The present study examined seasonality in body weight of 91 elementary school children living in Nagasaki City where the period of summer holidays is the same as in Tokyo. Then, the relationship between obesity and weight gain in summer holidays was discussed. Body weight has been measured monthly for six years (excluding August). Time-series analysis was made by the Program of Census Method II X-11 in which the original series O is assumed to be the product of three components as follows; O =C × S × I, where C is trend-and-cycle factor, S is seasonal factor, and I is irregular factor. Significant seasonal variations were observed in about 90% of the children. The pattern of seasonal variation of group means was low in summer and high from fall to winter or early spring in both sexes. Rohrer's index in 17 children were over 145 at least once through six years and they were classified as obese group. Among the group 11 children had high seasonal factors from July to September, which indicates that body weight increased in summer holidays. In other children whose seasonal factors did not have peaks in September, Rohrer's index gradually lowered. Thus we conclude that weight gain in summer holidays is the most critical warning of obesity in school children.

Special Issue on Advanced Mechatronics Technology for Life Supprot and Human Welfare

In the latter part of July, 1991, I attended the cultural lecture meeting called ""Welfare Robots"" as the chairman and also as one of the lecturers, which was held in a certain city in the suburbs of Tokyo. Some 250 people between the ages of 20 and 80 listened to the lectures attentively and also participated in various discussions. One of the topics at this meeting was whether or not sophisticated robots could be useful for welfare. One of project leaders made a statement saying in essence ""If robots could be produced which are similar to human beings, then men could be replaced by robots without modifying the current production lines which are relied on by human beings. In consequence, the development of brainy, sophisticated robots is absolutely indispensable for achieving automation."" This implies that sophisticated robots are viewed as a powerful tool for the automation of tasks. With regard to this point, I have been making somewhat negative statements in the past. In the current situations in Japan, there are only few examples of the use in production lines intelligent robots with sensors which have been studied by the so-called robot researchers. Production lines employ more simply repetitive robots which are technically mature but only have position control functions. Even visiting a highly automated factory, one does not often encounter a scene where a robot with sophisticated intelligence or sensors is actively engaged in a task. Because research results are not fully utilized in practical robots, one often hears stories about corporate managers saying to their robot researchers in a blaming tone ""what are you going to produce a robot that is usable?"" The idea that robot technology is part of automation technology is not something which has originated in this project. It appears that a number of people in hospitals are thinking along this line. I myself often receive inquiries concerning technical matter like ""Couldn't this task be automated by a robot?"" Moreover, a variety of robot terms are now being used with the names of various applicable fields being attached to the word robot such as maintenance robot, sweeping robot, nursing robot, medical robot, welfare robot, etc. All these are names of robots as automated systems which may replace men for work in various fields. In trying to develop a certain practical system, there are developmental goals that are peculiar to the system. To construct systems which serve such goals efficiently and economically is the basis for the development of individual systems. When the goal of the development of a system is identical with that intended by the study of a robot, then this robot is expected to provide a powerful solution to the creation of the system. However, it is not necessarily true that such a condition is always satisfied, but it often happens that robot technology does not assume the optimum solution for the intended system. For example, in considering the construction of an automated system for a production line as mentioned above, what is intended is the construction of a highly productive line, and the machines required as components of the system are those which carry out tasks with reliability and at low costs. In general, the practical technology which is used for the development of machines with such requirements is not the advanced robot technology but is the technology for building highly rigid systems or the high-speed positioning servo technology. It can therefore be said that from the standpoint of constructing automated lines, it is more effective to study system designs or servo technology. When robots are viewed as automation technology, then such servo technology can be said to be part of the robot technology. But simply saying that would eliminate any characteristic inherent in robot technology. In that case, the question naturally arises as to what robot engineering or robotics is. I believe that regardless of applications, the study involves looking at the functions of living bodies, making technical interpretations, and then discovering new design concepts for engineering systems. By taking such attitude, I think that the world of learning peculiar to robot engineering is born for the first time which is independent of the traditional areas of learning such as mechanical engineering and control engineering. This magazine is a special issue on welfare robots whose articles have been kindly written by various experts engaged in studies of robots from the standpoint of placing particular emphasis on the characteristics of living bodies.

<i>Leucojum</i> 属の生育開花習性

The bulb structure, and the growth periodicity of plants grown outdoors were observed using Leucojum aestivum which comes into bloom in early spring and L. autumnale which blooms in August.1. A bulb shows a sympodial branching system, each unit of which is composed of 6-8 or 9-10 foliage leaves in L. aestivum or L. autumnale, respectively, and a lingulate scale, and terminates in an inflorescence. The bases of foliage leaves, which encircle the axis and gradually enlarge, serve as a food storage organ.2. When the spathe leaf is being initiated at the apex during the latter part of May, a lateral bud is formed in the axil of the uppermost leaf, which develops into the next sympodial unit.3. In both species, leaf initiation continues from spring to autumn. Leaves and the primary inflorescence of L. aestivum emerge simultaneously from early to mid-February just before flowering. The leaves wither acropetally from the lower to upper ones and are completely dry by the end of May. In L. autumnale, leaves appear in September and October after flowering and die progressively from the lowest to the apical leaf between December and July. The foliar canopy consists of a few leaves which formed in the upper nodes of the sympodial unit with the flower bud and those which formed in the basal nodes of the next sympodial unit.4. Initiation of flower bud started in mid-May in L. aestivum and at the end of May in L. autumnale. Inflorescence growth of L. autumnale progressed faster than did that of L. aestivum. Carpel primordia in the first floret of L. autumnale were observed in early June, and pollen tetrads in the latter part of July. The inflorescence bloomed in early August.5. Carpel differentiation in the first floret of L. aestivum began during the latter part of June but ceased further development until the middle of October. Pollen tetrads were formed in the latter part of February and anthesis occurred in March. In both species, floral parts of the secondary or tertialy inflorescencee differentiated after a slight delay following the formation of florets in the primary inflorescence.

A Christian Sect: The "Three Kings" Are Punished for Plotting "Ascensions to Heaven"

Abstract On October 23, the public security bureau of Hunjiang Municipality, Jilin, in association with relevant departments convened a mass meeting in Wangou Township. At this meeting, Wang Bingsheng and Wang Fengcai [Wang Bingcai], who, in the name of religion, had uttered evil statements intended to incite the masses, and who had plotted to stage a collective "ascension to heaven," were sentenced to two years and one year of reeducation-through-labor respectively. Wang Lixin was sentenced to fifteen days of administrative detention. From May 1987, Wang Bingsheng and the others, flaunting the banner of faith in the Christian religion, lured a number of people away from Wangou Township's Christian Association (Jidu Jiaohui) and set up an alternative meeting place. During the latter part of July, Wang Fengcai spread about the rumor: "the Spirit has appeared to me in a dream" (zuo meng xian ling), and he craftily announced his intention to ascend into heaven at the end of July. Wang Bingsheng compiled a "Chart for Ascending to Heaven," together with a name-list specifying the first of his disciples also scheduled to "ascend to heaven." Subsequently, Wang Lixin made a liaison tour of all the various families, informing them of the "master's decree" and inciting the masses to participate in the "ascension" activities. This greatly disturbed the peace of mind of the inhabitants of the Wangou Mining District and upset public order throughout the locality.

Acid rain in scandinavia-some current data

This article presents data on acid precipitation in various sites in Norway and Sweden during the period of the latter part of July, until mid August 1986. Areas appearing particularly vulnerable are highlighted and some implications are discussed. Data from two widely separated glaciers are also presented.

Patterns of Honeybee Colony Gain in Alberta, Canada

SummaryHoneybee (Apis mellifera) colony weights were recorded in Alberta at Beaverlodge, 1977–1985; Falher, 1979–1983; Brooks, 1979–1980; Scandia, 1982–1983; and Spruce Grove, 1982–1983. Colonies were provided with a constant supply of 10–30 combs for honey storage during the summer nectar flow. The peak period for colony gains was the latter part of July and the beginning of August. Great fluctuations in gains occurred between and within seasons. As much as 12% of the net production for the entire season occurred in a single day, 28% in 3 days, 53% in 7 days, 86% in 14 days and over 100% in 21 days. It was concluded that during the nectar flow, the continuous provision of ample empty comb is essential for maximum production, probably not only in Alberta but also in other areas of the world where nectar flows are intense and of short duration.

Basin wide thermocline displacements along the equator of the Atlantic in 1983

Observations from five inverted echo sounders deployed between 10°W and 38°30′W along the equator during the spring and summer of 1983 are presented. The annual development of the eastward acting zonal pressure gradient is described and related to the observed zonal wind stress. The minimum and maximum basin wide gradients are observed in mid‐April and in the latter part of July, respectively. The upwelling season in the Gulf of Guinea is identified at the easternmost sounder during May, June, and July. Pulses in thermocline displacement (first deepening, then shallowing) propagate eastward across the basin at speeds of 2.8 and 2.1 m s−1. They arrive at 10°W at the onset and just after the cessation of the seasonal upwelling at that location. Their initialization is related to relaxation periods in the zonal wind. For four of the last five years, the time of the pulse preceding the upwelling is tentatively identified.

Evaluation of an episodic regional transport model for a multi-day sulfate episode

An episodic regional transport model (RTM-II) is applied to a sulfate episode that occurred over the eastern third of the United States and southeastern Canada during the latter part of July 1978. An evaluation of the model performance is presented. Measurements for regional SO 2 and sulfate concentrations obtained from up to 54 monitoring stations geographically distributed throughout the modeling region are used. Simulation results are presented in a semi-quantitative manner through region-wide isopleth diagrams and time histories at individual stations. An analysis of the residuals over all measurements, the highest 50 per cent, and highest 10 per cent of the measurements is also included. The model has a tendency to overpredict low concentrations and to underpredict high concentrations for both SO 2 and sulfate, though the effect is less pronounced for sulfate. Isopleths and time histories of sulfate predictions match observed concentrations very well though the spatial variability is not as well simulated. Correlation coefficients matched by time and location over all measurements are 0.80 for sulfate and 0.42 for SO 2.

Insecticide Application with Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

ABSTRACT METHOMYL, applied with a sprinkler irrigation system, gave some control of the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and the corn ear-worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), on both field and sweet corn. This control, however, was not adequate for prac-tical use. Carbaryl, formulated in oil and applied with a sprinkler system, was effective in controlling the corn earworm when a regular treatment schedule was follow-ed. In the southeast where irrigation is often a necessity because of poor rainfall distribution (Crosby et al., 1970) and low soil-water retention in the upper soil profile (Keisling et al., 1975), application of chemicals through irrigation water has opened up new possibilities for agricultural production. For example, the growing season in the southeast is sufficiently long for two corn crops per season to be grown on the same land area (Young et al, 1978). The earlier planted corn crop responds well to frequent small irrigation plus program-med applications of fertilizer (Fischbach, 1973; Keisling et al., 1975), which could be applied with the irrigation water. However, the initial investment for center-pivot systems makes them unattractive for one corn crop despite the convenience of operation, the relatively low per hectare application cost, and the capability of achiev-ing uniform irrigation that make them particularly ac-ceptable for applying some chemicals (McMaster and Douglas, 1976; Hare et al., 1979). Usually, a second corn crop must be irrigated heavily because of frequent late summer drought (Crosby et al., 1970; van Bavel and Carreker, 1957). Therefore, if two crops are produced in one growing season, irrigation and management of corn with such systems can be quite profitable. The major difficulty in producing a second crop of corn in the southeast is the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Infestations are so severe dur-ing the latter part of July and in August that corn crops will be decimated before the fourth-leaf stage (about 10 days after planting) if a systemic insecticide is not ap-plied at planting. But even when the producer uses the best systemic insecticide currently available (Harrell et al., 1973; Young et al., 1979), the leaves of young corn must be treated with insecticides. The mode of feeding of the fall armyworm makes the problem even more complex. After crawling down the leaf whorl (Fig. 1), newly hatched larvae feed by eating into the central portion of the developing leaves and creating a cavity in the central area among the tightly rolled developing leaves where they continue to feed for some time. During this time, the older leaves tend to elongate, so the holes through which the larvae penetrated the leaves are above the larvae. These holes are also in contact (usually at undamaged places) with other leaves internal to the whorl. Thus, the larvae tend to be surrounded by a continuous barrier of developing leaves, which makes it difficult to apply insecticide in an effective way so the larvae will receive a lethal dosage. The larger the larvae become, the more difficult it is to control them. At present, the most feasible method of at-tacking fall armyworms in field corn is to use high-clearance ground equipment to apply miscible insec-ticide mixed in water at a rate of at least 459 L/ha. To be effective, the insecticide solution must be transported downward into the corn whorl (Young et al., 1978). When insecticides are applied with ground equipment, about 5 percent of the plants remain infested after the treatment. (An effective application to equal the standard is therefore defined herein.) However, there are several problems with the procedure; i.e., specialized ground equipment is necessary, and man-hours are re-quired to operate it. Also, such a large volume of water is required for an effective application that simply providing the water needed to mix with the insecticide can easily become an overriding consideration. (This is also a problem with insecticide application to other crops.) Finally, potential health hazards are associated with both preparing and applying the solutions. If the insec-ticide could be effectively applied with irrigation water, many of these problems might be either overcome or at least minimized. We therefore investigated insecticide application via sprinkler irrigation to determine if this method could be used to control the fall armyworm and the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), on corn at various stages of development.

Biology and Behavior of the Spear-Marked Black Moth, Rheumaptera hastata, in Interior Alaska1

The spear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (L.), is a geometrid defoliator of birch in the northern United States, Canada, and Alaska. An outbreak occurred in interior Alaska from 1974-75 over an area of 2.7 million acres. Adult moths are black and white in color and emerge in early June from the overwintering pupal stage. Oviposition occurs in early June, and the larval stage extends from mid-June-mid-August. Pupation begins the latter part of July in the leaf litter. Pupal parasitism and several larval diseases accounted for a 90-95% decline in the population in August 1975.

Final meeting of USNC/IHD

At its sixteenth and final meeting on June 12–13, the U.S. National Committee for the IHD, under the chairmanship of H. Garland Hershey, considered and approved two additional reports for publication, subject to recommended revisions. These were the final reports of the USNC/IHD Work Groups on Snow and Ice Hydrology, and Hydrology of Carbonate Terranes (summaries of these contributions are in this issue). A major portion of the meeting was devoted to a discussion of the first draft of the conclusions and recommendations section of part 3 of the committee's own final report. It was decided that a subcommittee should meet in the latter part of July to finish work on this report and begin the formal National Academy of Sciences (NAS) review process.

Biology of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque in Lake Simcoe, Canada

The study of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque was conducted in 1967 and 1968 in Lake Simcoe, a eutrophic inland lake with an area of 725 km2 situated in the Province of Ontario, Canada. On the basis of meristic characters, the emerald shiner of Lake Simcoe conforms to the classical description of the species and is not distinct from the form inhabiting the Great Lakes. Annulus formation occurred in early June on age I fish but second and third annuli were not formed on older fish until late July through August.Young‐of‐the‐year emerald shiners reached a total length of 45 mm by October; age I were 81 mm and age II measured 92 mm by the same month. By September, age I female emerald shiners attained a size superiority of 5 mm over males of that age group and by the end of the third summer age II females exceeded age II males by 8 mm. Spawning occurred offshore in the latter part of July when surface water temperatures approximated 20°C. Of the three age groups, age II specimens were the most prevalent on the spawning grounds. Average absolute fecundity was 3410 eggs in fish of all age classes combined. Differences in water temperature seem to strongly influence the seasonal distribution pattern of the emerald shiner. The final temperature preferendum of the species, as determined in a vertical temperature gradient tank, was 25°C. The emerald shiner is extensively utilized as a bait fish by anglers and appears to be an important forage fish. The plasticity of the species to adapt to a variety of ecological conditions and the species potential for high production favour its introduction to waters requiring a good converter in the food chain.

A Study on Avifauna at Mt. Iide in Bandai-Asahi National Park

The author carried out an investigation on avifauna at Mt. Iide (2, 105 m above the sea level) in the latter part of July of both 1966 and 1967. This study was conducted by the use of road-side census method along the climbing route. Although Mt. Iide is regarded as a subalps from the view point of height, it lacks needle-leaved forests such as the Hondo spruce, Picea hondoensis, Northern Japanese hemlock, Tsuga diversifolia, and Fir, Abies Veitchii, which usually grow in subalpine zone. As this result, the vertical distribution of birds is different from the normal status. For instances, the Honshiu nuthatch, Sitta europeae hondoensis, Japanese willow-tit, Parus atricapillus restrictus, and Japanese coal-tit, Parus ater insularis, which also inhabit in the subalpine zone, were observed only in Siebold's beech zone at the foot of the mountain. The Honshiu tree-creeper, Certhia familiaris japonica, Siberian flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica, Japanese goldcrest, Regulus regulus japonensis, and Japanese robin, Erithacus akahige akahige, which regularly inhabit in the subalpine zone were not observed. Instead of these species, the Japanese hedge-sparrow, Prunella rubida rubida, that usually inhabits over 2, 000 m, was observed descending to 1, 400 m, and Hedge-sparrow, Prunella collaris erythropygia, which inhabits over 2, 300 m, was discovered even as high as 1, 900 m above the sea level. The Swinhoe's willow-warbler, Phylloscopus borealis xanthodrays, and the Japanese bush-robin, Erithacus cyanurus cyanurus, which are regarded as the indicator birds showing the altitude of 1, 500 m were discovered even at 1, 300 m. The time of the present investigation was not best, because the peak of breeding season of birds had already passed. But, 17 families and 34 species were recorded in July of 1966, and 23 families and 39 species in the same month of the following year. As the result of these two observations, ten orders, 23 families and 44 species of birds could be recorded from Mt. Iide. Among them, the most dominant species were Chinese tree-pipit, Anthus hodgsoni hodgsoni, Swinhoe's willow-warbler, Phylloscopus borealis xanthodrays, and the Japanese bush-warbler, Cettia diphone cantans.

1968年岡山県下における蚊の出現状態と日本脳炎発生状況について

The light-traps were set up at 12 different places in Okayama Prefecture during the year 1968 as usual to observe the distribution of mosquitoes. We collected the data on the seasonal changes in the mosquito growth during the period of 7 months from April to October, when Japanese B encephalitis occurs in Okayama Prefecture, and studied the correlation between the propagation of mosquitoes and the incidence of the disease. Looking at the weather conditions as reported by the Okayama Weather Bureau the temperature during the period from the end of April to June, 1968 was 2-3°C lower than in 1967, and the day when the temperature exceeded 25°C was on July 17, being 5 days later than that in the preceding year, which persisted for 41 days, namely up to August 26, and the temperature fell below 25°C 16 days earlier than in 1967.As for the amounts of rainfall, we had as much rainfall as over 100 ml. on July 15, which proved to be favorable for mosquito growth. Mosquito growth in 1968 had its peak in the middle of July (in northern distiricts) and in the latter part of July (in southern regions), showing a shortening of the maximum growth period. When we observe the propagation of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (C. t.) the activity of C. t. started about 20 days later than in 1967, and the period of their activity is also prolonged about 20 days. On the other hand, in the number of C. t. caught there is not difference from that in the preceding year and also peaks have become smaller and sharper in the northern districts. In the southern regions the growth of C. t. is somewhat increased having the growth peaks during the period from the latter part of July to the beginning of August. The onset fo Japanese B encephalitis is seen about 3 weeks later, i. e. during the period between the end of August and the beginning of September. There were 12 patients of Japanese B encephalitis in 1968 according to the report by Okayama Prefectural Health Center and all of them proved positive to HI tests. This is a decrease of about 3/4 down to about one-fourth of 54 cases in 1967, and there was no fatal case among them.

The Alfalfa Plant Bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) in Northern Saskatchewan

AbstractThe alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), a well-known pest of alfalfa in Europe and the United States, was first recorded in Saskatchewan in 1947, in the Hudson Bay district about 16 miles west of the Manitoba border. By 1959 it had spread westward through the northern agricultural area of the province to within 35 miles of the Alberta border. Economic infestations appeared within two to four years of its initial occurrence in each district.The migratory behaviour of the adult, which is apparently essential for maximum reproduction, effects rapid dispersal of the species. Also, because of this migratory behaviour control measures may have to be undertaken each year, and seedling stands may be infested in the first crop year.The seasonal development of the insect is described. Apparently in the spread of the insect northward a univoltine population is being selected. Eggs that have overwintered in stems hatch in late May and early June. Development proceeds through five nymphal instars, and adults begin to appear toward the end of June. These adults lay eggs during the latter part of July. Most of the eggs enter diapause: less than five per cent of them hatch the same year, and any second-generation adults that do occur do not have time to mate and lay eggs before all activity is halted by freezing weather.The main host plants of A. lineolatus are two cultivated legumes, alfalfa, Medicago media Pers., and red clover, Trifolium pratense L. No native host plants have been found in Saskatchewan.About three per cent of field-collected nymphs from the Nipawin district were parasitized by braconid larvae tentatively identified as Euphorus pallipes (Curtis).

Biology and Control of the Purple-backed Cabbage worm in Newfoundland1

The purple-backed cabbage worm (Evergestis pallidata Hufnagel) was first reported in Newfoundland in 1943 and is now considered a major pest of cruciferous crops throughout the province. Only one generation was observed. The insect passes the winter in the prepupal stage in an earthen cocoon at or near the surface of the soil. It pupates in June and the moths emerge during the latter part of July. Eggs are laid in masses on the under surface of the lower leaves of susceptible plants, and hatch in 4 to 8 days. There are four larval instars. The species was found to be unusually free from natural enemies, not a single parasite being reared from field-collected larvae in a 3-year study. Satisfactory control was obtained with DDT either as a spray or as a dust. A spray containing 1 lb. of 50% DDT wettable powder in 50 gal. of water applied to cabbage and turnips at 125 gal. per acre gave 90% reduction; 3% dust at 25 to 35 lb. per acre gave 83%.