Latitudinal Segregation Research Articles

Sperm whale demographics in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands: An overlooked female habitat.

Sperm whales exhibit sexual dimorphism and sex-specific latitudinal segregation. Females and their young form social groups and are usually found in temperate and tropical latitudes, while males forage at higher latitudes. Historical whaling data and rare sightings of social groups in high latitude regions of the North Pacific, such as the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI), suggest a more complex distribution than previously understood. Sperm whales are the most sighted and recorded cetacean in marine mammal surveys in these regions but capturing their demographic composition and habitat use has proven challenging. This study detects sperm whale presence using passive acoustic data from seven sites in the GOA and BSAI from 2010 to 2019. Differences in click characteristics between males and females (i.e., inter-click and inter-pulse interval) was used as a proxy for animal size/sex to derive time series of animal detections. Generalized additive models with generalized estimation equations demonstrate how spatiotemporal patterns differ between the sexes. Social groups were present at all recording sites with the largest relative proportion at two seamount sites in the GOA and an island site in the BSAI. We found that the seasonal patterns of presence varied for the sexes and between the sites. Male presence was highest in the summer and lowest in the winter, conversely, social group peak presence was in the winter for the BSAI and in the spring for the GOA region, with the lowest presence in the summer months. This study demonstrates that social groups are not restricted to lower latitudes and capture their present-day habitat use in the North Pacific. It highlights that sperm whale distribution is more complex than accounted for in management protocol and underscores the need for improved understanding of sperm whale demographic composition to better understand the impacts of increasing anthropogenic threats, particularly climate change.

Healthy Condition of Anchoveta (Engraulis Ringens) in 2021 in the Northern Region of the Humboldt Current System

The present study was to observe the healthy condition of the anchoveta population at the level of distribution, size structure, acoustic descriptors of the schools, and estimation of biomass by three acoustic stratification techniques investigated in the two research surveys carried out by the Instituto del Mar del Perú in 2021. The three techniques were: i) 10x30 mn isoparalittoral areas with size mode data (Biom 1), ii) transects proposed by Jolly & Hampton (Biom 2), and iii) in 10x30 mn isoparalittoral areas with modal size data (Biom 3). The results showed that in the 2102-07 survey, the anchoveta had a mainly concentrated spatial distribution with high abundances; while, on the 2109-11 survey, it was generally scattered by its longitudinal displacement towards areas far from the coast. At the vertical level it was found mainly in the surface layer of the 50 m, with greater depths between 14° and 16°S, which reached up to 99 m in survey 2109-11 due to good oxygenation at those depths. The structure of the sizes observed in both surveys was congruent, with latitudinal segregation between adult and juvenile specimens, and with the presence of juvenile cohorts. In the 2102-07 survey, higher values of the energy descriptors were obtained (NASC, average Sv and asymmetry), mainly of the adult specimens; while, in the 2109-11 survey, schools with greater morphometric dimensions were obtained (height, perimeter, volume, area and rectangularity) due to the wide distribution away from the coast. The biomasses estimated by the hydroacoustic methodology were similar in 2102-07 and 2109-11 surveys, determined at 12.03 and 8.03 million tons, respectively, being healthy and reflected in catches in the two fishing seasons of 2021. The three biomass estimation techniques were almost similar to those obtained in both surveys.

A new non-marine osteichthyan fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of West Texas: Additional evidence for latitudinal segregation among bony fish in the Western Interior

A new osteichthyan fauna from the lower Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas represents a critical southern datum regarding the interpretation of faunal differences observed among Upper Cretaceous, non-marine fish assemblages of the Western Interior. Bony fish are represented within the “Lowerverse” local fauna by as many as 21 primitive and advanced species. The Lowerverse locality is situated at the southern end of a geographic range of paracontemporaneous localities in Laramidia that have produced a number of similarly well-sampled osteichthyan assemblages. A comparison of the Lowerverse bony fish fauna with those of southern Utah and southern Alberta supports previous hypotheses regarding the latitudinal segregation of some species in the Western Interior. Given their ubiquity throughout Late Cretaceous North America in both time and space, the north-south geographical segregation of garfishes in the Western Interior is especially revealing in this regard and reveals that some species were markedly provincial during the Campanian. Taxonomic inconsistencies among these regional faunas are observed even at higher taxonomic ranks and infer that such differences are sending meaningful ecological signals.

Feeding habits of Bryde's and sei whales in the western North Pacific inferred from stomach contents and skin stable isotope ratios

Gathering information on the diet composition of baleen whales at different temporal scales is useful for investigating their feeding habits. Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) and sei whales (B. borealis) are known to feed on crustaceans and pelagic fish in their western North Pacific feeding grounds; however, their feeding habits before arriving in the feeding area are not known. This study clarified the feeding habits of these two whale species by simultaneously analyzing nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios and stomach contents of individuals captured in the western North Pacific in 2015 and 2016. A stable isotope Bayesian mixed-model was used to estimate prey composition. The results showed clear temporal differences in the feeding habits of both whales. Specifically, Bryde's whales fed primarily on krill and pelagic and mesopelagic fishes as they migrated northwards, and then fed exclusively on krill during the summer. Sei whales fed on copepods when they arrived in the subarctic region before shifting to pelagic fish species in the summer. The differences in the feeding habits of these two whale species are attributed to their latitudinal segregation and the availability of prey species, especially in sei whales, which migrate to the subarctic region where copepods are abundant.

Past and Recent Effects of Livestock Activity on the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Native Guanaco Populations of Arid Patagonia.

Simple SummaryDetermining the impacts of human activities on natural populations is important for biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we study the past and more recent effects of urbanization and livestock activity on the genetic diversity and population structure of endemic guanaco populations of the arid Monte and Patagonian Steppe of central Argentina. Our results reveal that urbanization, the installation of fences, and the competition from sheep grazing coincided with the isolation of several guanaco populations, especially in areas with the highest intensity of livestock activity. However, our genetic analyses suggest that a more recent increase in connectivity among groups is occurring. Our results highlight the importance of implementing conservation management plans for natural populations in arid and human-intervened environments.Extensive livestock production and urbanization entail modifications of natural landscapes, including installation of fences, development of agriculture, urbanization of natural areas, and construction of roads and infrastructure that, together, impact native fauna. Here, we evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of endemic guanacos (Lama guanicoe) of the Monte and Patagonian Steppe of central Argentina, which have been reduced and displaced by sheep ranching and other impacts of human activities. Analyses of genetic variation of microsatellite loci and d-loop revealed high levels of genetic variation and latitudinal segregation of mitochondrial haplotypes. There were indications of at least two historical populations in the Monte and the Patagonian Steppe based on shared haplotypes and shared demographic history among localities. Currently, guanacos are structured into three groups that were probably reconnected relatively recently, possibly facilitated by a reduction of sheep and livestock in recent decades and a recovery of the guanaco populations. These results provide evidence of the genetic effects of livestock activity and urbanization on wild herbivore populations, which were possibly exacerbated by an arid environment with limited productive areas. The results highlight the importance of enacting conservation management plans to ensure the persistence of ancestral and ecologically functional populations of guanacos.

Stable isotopes suggest fine-scale sexual segregation in an isolated, endangered sperm whale population

Sexual segregation is common among marine mammals, leading to intraspecific differences in diet, diving behaviour, home range size and even latitudinal distribution and migratory patterns. Sperm whalesPhyseter macrocephaluspresent one of the most extreme examples of sexual dimorphism both in size and social structure, with males and females segregating at different latitudes across most of their range, but the underlying ecological drivers remain unclear. Studying fine-scale dietary and habitat differences where the sexes occur in sympatry could therefore provide insights into the mechanisms underpinning their large-scale segregation. In this study, we analysed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values in the skin of males and females from an isolated, endangered population inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, sampled in a region where the sexes occur and feed regularly in the summer months but show subtle differences in habitat preference. We found marked differences in both carbon and nitrogen isotopic values between the sexes, indicating that they could be targeting prey items in different trophic levels and habitats. Combined with the evidence from habitat modelling studies, our results suggest that female and male sperm whales segregate even in the latitudinally restricted Mediterranean population, at a much smaller scale. This sympatric, fine-scale sexual segregation suggests that reduction of competition may have been a key factor in the evolution of the social structure and large-scale latitudinal segregation of this species.

Cold Tolerance and Sex-Dependent Hypothermia May Explain Winter Sexual Segregation in a Farmland Bird.

Migration is an important event in the life cycle of many organisms, but considerable intraspecific variation may occur in its timing and/or destination, resulting in sexual segregation during wintering periods. In this study, we tested the body size hypothesis, or cold tolerance hypothesis, which predicts that body size dimorphism modulates metabolic costs associated with cold climate. Using the Eurasian skylark, we first investigated whether this species showed sexual differential migration. Then we explored the body size hypothesis by experimentally testing the effect of low ambient temperature (Ta) on both metabolic rate (MR) and body temperature (Tb). We tested for sex-related differences in metabolism and in energy-saving mechanism (hypothermia). We found clear differential migration by sex in skylark wintering populations, with a male-biased sex ratio decreasing toward southern latitudes. Measurements on captive birds at 20°, 6°, and -5°C demonstrated a significant increase in MR when Ta decreased, but there is no difference between sexes. While both males and females reduced their Tb overnight, Tb reduction was more pronounced in females exposed to the coldest temperature treatment. In addition, we found that individuals with the most reduced Tb lost less body weight during the night, suggesting that Tb reduction may help minimize energy expenditure when conditions become constraining. Our study suggests that functional mechanisms may be involved in latitudinal segregation between sexes and supports the hypothesis that sex-specific physiological strategies and thermal tolerance may explain segregation between sexes.

New distributional records for endangered black-capped vireos (Vireo atricapilla) on their wintering grounds in Mexico

Little information is available regarding the distribution of the endangered black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) on its wintering grounds along the Pacific slope of mainland Mexico. We surveyed 62 sites from October 2011 to January 2012 to identify previously undocumented wintering locations for the black-capped vireo. We located 66 individuals at 31 sites (47%) in seven states, including Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, where there have been few surveys for black-capped vireos. Vireos occupied sites between 12 and 1,328 m, with slopes ≤23°. We detected vireos at 67% of dry forest and 17% of pine-oak (Pinus-Quercus) forest survey sites. Occupied locations were commonly characterized as deciduous, semideciduous, or agricultural lands and other disturbed areas. We found no evidence of latitudinal segregation in this species on its wintering grounds. These observations contribute to our understanding of the distribution and ecology of wintering black-capped vireos.

Phenotypic Sexing of Marbled Godwits (Limosa Fedoa): A Molecular Validation

Marbled Godwits (Limosa fedoa) do not present obvious sexual dimorphism, although females are known to be slightly larger than males, on average. During the nonbreeding seasons between August 2007 and April 2009, a noninvasive technique was tested that might permit phenotypic identification of sex in a large sample of individuals from the most important wintering area, Guerrero Negro, México. Blood samples (n = 577) were used for molecular sexing. For phenotypic sexing, culmen length was selected because it had the greatest sexual dimorphism. A normal distribution curve for culmen length of each sex and the overlapping area between the two curves was calculated and used to minimize the probability of error in identifying the sex of each individual. Using the criterion that males had a culmen length ≤ 106 mm and females ≥ 108 mm, the sex of 96.4% of the individuals would be correctly identified, 2.8% would be regarded as indeterminate and 0.8% would be sexed erroneously. A discriminant analysis using bill length and other commonly used phenotypic measurements did not improve success in predicting sex. The results indicate that culmen length is a useful measure for sex determination in Marbled Godwit. Identification of the sex of Marbled Godwits in the field offers new possibilities to study life histories of both sexes. In Guerrero Negro, the sex ratio of Marbled Godwits was heavily male-biased biased (2:1), suggesting latitudinal segregation by sex.

The Long and the Short of It: No Dietary Specialisation between Male and Female Western Sandpipers Despite Strong Bill Size Dimorphism

Many bird species show spatial or habitat segregation of the sexes during the non-breeding season. One potential ecological explanation is that differences in bill morphology favour foraging niche specialisation and segregation. Western sandpipers Calidris mauri have pronounced bill size dimorphism, with female bills averaging 15% longer than those of males. The sexes differ in foraging behaviour and exhibit partial latitudinal segregation during the non-breeding season, with males predominant in the north and females in the south. Niche specialisation at a local scale might account for this broad geographic pattern, and we investigated whether longer-billed females and shorter-billed males occupy different foraging niches at 16 sites across the non-breeding range. We used stable-nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis of whole blood to test for dietary specialisation according to bill length and sex. Stable-nitrogen isotope ratios increase with trophic level. We predicted that δ15N values would increase with bill length and would be higher for females, which use a greater proportion of foraging behaviour that targets higher-trophic level prey. We used stable-carbon (δ13C) isotope analysis to test for habitat segregation according to bill length and sex. Stable-carbon isotope ratios vary between marine- and freshwater-influenced habitats. We predicted that δ13C values would differ between males and females if the sexes segregate between habitat types. Using a model selection approach, we found little support for a relationship between δ15N and either bill length or sex. There was some indication, however, that more marine δ13C values occur with shorter bill lengths. Our findings provide little evidence that male and female western sandpipers exhibit dietary specialisation as a function of their bill size, but indicate that the sexes may segregate in different habitats according to bill length at some non-breeding sites. Potential ecological factors underlying habitat segregation between sexes include differences in preferred habitat type and predation risk.

Patrones de distribución y abundancia del jurel Trachurus murphyien el Perú

This paper analyzes information from IMARPE bio-oceanographic surveys conducted between 1961 and 2011 covering an area from 0 to 100 nm from the coast with observations at depths from 0 to 180 m; information from scientific observers on board Peruvian, Soviet and Cuban factory trawlers operating between 1983 – 1998; as well as time series of sea surface temperature anomalies, depth of the 15 °C isotherm and sea surface salinity from 1950 to date. Three patterns in the vertical distribution and depth of catches of Jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi are identified and described in relation to changing environmental conditions: (1) During strong El Niño (EN) events shoals are at depths between 100 – 200 m, catches are higher and don’t change much between day and night; (2) During strong upwellings shoals are shallower, at depths between 0 – 75 m and catches are more oceanic (offshore) and closer to the surface; and, (3) When there is a strengthen Southern Extension of the Cromwell Current (SECC) shoals are at depths between 0 and 300 m, fishing takes place closer to the coast being deeper during the day and shallower during the night. During cold periods there is lower abundance of T. murphyidue to the prevalence of Cold Coastal Waters (CCW) and the offshore shift of the Subtropical Surface Waters (SSW), while abundance is higher during warmer periods associated with EN events and the strengthening of the SECC. A certain latitudinal segregation by sizes in relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is also observed.

Ecology of cryptic invasions: latitudinal segregation among Watersipora (Bryozoa) species

Watersipora is an invasive genus of bryozoans, easily dispersed by fouled vessels. We examined Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes from introduced populations on the US Pacific coastline to investigate geographic segregation of species and/or haplotypes. In California, the W. subtorquata group fell into three major sub-groups: W. subtorquata clades A and B, and W. “new sp.”. W. subtorquata clades A and B were common in southern California south of Point Conception, a recognized biogeographic boundary, whereas further north, W. subtorquata clade A and W. n. sp. were frequent. The southern California region also had colonies of a morphologically distinct species, W. arcuata, also found in southern Australia and Hawaii; COI variation indicates a common ancestral source(s) in these introductions. The distribution of Watersipora-complex lineages on different coastlines is shown to be temperature correlated. Accordingly, pre-exisitng temperature-based adaptations may play a key role in determining invasion patterns.

Proximate control and adaptive potential of protandrous migration in birds

Migration determines where, when, and in which order males and females converge for reproduction. Protandry, the earlier arrival of males relative to females at the site of reproduction, is a widespread phenomenon found in many migratory organisms. Detailed knowledge of the determinants of protandry is becoming increasingly important for predicting how migratory species and populations will respond to rapid phenological shifts caused by climatic change. Here, we review and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying protandrous migration in birds, focusing on evidence from passerine species. Latitudinal segregation during the non-breeding period and differences in the initiation of spring migration are probably the key determinants of protandrous arrival at the breeding sites, while sexual differences in speed of migration appear to play a minor role. Experimental evidence suggests that differences between the sexes in the onset of spring migratory activity are caused by differences in circannual rhythmicity or by photoperiodic responsiveness. Both of these mechanisms are hardwired and could prevent individuals from responding plastically to chronic changes in temperature at the breeding grounds. As a consequence, adaptive changes in both the timing of arrival in spring and of reproduction will require evolutionary (genetic) changes of the cue-response systems underlying the initiation and extent of migration in both males and females.

Age- and sex-dependent spring arrival dates of Eastern Kingbirds

ABSTRACT Among migratory passerines, the first birds to arrive on the breeding grounds are usually older males. Early arrival by older birds may be driven by experience, age-dependent changes in body condition, age-dependent access to resources during the nonbreeding period, or latitudinal segregation by age. Males may arrive earlier than females (protandry) because males maintain better condition due to greater access to resources during the winter, or because selection favors early arriving males that acquire the best territories or experience enhanced mating opportunities. During a 4-yr study (2004–2007) in Oregon, we found that older Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus), regardless of sex, arrived nearly a week before younger birds and that males arrived about 5 d before females. Age- and sex-dependent arrival dates do not appear to be related to differences in body condition, social dominance in winter, or latitudinal segregation, and protandry is unrelated to the ability of early-arriving males to acquire high-quality territories. Instead, we propose that young birds have less to gain from early arrival because of their probable inability to displace experienced birds from prime territories and that protandry evolved due to enhanced mating opportunities for early arriving males that arise from the high rates of extra-pair matings in our population of Eastern Kingbirds. Entre los migrantes paserinos, los primeros individuos en arribar a las áreas de reproducción son usualmente los machos viejos. El arribo temprano de los individuos viejos puede estar influenciado por la experiencia, cambios en la condición corporal dependiente de la edad, acceso a recursos durante la época no reproductiva dependiente de la edad, o segregación latitudinal por edades. El arribo temprano de los machos en comparación con las hembras (protandria) existe posiblemente porque los machos mantienen una mejor condición debido a un mayor acceso a recursos durante el invierno, o puede haber evolucionado porque los machos que arriban temprano adquieren los mejores territorios o presentan incremento en oportunidades de apareamiento. Durante un estudio de cuatro años (2004–2007) en Oregon, encontramos que individuos viejos del Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus), sin importar el sexo, arribaron casi una semana antes que los individuos jóvenes y que los machos arribaron al rededor de cinco días antes que las hembras. Las fechas de arribo dependientes de la edad y el sexo no parecen estar relacionados con diferencias en las condiciones corporales, dominancia social durante el invierno o segregación latitudinal y la protandria no esta relacionada con la habilidad de los machos de arribar tempranamente para adquirir territorios de alta calidad. En vez, nosotros proponemos que las aves jóvenes tienen menos que ganar con el arribo temprano debido a la probable inhabilidad de desplazar a los individuos experimentados de los habitas primarios, y que la protandria evoluciono para incrementar oportunidades de apareamiento de los machos que llegan temprano los cuales sobresalen por sus altas tasas de copula extra pareja en nuestra población de Eastern Kingbirds.

Stable isotope evidence of diverse species-specific and individual wintering strategies in seabirds

Although there is increasing evidence that climatic variations during the non-breeding season shape population dynamics of seabirds, most aspects of their winter distribution and ecology remain essentially unknown. We used stable isotope signatures in feathers to infer and compare the moulting (wintering) habitat of subantarctic petrels breeding at two distant localities (South Georgia and Kerguelen). Petrels showed species-specific wintering habitat preferences, with a similar pattern of latitudinal segregation for all but one taxon. At both localities, delta13C values indicated that blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) moult in Antarctic waters, South Georgian diving petrels (Pelecanoides georgicus) in the vicinity of the archipelagos and/or in the Polar Frontal Zone and Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) in warmer waters. In contrast, common diving petrels (Pelecanoides urinatrix) showed divergent strategies, with low and high intrapopulation variation at South Georgia and Kerguelen, respectively. Birds from Kerguelen dispersed over a much wider range of habitats, from coastal to oceanic waters and from Antarctica to the subtropics, whereas those from South Georgia wintered mainly in waters around the archipelago. This study is the first to show such striking between-population heterogeneity in individual wintering strategies, which could have important implications for likely demographic responses to environmental perturbation.

Should females of migratory dabbling ducks switch mates between wintering and breeding sites?

Pairing of northern hemisphere dabbling ducks normally occurs in wintering sites. Mate choice occurs when some individuals congregate in courtship parties, in which females mainly choose mates according to male behavioural dominance. The sex ratio of some species is more male-biased at northern than at southern wintering sites, and the age ratio is adult-biased in northern areas. A possible mechanism responsible for this spatial segregation of sex and age classes is behavioural dominance, with males usually dominating females and adults dominating yearlings. Due to this latitudinal segregation of sexes during winter, presumably more males would remain unpaired in northern sites utilized by the more dominant birds than in southern sites utilized by the less-dominant birds, and this is paradoxical. I argue that some females having wintered and paired in southern sites may switch mates at stopover sites during northward migration. This hypothesis provides an explanation as to why, in spite of females being paired when initiating northward migration, some species show an increase in courtship activity during spring at stopover sites, as in common teals (Anas crecca) in southern Spain. In contrast, populations that do not migrate, e.g. mallards (A. platyrhynchos) in southern Spain, do not exhibit an increase in courtship activity during spring.

Evidence of Latitudinal Sexual Segregation Among Migratory Birds Wintering in Mexico

AbstractLatitudinal sexual segregation during the nonbreeding season, in which males tend to winter farther north than females, is known to occur in many temperate-zone bird species. This pattern, however, has rarely been reported in species wintering in tropical regions. We investigated latitudinal sexual segregation in 45 Nearctic-Neotropical migratory bird species that winter in Mexico, using specimen records from 35 natural-history museums. We found significant latitudinal segregation in nine species: Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia; aestiva group), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata; coronata group), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla), and Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea). In most cases, males predominated in the northern part of species’ winter ranges and females in the south, but the trend was reversed in Indigo Buntings. Discovering the frequency of latitudinal sexual segregation in Neotropical migratory birds will influence understanding of avian ecology and migration systems.Evidencia de la Segregación Latitudinal Sexual en Aves Migratorias durante el Invierno en México

Differential migration of chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita and P. ibericus in Europe and Africa

Differential migration is a widespread, but poorly understood, phenomenon in birds. In this paper, we present the first detailed field study of differential migration in the Old World warbler (Sylviidae) family. We studied two chiffchaff Phylloscopus [collybita] semispecies: the common chiffchaff P. [c.] collybita and the Iberian chiffchaff P. [c.] ibericus. Using data collected at several latitudes in Europe and Africa, we present convincing evidence for differential distance migration of sexes in chiffchaffs, with females moving further than males. Interestingly, while there was a pronounced gradient in the sex‐ratios in Europe and North Africa (with an increasing proportion of females with declining latitude), no clear pattern was found south of the Sahara, where sex‐ratios were more male‐biased than predicted by a simple latitude model. This suggests that, amongst the chiffchaffs wintering in West Africa, a large proportion is composed by Iberian birds, and provides support to previous suggestions that Iberian chiffchaffs are long distance migrants. Results from detailed studies in Senegal also show that chiffchaffs display differential timing of spring migration, with males leaving the winter quarters considerably earlier than females. The results are discussed in the framework of the three main (non‐mutually exclusive) hypotheses attempting to explain the latitudinal segregation of the sexes. Given the relative failure of standard comparative studies to discriminate between competing single‐factor hypotheses to explain differential migration, it is argued that the chiffchaff species complex might be particularly suited to study this issue using a new approach suggested by Cristol et al. (1999): detailed (further) comparisons between closely related species (such as the common and the Iberian chiffchaffs) could help identifying the key factors to be incorporated into optimality models that can predict relative distance of migration of different sex or age classes.

EVIDENCE OF LATITUDINAL SEXUAL SEGREGATION AMONG MIGRATORY BIRDS WINTERING IN MEXICO

Abstract Latitudinal sexual segregation during the nonbreeding season, in which males tend to winter farther north than females, is known to occur in many temperate-zone bird species. This pattern, however, has rarely been reported in species wintering in tropical regions. We investigated latitudinal sexual segregation in 45 Nearctic-Neotropical migratory bird species that winter in Mexico, using specimen records from 35 natural-history museums. We found significant latitudinal segregation in nine species: Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia; aestiva group), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata; coronata group), Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla), and Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea). In most cases, males predominated in the northern part of species’ winter ranges and females in the south, but the ...

Winter segregation of migrant European robins Erithacus rubecula in relation to sex, age and size

Birds often show some form of social segregation during winter, both at large geographical scales (a consequence of differential migration) and at the regional or local level, when comparing different habitats or micro‐habitats. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying such patterns is still poor. These issues have been rarely investigated in migratory Old‐World passerines, particularly with respect to differences between the sexes. In this study, we show that female European robins Erithacus rubecula (sexed by molecular techniques) greatly outnumber males in southern Iberia, which confirms that this species is a differential migrant with a strong latitudinal segregation of the sexes. Furthermore, sex, age and body size influence the habitat distribution of robins in winter. Subordinate birds (females, juveniles and small individuals) were generally more common in habitats with a greater shrub development, and comparatively scarce in woodlands with relatively little undergrowth. Birds wintering in woodlands were in better condition (assessed by breast‐muscle scoring) than birds wintering in shrubland. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that proposes that social dominance, mediated by differences in size and experience, is important in determining the habitat segregation of sex and age classes. The alternative hypothesis (habitat specialization), although not specifically supported by our findings, cannot be ruled out on the basis of the available evidence.